Urginea sanguinea, Aloe marlothii, Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Rhoicissus tridentate are all plants utilized for the management of tick borne diseases in the Madikwe area of North-west province. These plants, in certain concoctions, are believed to be effective against “seme”, “gala” and “Bolwetsi jwa mothlapo o moshibidu” which we have assumed to represent heartwater, gallsickness and redwater from circumstantial epidemiological data available. To obtain a representative extract, which would be indicative of the general activity of the plant, only acetone or methanol extracts were tested for the presence of antimicrobial, antiparasitic or anti-oxidant activity within that specific plant. Activity in all cases made use of either an in vitro biological assay or more specific chemical tests, which were validated in all cases. Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, all grown in specific cell cultures, were used as a model for evaluating the efficacy against the common protozoan and rickettsial diseases caused by these organisms in livestock. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, four human nosocomial infectious agents, were used as an indicator for the presence of antibacterial activity against these common animal bacterial pathogens. Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl and the trolox equivalent anti-oxidant chemical assays were used to determine anti-oxidant activity, which although not curative, may aid in the recovery from an infection by stimulating the immune system. The activities demonstrated among the various plants and organisms were not consistent. E. elephantine extracts were the most effective, with activity demonstrable in all biological and chemical screening assays. Although R. tridentate demonstrated poor activity (> 100 ìg/ml) against the tick-borne parasites, the plant extract did demonstrate significant anti-oxidant activity. U. sanguinea extracts showed good activity in both the antibacterial and anti-rickettsial assays (EC50 = 44.49 ng/ml), which may be due to the presence of the toxic bufadienolides present within the plant. A. marlothii possessed significant anti-rickettsial activity (EC50= 111.4 µg/ml) and to a lesser degree antibacterial activity. The results of the study support the use of these plants against heartwater, gallsickness and redwater, which gives credence for the traditional use against “Seme, Gala, and Bolwetsi jwa mothlapo o moshibidu”. Further studies are required to isolate and determine the structure of the active compounds of these plants as well as to confirm the safety and efficacy of the extracts against disease conditions in livestock. Copyright / Urginea sanguinea, Aloe marlothii, Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Rhoicissus tridentata word tradisioneel gebruik vir die bekamping van siektes deur bosluise oorgedra in die Madikwe gebied van die Noordwes provinsie. Ekstrakte van hierdie species word gebruik teen “seme”, “gala” en “Bolwetsi jwa mothlapo o moshibidu” wat waarskynlik op hartwater, galsiekte and rooiwater dui volgens die beskikbare epidemiologiese data. Asetoon en metanol ekstrakte is gebruik vir die bepaling van antimikrobiese, antiparasitiese en antioksidant aktiwiteite in verskillende species deur gevalideerde in vitro metodes. Selkulture van Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia caballi en Theileria equi, , is in ‘n model gebruik om die doeltreffendheid van ekstrakte teen algemene siektes deur protozoa en ricketsias te bepaal. Vier algemene menslike nosokomiale patogene Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, is gebruik om antibakteriese aktiwiteit van ekstrakte te bepaal. Difeniel-pikrielhidrasiel en die trolox ekwivalente anti-oksidant essajeermetode is gebruik om anti-oksidantaktiwiteit te bepaal. Antioksidante mag herstel na infeksies bespoedig deur stimulering van die immuunstelsel. Daar was ‘n groot verskil in die aktiwiteite tussen die verskillende ekstrakte en organismes. E. elephantina ekstrakte was die mees doeltreffende met die biologiese and chemiese bepalings. R. tridentata het sterk anti-oksidantaktiwiteit gehad, maar het lae aktiwiteit (> 100 µg/ml) teen bosluis-oorgedraagde parasiete gehad. U. sanguinea ekstrakte was aktief in beide die antibakteriese en anti-riketsiale bepalings (EC50 = 44.49 ng/ml), wat moontlik toegeskryf kan word aan die giftige bufadienoliede teenwoordig in hierdie species. A. marlothii ekstrakte het betekenisbolle anti-riketsiale aktiwiteit (EC50 = 111.4 µg/ml) maar slegs geringe antibakteriese aktiwiteit gehad. Hierdie resultate bevestig die moontlike waarde van hierdie species teen hartwater, galsiekte and rooiwater, en ondersteun die tradisionele etnoveterinêre gebruik teen “Seme, Gala, and Bolwetsi jwa mothlapo o moshibidu”. Verdere studies word benodig om die 5 aktiewe verbindings te isoleer en te karakteriseer en om die veiligheid en doeltreffendheid van ekstrakte teen hierdie siektes in vee te bevestig. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

