Tesis (Magister Scientiae)--Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas de la OEA. / Bibliography: leaves 160-166.

Purpose/aim The aim is to examine the distribution of hotel ownerships and star-rated levels in different regions. This thesis depends on the analysis of the examination to find out if the change of investment behaviors can decrease or avoid the adverse effects of bureaucracy in the Chinese hotel industry. Design/methodology/approach Data has been collected through the third-party electronic distribution channel. The analysis includes a description of the samples and statistical tests. Findings The analysis showed that there is a connection between hotel ownerships, star-rated levels, and different regions. The adverse effects of bureaucracy in the second-tier cities and third-tier cities are stronger than that in the first-tier cities and tourist cities. The state-owned hotels also can do the enterprise transformation in the tourist cities to avoid or decrease the adverse effects of the bureaucracy. Originality/value The original idea is using the hotel ownerships distribution in different regions to find out the different levels of adverse effects of the bureaucracy in different regions. This thesis should be a meaningful contribution to knowledge development.

Thesis (Diplôme)--École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1975/76. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-286).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994. / Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-221).

La littérature est unanime quand à la nocivité des participations horizontales (ppH) sur la concurrence, en effet l'internalisation de profits joints incite à la collusion même lorsque la part de capital acquise est peu importante.Néanmoins nous ne sommes pas aussi catégoriques sur la dangerosité des participations horizontales, certes elles ont tendance à favoriser des rapprochements entre concurrents et ainsi pénaliser le surplus des consommateurs mais dans certains cas nous montrons qu'elle peuvent avoir des effets bénéfiques sur le bien-être total et même sur le surplus du consommateur. C'est notamment le cas lorsqu'il y a possibilité d'acquérir une technologie qui permet de réduire les coûts marginaux en échange d'un coup fixe d'investissement comme nous allons le présenter dans un modèle original dans le 3è chapitre de cette thèse.Contrairement aux fusions verticales qui dans la littérature ont un effet positif sur la concurrence grâce à une réduction de la double marginalisation, l'intégration partielle via les prises de participations verticales (ppV) n'a pas les mêmes conséquences. Il existe une substituabilité stratégique entre ppH et ppV et ces dernières peuvent être aussi nocives dans ce cas que les ppH. Nous pensons que les ppV downward sont aussi néfastes que les ppH et que les autorités de régulation devraient plus les réglementer dans le but d'améliorer le surplus des consommateurs.De plus, nous montrons dans le 4è chapitre que les ppV par leur pouvoir d'intégration partielle peuvent reproduire les effets d'un fusion verticale, ainsi les ppV peuvent présenter des avantages pour le surplus social. / The literature is unanimous about the harmfulness of partial horizontal ownership (pHo) competition, indeed internalized joints profits encourage collusion even when the acquired share of capital is small.Nevertheless we are not as adamant about the dangerness of pHo, which certainly tend to promote collusion between competitors and thus penalize the consumer surplus, but in some cases we show that it may have beneficial effects on the total welfare and even on the consumer surplus. This is especially true when there is opportunity to develop a technology that reduces the marginal costs in exchange for a fixed investment as we will present it in an original model in the 3rd chapter of this thesis.Unlike vertical mergers in the literature have a positive effect on the competition with a reduction of the double marginalization through the partial integration, partial vertical ownerships (pVo) has different consequences. There is strategic substitutability betwenn pHo and pVo and they can be as harmful in this case that pHo. We believe that the downward.participations are as bad as pHo and that regulators should regulate them more in order to improve the consumer surplus.In addition, we show in the 4th chapter that pVo ;which power partial integration; can reproduce the effects of a vertical merger, this way the pVo can be beneficial to the social surplus.

Thesis--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-189).

