The transfer of ownership of cooperative apartments The thesis deals with the issue of the transfer of property of cooperative apartments which is a topic frequently approached due to a large number of members of the cooperatives who still haven't settled their legal claims against the housing cooperatives. The housing cooperatives will keep their importance even with the new civil code being applicable. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze legal regulation concerning transfers of ownership of apartments from the housing cooperatives to their members, concentrating especially on the conditions, fulfilling of which establishes an obligation for the cooperative to conclude the contract with their members in order to transfer the ownership of cooperative units. The thesis also attempts to describe some changes brought into the legal system by the new civil code. The thesis is composed of four chapters which are further divided into subchapters. Chapter One is dedicated to the definition of the essential concepts used in the thesis. Considering the transfer of ownership, it is necessary to denominate the parties of the relationship which are the housing cooperative on one side and the member the housing cooperative, and the subject to the property right or claim - cooperative apartment. Chapter Two...

The aim of this thesis is to analyze legislative regulation of the transfers of the ownership of the cooperative apartments. The reason for my research is, because I consider this topic to be hot, relevant and still developing, moreover with new Czech private law legislation, which is coming into force on 1st January 2014. This thesis composes of four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of transfers of ownerships of cooperative apartments. Chapter one is introductory and defines basic terminology important for understanding this thesis. It is subdivided into for subsections. First subsection introduce cooperative company, it`s principles and more. Second subsection investigates housing cooperatives as special type of cooperatives, it`s legal base and special forms. Third subsection deals with definition of apartment and the last subsection with cooperative apartments. Second chapter in this thesis is addresses issue of comparison of ownership, rent or cooperative rent, deals with every regime and finds out cons and pros of each one of them. Third chapter is the main one, which illustrates types of transfers of the ownership of the cooperative apartments, which are possible in Czech law. It also deals with procedure of transfer itself and introduces special conditions in certain...

This diploma thesis aims at Czech legislation related to conservation of caves both in terms of its link to the protection of caves as subterranean spaces and parts of the natural environment and of its relation to other fields of expertise, including legal studies (e.g., mining law) and other disciplines (e.g., geology, carsology). First, our attention is paid to definition of the term "cave" and to links of the term to natural sciences. Further, we analyse the development of legal conservation of caves and approaches to caves as a subject of legislation per se. The example of Slovenia - being a prominent speleological country with recognized legislation in terms of its quality and detail - is used in order to compare Czech approaches to cave conservation. Concerning the practical issues, we present an example of conservation effort devoted to one single cave in Czechia, which enables to describe functioning of legal conservation tools, including the themes where these tools overlap. We also present and discuss the only one Czech case-law dealing with the legal aspect of caves.

Den här avhandlingen handlar om kvinnors företagande i en profession stadd i förändring. Flera professioner i Sverige, men också internationellt, präglas av en ökad andel kvinnor men även av de strukturella omvandlingar som under 1900-talet lett från ett industri- till ett tjänstesamhälle. Ett ökat småföretagande är en annan förändring som uppkommit under senare år. I föreliggande studie beskrivs och analyseras kvinnors företagande inom en profession utifrån vad som sker i skärningspunkten mellan företagande, profession och genus. Ett tydligt exempel i Sverige på en profession stadd i förändring är veterinärprofessionen som de senaste 50 åren genomgått en rad förändringar. Den teoretiska referensramen består av en kombination av teorier om småföretagande, profession och genus. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer med samtliga veterinärer som är företagare och kvinnor i Östergötland. I avhandlingen myntas begreppet professionsföretagare med avsikt att synliggöra samspelet mellan företagande och profession. Studiens resultat visar att professionen i många fall prioriteras framför företagandet. Professionsföretagarna gör genus på skilda sätt i olika dimensioner och på olika nivåer. Det är stabilitet i hur genus görs på generell nivå medan genus på specifik nivå görs på ett sätt som i vissa dimensioner utmanar genussystemet. Även om stabilitet är dominerande visar studien exempel på att professionsföretagande skapar förutsättningar för vissa glipor i genussystemets mönster. / This thesis is about women’s business ownership within a profession in a state of flux. Several professions in Sweden but also internationally are characterized by an increased proportion of women and structural transformations during the 1900s. An increase in businesses is another change that occurred in recent years. The study describes and analyzes women’s business ownership within a profession and a particular focus is placed on the intersection between business ownership, profession and gender. An example of a profession in a state of change in Sweden is the veterinary profession, which for the past 50 years have undergone a series of changes. A theoretical combination of small business ownership, profession and gender is used. The empirical material consists of interviews with all women who are business owners and veterinarians in Östergötland County. As a result of the study I coin the term profeneurs with the intention of making visible the interplay between business ownership and profession. The results of the study show that the profession is in many cases given priority over business ownership. Furthermore, the study shows that the profeneurs do gender at different levels and in different dimensions in relation to the profession. There is stability in how gender is done at a general level, while there are opportunities for change in how gender is done at a specific level. Even if stability dominates, business format provides opportunities to create some gaps in the pattern of the gender system.