Silicone stands as an indispensable material for numerous applications; however, its high energy-cost synthesis poses significant environmental challenges. To address these concerns, bio-based silicone has gained considerable attention, showcasing its potential to dilute energy density while offering inherent functional benefits. Despite promising prospects, existing incorporation methods often involve protecting groups, rare metal catalysts, and multistep synthesis, which contradict green chemistry principles. The aza- Michael reaction emerges as a superior choice due to its high atom economy and mild reaction conditions. However, it still suffers from prolonged reaction times, hindering its overall efficiency and sustainability. This thesis utilizes self-activated beta-hydroxy acrylates to greatly enhance aza-Michael kinetics, achieving a 3-fold rate enhancement in solvent-free silicone synthesis. This fast aza-Michael reaction acts as the platform for the incorporation of Vitamin C and amino acids into silicone materials. Vitamin C-modified silicone demonstrates the potential for controlled antioxidant activity release, while amino acid-functionalized silicones are synthesized using choline amino acid ionic liquids, presenting a protecting-group-free and solvent-free synthesis method. Moreover, the synthesized choline amino acid-functional polymers and elastomers are investigated for their dielectric properties revealing promising potential for dielectric elastomer actuator applications. These innovative methods offer green alternatives for incorporating hydrophilic biomolecules into hydrophobic silicone systems, providing new functionalities that address both environmental and functional requirements. / Thesis / Doctor of Science (PhD)

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No presente trabalho são relatados os resultados obtidos através de ensaios de caracterização para os diferentes tipos de óleos vegetais estudados, no estado novo e puro, tais como viscosidade, número de acidez, índice de iodo, índice de saponificação, espectroscopia por infravermelho e curvas de resfriamento. Os mesmos ensaios foram realizados com as amostras de óleo de soja com diferentes concentrações de aditivos anti-oxidantes. As diferentes formulações feitas com óleo de soja foram submetidas ao um processo de envelhecimento acelerado, e após esse processo de oxidação, foram realizados novamente os mesmos ensaios. Pode-se então, comparar qual amostra sofreu menor oxidação durante um mesmo tempo de envelhecimento. Assim, pode-se verificar qual aditivo anti-oxidante obteve melhor desempenho, retardando o processo de oxidação no óleo de soja. / In this work has studied different types of vegetable oils such cotton, canola, sunflower, corn and soybean. Characterization in terms of viscosity, number of acidity, index of iodine, index of saponification and by infrared spectroscopy, were performed. Cooling performance was also evaluated. Those tests were performed before and after oxidation. Oxidation of the oils were obtained using a special apparatus, provoking degradation after 72 hours of test. Different formulations using soybean oil and antioxidants additivation were also evaluated. Better performance in terms of oxidation resistance was obtained with formulation 1% Irganox L109.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-09-26T19:14:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCIANE CABRAL PINHEIRO 2017.pdf: 1590599 bytes, checksum: de1f617c03dded70f415d324f08c9791 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-09-26T19:14:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCIANE CABRAL PINHEIRO 2017.pdf: 1590599 bytes, checksum: de1f617c03dded70f415d324f08c9791 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T19:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCIANE CABRAL PINHEIRO 2017.pdf: 1590599 bytes, checksum: de1f617c03dded70f415d324f08c9791 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / O uso indiscriminado de antibióticos faz com que algumas cepas bacterianas desenvolvam defesas contra agentes antibacterianos, com o consequente aparecimento da resistência antimicrobiana. Bactérias como a Escherichia coli, que estão presentes na flora microbiana dos indivíduos, tem demostrado um aumento significativo na resistência à antibióticos, e junto deste aumento da resistência surge à busca por novos fármacos para combater estes microrganismos resistentes. Os compostos orgânicos de telúrio tem demostrado em estudos apresentar capacidade antimicrobiana frente à cepas de bactérias Gram-negativas e Gram-positivas. Esta classe de compostos tem seus efeitos relacionados principalmente à sua capacidade de oxidação de grupos tióis (SH). Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a atividade antimicrobiana do composto teluroacetileno 2-feniletinil-butiltelurio (PEBT), sobre cepas de E.coli, bem como estudar se o mecanismo de ação antimicrobiano está relacionado ao seu efeito pró-oxidante. Para a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do composto PEBT foram realizados os testes de: disco difusão com o composto nas concentrações de 1.28mg/disco, 0.128mg/disco, 0.0128mg/disco e 0.00128mg/disco; concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) com o composto nas concentrações de 3.84mg/ml; 1.92mg/ml; 0.96mg/ml; 0.48mg/ml; 0.24 mg/ml; 0.12 mg/ml; 0.06 mg/ml e 0.030mg/ml e curva de sobrevivência, com as 3 concentrações do composto 0.96 mg/ml; 1.92mg/ml e 3.84mg/ml(correspondentes ao 0,5CIM, CIM e 2CIM, respectivamente). Para avaliar se o mecanismo de ação do composto PEBT sobre a célula bacteriana, estava relacionado à sua atividade pro-oxidante, foram dosados os níveis de espécies reativas (ER); atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT), e para avaliar a oxidação de grupamentos tióis foi realizada a dosagem intracelular de níveis de tióis não proteicos (NPSH) nas culturas bacterianas em presença ou ausência do composto nas concentrações de 0.96 mg/ml; 1.92mg/ml e 3.84mg/ml. A fim de confirmar seu efeito pro-oxidante, foram adicionados os antioxidantes glutationa (GSH) e ácido ascórbico (AA) ao meio de cultura. Como resultado, nosso estudo mostrou a capacidade antimicrobiana do composto PEBT nas concentrações 1.28mg/disco e 0.128mg/disco através da formação de halos de inibição no teste de disco difusão, sendo a menor concentração do composto capaz de inibir o crescimento bacteriano de 1.92mg/ml, e no teste de curva de sobrevivência o composto foi capaz de causar a inviabilidade das células bacterianas após o tempo de 9 horas de exposição nas 3 diferentes concentrações 9 testadas. Nossos resultados demostram que a presença do composto nas 3 concentrações testadas levou ao aumento na produção de ER nas células da E. coli, concomitante a uma diminuição dos níveis de tióis intracelulares e redução na atividade das enzimas antioxidante SOD a CAT. Associado a isso, quando foi acrescido ao meio os antioxidantes GSH e AA, estes foram capazes de proteger a célula bacteriana do efeito antimicrobiano, através do desaparecimento do halo de inibição no teste de disco difusão. Contudo, nosso estudo sugere que o composto PEBT possui atividade antimicrobiana frente a cepas de E.coli, tendo como mecanismo de ação a geração de ER, oxidação de grupos tióis e diminuição das defesas antioxidantes da célula bacteriana. / The indiscriminate use of antibiotics causes some bacterial strains to develop defenses against antibacterial agents, with the consequent appearance of antimicrobial resistance. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli, which are present in the microbial flora of individuals, have shown a significant increase in resistance to antibiotics, and along with this increase of resistance comes the search for new drugs to combat these resistant microorganisms. Organic tellurium compounds have shown antimicrobial ability against strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. This class of compounds have these effects related to the oxidation of thiols groups. In this way, the objective of this work was to verify the antimicrobial activity of 2-phenylethynyl butyltelurium (PEBT) in strains of E. coli, as well as, to study if the antimicrobial action is related to its pro-oxidant effect. For the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the PEBT the following tests were performed: Disc diffusion with PEBT at the concentrations of 1.28; 0.128; 0.0128 and 0.00128 mg/disc; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with PEBT at concentrations of 3.84; 1.92; 0.96; 0.48; 0.24; 0.12; 0.06 and 0.030 mg/ml; and survival curve, with PEBT at concentrations of 0.96; 1.92 and 3.84 mg/ml (corresponding to 0.5MIC, MIC and 2MIC, respectively). To evaluate if the antimicrobial action is related to its pro-oxidant effect we carried out the levels of extracellular reactive species (RS); activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and levels of non-protein thiols (NPSH). In order to confirm its pro-oxidant effect, the antioxidants glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AA) were added to the culture medium. Our study has demonstrated that PEBT has antimicrobial capability at concentrations of 1.28 and 0.128 mg/disc by formation of inhibition halo in the diffusion disc test. Additionally, the lowest concentration of the compound capable of inhibiting bacterial growth was 1.92 mg/ml, and in the survival curve test the compound was able to cause bacterial cell infeasibility after the 9 hour exposure time at the concentrations of 0.96; 1.92 and 3.84mg/ml. Our results in biochemical analysis show that the presence of the PEBT at concentrations of 3.84; 1.92 and 0.96mg/ml is able to induce an increase in extracellular RS production in E. coli cells, concomitant with a decrease in intracellular thiol levels and a reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT. Associated with these results, the addiction of GSH and AA to the medium was able to protect the bacterial cell from the antimicrobial effect of PEBT, by disappearance of the inhibition halo in the disc 11 diffusion test. Taken together, our results suggest that the PEBT presents antimicrobial activity against strains of E. coli and its action is related to the generation of RS, oxidation of thiol groups and decrease of the antioxidant defenses of the bacterial cell.