Les inégalités sociales et les politiques menées par les pouvoirs publics ont contribué à l'expansion de l'habitat précaire et spontané au Brésil. A Rio de Janeiro, les formes d'habitat populaire montrent une évolution au fil du temps, en s'adaptant aux différentes politiques urbaines et au développement urbain de la ville. L'habitat populaire, malgré son caractère spontané, accompagne ainsi les transformations urbaines. Depuis 2000, une nouvelle forme d'habitat populaire et spontané surgit aux abords d'une ancienne autoroute industrielle de la ville de Rio de Janeiro, l'Avenida Brasil. Il s'agit de l'invasion d'anciens terrains d'usines abandonnées par des habitants des favelas. Le processus d'occupation des terrains, la conversion de l'espace en habitat, et les règles établies à l'intérieur de celui-ci révèlent que les invasions présentent un nouveau cas de figure dans le cadre de l'habitat populaire spontané à Rio de Janeiro, que l'on dénomme « copropriété de fait ». Ce travail de recherche pose la question de la représentation de ce nouveau type d'habitat dans la ville et dans la société actuelle. Nous avons étudié le développement du territoire de la ville et de la favela d'origine des occupants, ainsi que les différentes politiques publiques concernant l'habitat précaire pour comprendre la production des « copropriétés de fait » et leur rapport avec l'évolution urbaine à Rio de Janeiro. L'analyse de l'espace construit de l'invasion se développe en relation avec l'espace social communautaire et révèle des nouvelles pratiques, issues de la forme d'habitat populaire en copropriété / Social inequalities and the policies of the public service contributed to the expansion of poor and spontaneous housing in Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro, the types of popular housings evolved through time, adjusting themselves to the different urban policies and to the city's urban development. Despite its spontaneous character, popular housings go along with urban transformation. Since 2000 a new type of popular and spontaneous housing has arisen on the borders of an old industrial highway called ‘Avenida Brasil', located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Inhabitant from favelas invaded old lands of abandoned factories. The process of occupation of the lands, the conversion of space into housing, and the rules established therein, reveal that this type of invasion – ‘de facto shared ownership' – is a new case in terms of popular spontaneous housing in Rio de Janeiro. This research raises the question of the representation of this new type of housing in the city and in the actual society. I studied the urban development planning of the favelas of which the occupants came from originally, and the different public policies concerning precarious housing in order to understand the ‘de facto shared ownership' as a product of the urban evolution of Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of the constructed space of housing is developed in relation to urban and community social space. It stresses the transformation of a culture produced from the marginality of space in the city, and which is articulated to the type of co-ownership housing

L’article 1844 C. civ. suggère que seuls les associés sont titulaires du droit de vote. Une telle affirmation suscite cependant des interrogations. Elle laisse insatisfait, de prime abord, au vu de l’imprécision des contours de la notion d’associé. Elle invite, en outre, à s’interroger sur sa justification. Une analyse attentive des textes montre que pour déterminer le titulaire du droit de vote, ceux-ci se réfèrent indifféremment, à la qualité d’associé ou à la qualité de propriétaire de parts sociales ou d’actions – les deux étant censées se confondre. Et cela s’explique par le fait que les associés sont supposés supporter l’aléa social, aléa inhérent à la propriété de parts sociales ou d’actions. Mais seule la propriété dotée de l’absolutisme que les rédacteurs du Code civil voulaient lui conférer permet de présumer l’aléa social. Or le développement de propriétés temporaires ou pour autrui a conduit à attribuer le droit de vote à des associés ne le supportant pas, ébranlant ainsi la construction sociétaire. A cela, s’ajoutent des pratiques permettant à un non-associé de voter, sans garantie qu’il agisse pour le compte d’un associé. La recherche d’une solution cohérente et complète invite à redéfinir la notion d’associé en la fondant sur l’aléa social. Le droit de vote bénéficierait ainsi aux seuls acteurs courant un tel aléa. Cette solution peut être aisément mise en oeuvre moyennant quelques aménagements des modalités de reconnaissance de la qualité d’associé et des prérogatives sociales. Un encadrement spécifique des mécanismes d’accès au vote par un non-associé reste cependant nécessaire. / Article 1844 of the Civil Code suggests that only shareholders hold voting rights. Such an assertion gives rise to several questions. It leaves dissatisfied, prima facie, considering the vagueness of the concept of shareholder. In addition, it leads to a question about the justification of the allocation of voting rights to shareholders. A careful analysis of the texts shows that, in view of defining the holders of voting rights, they indifferently refer to the capacity of shareholder or to the capacity of owner of shares – as both are supposed to coincide. And this can be explained by the idea that shareholders are meant to bear the corporate hazard. However, this hazard can only be inferred from an ownership corresponding to the absolutist conception of the Civil Code’s authors. Yet, the development of temporary ownerships or ownerships for others has lead to assign voting rights to shareholders who do not bear this hazard, and has undermined the corporate construction. In addition to this, practices allowing a non-shareholder to vote, without assurance that the vote will be cast on behalf of a shareholder, have a similar effect. The pursuit of a coherent and complete solution prompts to redefine the notion of shareholder, basing it on the concept of corporate hazard. Voting rights would thus only benefit to persons who bear such a hazard. This solution can easily be implemented by slightly adapting the current methods for recognizing shareholder’s capacity and corporate rights. Nevertheless, a specific legal framework for devices allowing non-shareholder to vote remains necessary.