In the first chapter, we assess the effect of changes of government ownership on corporate innovation activities. Across 58 non-US countries, treatment firms’ innovation, both in quantity and quality, decrease after a governmental acquisition by using a difference-in-difference regressions and propensity score matching. We show that there is conflict of interest between major shareholders and minor shareholders. The corporate innovation efficiency also decline after the government acquisition. We find that this negative relationship is more severe for the group with higher government ownership of banks, better creditor rights and worse stock market development. For second chapter, if the optimal capital structure exists, an overleveraged firm is expected to move towards the target structure by taking actions that would lower the leverage. Many previous studies, however, show that leverage-decreasing transactions, including offering stocks in exchange of bonds, are meted out with negative market reactions, suggesting deficiencies of the trade-off theory in explaining this phenomenon. In this paper we hypothesize and show that the negative market reactions might be attributed to incorrect rebalancing by poorly-governed firms in the under-leverage domain, who instead of increasing leverage are purposely engaged in leverage-reducing activities.

Notion cardinale du droit liée à plusieurs aspects des rapports sociaux, à la liberté, à l'égalité, appréhendée de manière individualiste ou dans une finalité sociale, la propriété est éminemment contingente. Au même titre que l'individu particulier reconnu dans sa capacité sociale de possession et de maîtrise des biens, l'Etat, et la plupart des personnes publiques,sont propriétaires ou gestionnaires de biens qu'il leur convient de valoriser économiquement. Toutefois, malgré l'unicité de l'essence même du concept de propriété entre les personnes publiques et les personnes privées, son exercice reste largement exorbitant lorsqu'il est au contact de personnes publiques. La propriété publique reste en effet profondément déterminée par la qualité de ses titulaires,et son régime,nécessairement « finalisé » par l'affectation des biens publics à l'utilité publique. Par ailleurs,la scission du patrimoine des personnes publiques en deux masses de biens très distinctes en théorie constitue une autre particularité qui, elle, a perdu de sa pertinence et de son intelligibilité.Les fondements historiques et juridiques de la distinction domaniale ne reposent en réalité que sur un artifice. Dès lors, il convient de procéder à une redéfinition des relations entre les éléments de personnalité et d'affectation qui sont à la base du concept de propriété publique,et de proposer la suppression de cette summa divisio devenue anachronique et même illogique. Parce que les biens publics appartiennent tous par principe à des personnes publiques qui servent peu ou prou l'intérêt général, cette piste de réflexion semble particulièrement opportune pour une future réforme du droit des biens publics. / Cardinal notion of law related to several aspects of social relations, freedom, equality, understood in an individualistic way or in a social purpose, the property is highly contingent. As well as the private individual recognized in its social capacity of possession and control of property, the State, and most public entities are owners or property managers who can value their property. However, despite the uniqueness of the essence of the ownership concept between public and private individuals, its exercise remains largely different, when in contact with public entities. Public ownership remains deeply determined by the quality of its owners, and its regime necessarily "finalized" as determined by the allocation of public goods to the public interest. Moreover, the division of public property in two masses of goods theoretically very different is another feature which, in turn, has lost its relevance and its intelligibility. The historical and legal distinction, of which its rationality is highly questionable, is in fact based on a device. Therefore, it is advisable to proceed to a new definition of the relationship between personality traits and allocation to the public utility located at the base of the concept of public property, and to propose the abolition of this summa divisio which has become anachronistic and even illogical. Because the public goods belong in principle to public entities who serve more or less public interest, this line of thought seems to be particularly appropriate for a future reform of the law on public property.