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ap_dr_arafcf.pdf: 8313704 bytes, checksum: 2cd8bf6d9e9c4b85c49edb7b6d038519 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A terapia ADEPT (antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy) tem sido caracterizada, em vários estudos experimentais focalizados na destruição de células tumorais, como uma alternativa à fármacos citotóxicos sistêmicos (anti-proliferativos). Nesta técnica, o pró-fármaco é ativado por enzimas exógenas que são levadas à célula tumoral por meio de anticorpos monoclonais (Mab). Neste contexto, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) e ácido 3-indolacético (IAA) constituem um dos sistemas mais citados de enzima e pró-fármaco aplicados à destruição de células tumorais com conjugados HRP-Mab. Peroxidases são enzimas inespecíficas e várias moléculas podem ser oxidadas pela suas formas ativas HRP-l e HRP-ll no ciclo clássico da peroxidase, que é dependente de peróxido de hidrogênio ou hidroperóxidos orgânicos. Por outro lado, somente NADH, dihidroxifumarato e a auxina de planta IAA, têm sido descritos como substratos para HRP em reação independente de peróxido de hidrogênio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o mecanismo pelo qual compostos β-dicarbonílicos são oxidados por HRP e explorar suas aplicações. Foi demonstrado que os compostos dicarbonílicos 2,4-pentanodiona (PD) e 3-metil-2,4-pentanodiona (MePD) são eficientemente oxidados pela HRP, na ausência de peróxido, em tampão fosfato pH 7,4, consumindo oxigênio presente em solução, o que não ocorreu com outros compostos β-dicarbonílicos testados (dimedona e acetoacetato). Observou-se também, via espectrofotometria, durante a reação com PD e MePD, que a enzima nativa passou à sua forma HRP-lll, além disso, a reação produziu espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), detectadas por quimiluminescência dependente de luminol e fluorescência dependente de diclorofluoresceína. Também foram realizadas reações de consumo de oxigênio com outros compostos que possuem grupamento... / Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) has featured in several experimental studies focused on the destruction of tumor cells, as an alternative to systemic cytotoxic (antiproliferative) drugs. In this technique, the prodrug is activated by exogenous enzymes delivered to tumor cells via monoclonal antibodies (MAb). In this context, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) constitute one of the most often cited systems of enzyme and prodrug applied to destroy tumor cells with HRP – MAb conjugates. Peroxidases are unspecific enzymes and several molecules can be oxidized by the active forms HRP-I and HRP-II in the classic peroxidase cycle, which depends on hydrogen peroxide or organic hydroperoxides. On the other hand, only NADH, dihydroxyfumarate and the plant auxin IAA have been described as substrates for HRP in a reaction independent of hydrogen peroxide. The objective of this work was to study the mechanism by which β-dicarbonyl compounds are oxidized by HRP and explore possible applications. We demonstrated by measuring oxygen uptake, that the dicarbonyls PD (2,4-pentanedione) and 3-MePD (3-methyl-2,4-pentanedione) can also be oxidized by HRP in the absence of peroxide, in phosphate buffer pH 7.4, consuming the oxygen present in solution, what didn’t occur with other β-dicarbonyl compounds (dimedon and acetoacetate), under the same conditions. It was also observed, in the absorption spectrum during the reaction course with PD and 3-MePD, that the native enzyme was transformed to HRP-III; moreover, the reaction produced reactive oxidant species (ROS), detected by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and dichlorofluorescein-fluorescence dependent. Reactions of oxygen uptake with other heme-compounds (cytochrome C, hemin, myoglobin and myeloperoxidase) had been carried to detect the especificity of the HRP in the oxidation reaction... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