Este trabalho busca verificar, por meio da análise do processo de criação e implementação do Cadastro Ambiental Rural a partir da perspectiva da democracia deliberativa de Habermas, a possibilidade de tal instrumento se transformar em objeto de políticas públicas que proporcionem uma proteção ambiental efetiva. Tenciona também investigar as finalidades do CAR enquanto instrumento da Administração Pública em suas funções reativa e proativa, utilizando como abordagem a contextualização do referido instrumento, incluindo questões relativas ao Código Florestal de 2012, lei na qual está inserido, para posteriormente descrever seus diferentes aspectos. Estes compreendem o CAR como materialização do direito à informação ambiental, sua função de combate ao desmatamento e pressuposto do Programa de Regularização Ambiental, além de seu papel no zoneamento ambiental. Também é feita uma análise do processo de implementação do Cadastro Ambiental Rural em Caxias do Sul à luz da teoria de Habermas, da qual são explicitados elementos referentes ao procedimento, princípios e formas de aplicação. A metodologia adotada é a hipotético-dedutiva, utilizando as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Como resultados da pesquisa, destacam-se a constatação acerca da multiplicidade de potencialidades do CAR, que pode servir de base para diferentes ações e políticas de proteção ambiental, assim como a real possibilidade e urgente necessidade de ampliar, aprimorar e consolidar mecanismos deliberativos na tomada de decisões públicas, bem como na implementação de políticas públicas de cunho ambiental no Brasil. / This work seeks to check, through the analysis of the process of creation and implementation of the Rural Environmental Registry from Habermas deliberative democracy perspective, the possibility of this tool to become an object of public policy, providing an effective environmental protection. It also aims to investigate the goals of the Rural Environmental Registry as a tool of Public Administration in its reactive and proactive functions, using as approach its context, including issues about the Forest Code of 2012, law in which the Rural Environmental Registry is envisaged, to later describe its main aspects. These include the Rural Environmental Registry as embodiment of the right to environmental information, its function in the fight against deforestation and as requisite for joining the Program for Environmental Regularization, besides its roll in the environmental zoning. It is also done an analysis of the process of implementation of the Rural Environmental Registry in Caxias do Sul under the perspective of Habermas theory. In this context, the work explains elements about the procedure, principles and forms of execution of this theory. It is adopted the hypothectical-deductive methodology, using bibliographic and documentary techniques. As results of this research, it is possible to highlight the conclusion about the multiplicity of potentialities of the Rural Environmental Registry that may become a basis for several actions and environmental protection policies, such as the real possibility and urgent necessity of expanding, improving and consolidating deliberative mechanisms in the taking of public decisions, as well as in the implementation of environmetal public policy in Brazil.

As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) e a Reserva Legal (RL) foram estabelecidas por lei como alternativas mitigadoras dos impactos da ação antrópica, funcionando como reguladoras do fluxo da água, de sedimentos e nutrientes, formando ecossistemas estabilizados às margens de rios, lagos e nascentes; atuando na diminuição e filtragem do escoamento superficial e do carregamento de sedimentos para o sistema aquático. Nas pequenas propriedades rurais, onde a agricultura de susbsistência ainda é a regra, seus proprietários encontram dificuldades a uma convivência equilibrada entre a exploração racional da terra e o cumprimento da norma legal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo confrontar essa situação fática vivenciada em algumas pequenas propriedades rurais economicamente sustentáveis, e que utilizam métodos de agricultura ecológica, e as alternativas encontradas no sentido de respeitar a legislação ambiental. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-28T16:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marco Antonio U Goncalves.pdf: 1268807 bytes, checksum: afd48ad6dcc50867d940f76160894e75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-28T16:45:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marco Antonio U Goncalves.pdf: 1268807 bytes, checksum: afd48ad6dcc50867d940f76160894e75 (MD5) / Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) and the Legal Reservation (RL) were established by law as mitigates alternatives of the impacts on the anthropotic action, functioning as regulators of the water flow, sediments and nutritious, forming ecosystems stabilized on the rivers bank, lakes and springs, acting in the decrease and strain of the superficial drainage and of the shipment of sediments of the aquatic system. In the small rural properties, where the susbsistence agriculture is still the rule, their owners have difficulties in a balanced coexistence between the rational land exploration and the legal norm execution. The present work had as objective confronts this fatidical situation lived in some small rural properties, economically maintainable and the use ofecological agriculture methodos, and the alternatives found on respecting the environmental sense legislation.