Le droit commun de la vente, caractérisé par l’effet immédiat du transfert de propriété dès la rencontre des consentements s’est avéré une source de difficultés en matière immobilière au XIXème siècle. Cette simplicité excessive qui rend le transfert de propriété instantané et occulte heurte la réalité et les difficultés inhérentes aux mutations immobilières. Le recours à de nombreuses exceptions dans le Code civil de 1804 a rendu l’économie générale du transfert illisible pour les praticiens, la sécurité des transmissions immobilières nécessitant de reconstituer un instrument de preuve efficace. Si l’opération de transfert réside dans une conception volontariste en se focalisant sur la formation du contrat par une dématérialisation de l’obligation de donner, son efficacité reste tributaire d’aménagements contractuels et de formalités postérieures au contrat. Cette refondation qui se fera sur la notion d’authenticité et qui érige un contrôle de légalité incarné par le notaire aura pour avantage de préserver la fiction consensuelle et de repousser tout schéma dualiste comme les livres fonciers considérés par une majorité de la doctrine française comme contraire à l’esprit du droit français. / Common Sales Law , characterized by the immediate effect of the transfer of ownership from the meeting consents has been a source of difficulties in real estate in the nineteenth century. This excessive simplicity that makes transferring ownership instant hits and occult reality and the difficulties inherent in immovables . The use of many exceptions in the Civil Code of 1804 has made the general economy unreadable transfer practitioners , security estate transmissions requiring reconstitute an effective instrument of evidence. If the transfer operation lies in a deliberate design by focusing on the formation of the contract by a dematerialization of the obligation to give, its effectiveness is dependent on contractual arrangements and post- contract formalities . This overhaul will be done on the notion of authenticity and erects a review of legality embodied by the notary will have the advantage of preserving the consensus fiction and repel any scheme as dualistic land books considered by a majority of the French doctrine as contrary the spirit of French law.

This thesis deals with the subjects of conservation policies and property rights and how these two topics were discussed in relation to each other in the Swedish parliament during the latter half of the 20th century (1952–1998). How nature reserves were discussed in relation to the property rights of private forest owners is especially emphasized. The theoretical framework of the study is borrowed from the philosopher Ingemar Hedenius and further nuances and elaborates on the term property rights by dividing it into smaller constituent parts. Protocols from the Swedish parliament served as the primary sources for the study. Laws, bills and reports from different governmental committees were, however, also studied in conjunction with these protocols to contextualize and deepen the understanding of the subject matter. A qualitative text analysis was thereafter conducted to describe and analyze the gathered data. The results show that, generally, the right-wing parties tended to value property rights higher than the left-wing parties. The left-wing parties therefore also tended to value conservation policies higher than the right-wing ones. The liberal parties in the political center tended to value both property rights and conservation policies in an equal manner. All parties in the parliament did for the most part, however, agree that conservation policies to some extent needed to impede on certain property rights in order to be effective. It was rather to what extent that this was deemed acceptable that the parties had differing opinions. All parties, regardless of political affiliation, would also gradually focus more on political issues relating to conservation and environmental problems as time went on.

Security transfer of ownership Abstract The subject matter of this thesis is the security transfer of ownership as a means of debt security in the Czech Republic. Within five chapters, the thesis analyses the law applicable to the security transfer of ownership while considering the difficulties arising out of its interpretation that were identified by courts, experts and legal practice. The main purpose is to present the difficulties related to the use and interpretation of the security transfer of ownership in a critical manner. The first chapter aims to put the security transfer of title in the context of the law of obligations, to place it among other types of debt securities and to capture its substance. Subsequently, the thesis describes the roots of this type of debt security in Roman law and the evolution of the security transfer of title in the Czech territory. There is a comparative mention of the use of the security transfer of title in Germany and France at the end of the first chapter. The second chapter analyses the security transfer of title under Act No. 40/1964 Coll., the Civil Code and identifies problems related to the imperfect legislation. This chapter also analyses the case law that had fundamental impact on the interpretation of this debt security and that were reflected in the...

The tool for including local actors in development collaboration projects is called ownership and it is defined in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. However, researchers have detected flaws with the definition and implementation of ownership. Some also argue that gender equality and the empowerment of women are neglected aspects in the Paris Declaration and that they are not emphasised enough in the aid effectiveness dialogue. The objective of this study is to examine the perspectives and experiences of stakeholders about the meaning and implementation of ownership on different operating levels through a gendered lens. Additionally, in order to be able to investigate how these matters are interpreted and implemented in practice and affecting beneficiaries, two development collaboration projects on Bussi island, Uganda, were selected for this case study. The main objective was to gain a deeper understanding of the perspectives of the informants, and not to generalize. That is the reason why this is a qualitative case study where the information is based on words and not on numbers. Semi-structured interviews were used for the data collection. Informants form Erikshjälpen, a local organization called RODA and beneficiaries living on Bussi Island were interviewed as representatives for the different operating levels. The conclusion is that the critique provided by previous research can in some aspects be applied to the case of this study. There are no specific strategies on ownership or gender equal ownership by either Erikshjälpen or RODA. There are conflicting perspectives on what the term “ownership” actually means by all informants from the different operating levels. There are also coherent perspectives regarding the importance of ownership and gender equality on all levels, and participation is a key word used by all the informants. However, since a strategy is missing, there is no tool for examining if participation actually can be used to claim that successful ownership and gender equal ownership has been implemented. If a strategy were to be created, it should include a definition of ownership, a plan for gender equal ownership, and agreed upon indicators for measuring both phenomena.