No presente trabalho são relatados os resultados obtidos através de ensaios de caracterização para os diferentes tipos de óleos vegetais estudados, no estado novo e puro, tais como viscosidade, número de acidez, índice de iodo, índice de saponificação, espectroscopia por infravermelho e curvas de resfriamento. Os mesmos ensaios foram realizados com as amostras de óleo de soja com diferentes concentrações de aditivos anti-oxidantes. As diferentes formulações feitas com óleo de soja foram submetidas ao um processo de envelhecimento acelerado, e após esse processo de oxidação, foram realizados novamente os mesmos ensaios. Pode-se então, comparar qual amostra sofreu menor oxidação durante um mesmo tempo de envelhecimento. Assim, pode-se verificar qual aditivo anti-oxidante obteve melhor desempenho, retardando o processo de oxidação no óleo de soja. / In this work has studied different types of vegetable oils such cotton, canola, sunflower, corn and soybean. Characterization in terms of viscosity, number of acidity, index of iodine, index of saponification and by infrared spectroscopy, were performed. Cooling performance was also evaluated. Those tests were performed before and after oxidation. Oxidation of the oils were obtained using a special apparatus, provoking degradation after 72 hours of test. Different formulations using soybean oil and antioxidants additivation were also evaluated. Better performance in terms of oxidation resistance was obtained with formulation 1% Irganox L109.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-09-01T20:41:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AndressaMMS_DISSERT.pdf: 1954199 bytes, checksum: e72c0bd0dda36d90e31b5cf4a2e9fbc3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-09-06T15:19:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AndressaMMS_DISSERT.pdf: 1954199 bytes, checksum: e72c0bd0dda36d90e31b5cf4a2e9fbc3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-09-06T15:20:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AndressaMMS_DISSERT.pdf: 1954199 bytes, checksum: e72c0bd0dda36d90e31b5cf4a2e9fbc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T15:20:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndressaMMS_DISSERT.pdf: 1954199 bytes, checksum: e72c0bd0dda36d90e31b5cf4a2e9fbc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ozonated water as an antimicrobial agent in the Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) processing. Samples of whole tilapia and fillets were washed with cold water (11 ° C), without ozone (0 ppm - control) and with ozone (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 ppm) for 0; 5; 10; and 15 minutes. Microbiological parameters (total count of mesophilic, Staphylococcus aureus positive coagulase counts, fecal coliforms and the presence of Salmonella sp.) and physicochemical parameters (pH, color, TBA) were evaluated in order to check the microbiological load reduction and possible changes on pH, color and lipid oxidation (TBA) of fillets. The most effective ozone concentration on reducing the microbial load of the surface of tilapia was 1.5 ppm, reducing the initial populations of mesophilic bacteria in 91.78%. At this concentration (1.5 ppm), it was effective within the first 5 min., reducing the microbial load of 71.23%. In fillet washing, 1.5 ppm ozone concentration also showed the greatest reduction of mesophilic bacteria 70.19%. The treatment with ozonated water of fillets showed no influence on the pH and color of the fillets, however, there was an increase in the TBA value (1.5 ppm of O3 for 15 min.), showing that lipid oxidation occurred, but below the thresholds that make them unfit for consumption. The results showed that the ozonated water has been effective in reducing the microbial load of the fish during processing. The cost of electricity consumption used for ozone generation demonstrated its feasibility of use / O objetivo com o presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da água ozonizada como agente antimicrobiano no processamento da tilápia do Nilo (O. niloticus). Amostras de tilápia inteira e filés foram imersas em água gelada (11°C) sem ozônio (0 ppm - controle) e com ozônio (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 ppm) durante 0; 5; 10; e 15 minutos. Parâmetros microbiológicos (contagem total de mesófilos, contagem de Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positivo, coliformes termotolerantes e presença de Salmonella sp.) e físico-químicos (pH, cor, TBA) foram avaliados a fim de verificar diminuição da carga microbiológica e possíveis alterações de pH, cor do filé, e oxidação lipídica (TBA). A concentração de ozônio mais efetiva sobre a diminuição da carga microbiana da superfície da tilápia foi a de 1,5 ppm, reduzindo as populações inicias de bactérias mesófilas em 91,78%. Nesta concentração (1,5 ppm), a eficácia foi nos primeiros 5 min., reduzindo a carga microbiana em 71,23%. Na imersão do filé, a concentração de ozônio de 1,5 ppm também apresentou a maior redução de bactérias mesófilas 70,19%. O tratamento dos filés com água ozonizada não demonstrou influência sobre o pH e cor dos filés, no entanto, observou-se um aumento dos valores de TBA (1,5 ppm de O3 por 15 min.), demonstrando que ocorreu oxidação lipídica, mas inferior aos limites que os deixam impróprios para o consumo. Os resultados demonstraram que a água ozonizada foi eficiente na redução da carga microbiana do pescado durante o processamento. O custo do consumo de energia elétrica utilizada para geração do ozônio demostrou sua viabilidade de uso / 2017-09-01