In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a leading-edge technology for soil and groundwater remediation, and involves injecting a chemical oxidant (e. g. , permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, or persulfate) into the subsurface to deplete contaminant mass through oxidation. Since the delivery of the chosen oxidant to the target treatment zone must occur in situ, the interaction between the injected oxidant and the aquifer material is a key controlling factor for a successful ISCO application. While many published ISCO studies have focused on the interaction between an oxidant and target contaminants, many questions still remain on the interaction between a potential oxidant and the aquifer material. Through a series of bench-scale experiments with aquifer materials collected from 10 sites throughout North America, the research presented in this thesis provides insight into the interaction between these aquifer materials and two widely used ISCO oxidants; permanganate and hydrogen peroxide. <br /><br /> The investigation into the interaction between aquifer materials and permanganate consisted of three series of bench-scale experiments: (1) long-term batch experiments which were used to investigate permanganate consumption in response to fundamental geochemical properties of the aquifer materials, (2) short-term batch experiments which were designed to yield kinetic data that describe the behavior of permanganate in the presence of various aquifer materials, and (3) column experiments which were used to investigate permanganate transport in a system that mimics the subsurface environment. The long-term experiments which involved more than 180 batch reactors monitored for ~300 days showed that the unproductive permanganate consumption by aquifer materials or natural oxidant demand (NOD) is strongly affected by the initial permanganate concentration, permanganate to solid mass ratio, and the reductive components associated with each aquifer material. This consumption cannot be represented by an instantaneous reaction process but is kinetically controlled by at least a fast and slow reactive component. Accordingly, an empirical expression for permanganate NOD in terms of aquifer material properties, and a hypothetical kinetic model consisting of two reaction components were developed. In addition, a fast and economical permanganate NOD estimation procedure based on a permanganate COD test was developed and tested. The investigation into short-term permanganate consumption (time scale of hours) was based on the theoretical derivation of the stoichiometric reaction of permanganate with bulk aquifer material reductive components, and consisted of excess permanganate mass experiments and excess aquifer material mass experiments. The results demonstrated that permanganate consumption by aquifer materials can be characterized by a very fast reaction on the order of minutes to hours, confirming the existence of the fast reaction component of the hypothetical kinetic model used to describe the long-term permanganate NOD observations. A typical experimental column trial consisted of flushing an aquifer-material packed column with the permanganate source solution until sufficient permanganate breakthrough was observed. The permanganate column results indicated the presence of a fast and slow consumption rate consistent with the long-term batch test data, and an intermediate consumption rate affecting the shape of the rising limb of the breakthrough curve. Finally, a comparison of the experimental results between batch and column systems indicated that permanganate NOD was significantly overestimated by the batch experiments; however, permanganate consumption displayed some similarity between the batch and column systems and hence an empirical expression was developed to predict permanganate consumption in physically representative column systems from batch reactor data. <br /><br /> The interaction between hydrogen peroxide and aquifer materials was also investigated with both batch and column experiments. A series of batch experiments consisting of a mixture of 2% hydrogen peroxide and 15 g of aquifer materials was used to capture the overall hydrogen peroxide behavior in the presence of various aquifer materials. The results indicated that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of various aquifer materials followed a first-order rate law, and was strongly affected by the content of amorphous transition metals (i. e. , Fe and Mn). Although hydrogen peroxide decomposition is related to the total organic carbon (TOC) content of natural aquifer materials, the results from a two-week long exposure to hydrogen peroxide suggests that not all forms of natural organic matter contributed to this decomposition. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to generate predictive relationships to estimate hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate coefficients based on various aquifer material properties. The enhanced stability of hydrogen peroxide was investigated under six scenarios with the addition of chelating reagents. The impact of a new green chelating reagent, S,S'-ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS), on the stability of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aquifer materials was experimentally examined and compared to that of the traditional and widely used chelating reagent, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA). The results demonstrated that EDDS was able to significantly increase the stability of hydrogen peroxide, especially for aquifer materials with low TOC contents and/or high dissolvable Fe and Mn contents. Finally, to complement and expand the findings from the batch experiments, column experiments were conducted with aquifer materials from five representative sites. Each column was flushed with two types of source solutions (with or without EDDS addition) at two flow rates. The column experiments showed that the use of EDDS resulted in an earlier breakthrough and a higher stable concentration of hydrogen peroxide relative to the case without the addition of EDDS. The hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate coefficients generated from the column data were significantly higher than those generated from the batch test data and no correlation between hydrogen peroxide decomposition coefficients obtained from column and batch experiments was observed. Based on the column experimental results, a one-dimensional transport model was also calibrated to capture the hydrogen peroxide breakthrough process. <br /><br /> Data from bench-scale tests are routinely used to support both ISCO design and site screening, and therefore the findings from this study can be used as guidance on the utility of these tests to generate reliable and useful information. In general, the behavior of both permanganate and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aquifer materials in batch and the column systems clearly indicates that the use of batch test data for ISCO system design is questionable since column experiments are believed to mimic in situ conditions better since column systems provide more realistic aquifer material contact. Thus the scaling relationships developed in this study provide meaningful tools to transfer information obtained from batch systems, which are widely employed in most bench-scale studies, to column systems.

A couple of processes for electrosynthetic production of expendable reagents, namely acids, bases, and oxidants, from the native salt content of raw waters and industrial wastes were investigated, and the composition of mixed acids and bases made of sodium sulfate or sodium chloride salts were predicted using a model predicated on conservation principles, mass action relations, and Pitzer equations. Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (BMED) was used to produce acids and bases in a single pass. Product concentration was limited only by the salt content of the feed water. The current efficiency for acid production was slightly higher than that for base, but neither dropped below 75%. Acid and base current utilization showed the same trends with respect to feed salt content and flow velocity, with higher efficiency at higher feed salt concentrations and flow velocities. Operating the BMED stack near the limiting current density of the bipolar membrane (BLCD) or above the limiting current density of the diluate compartment (LCD) decreased current efficiency and increased electrical power dissipation. Electrodialytic acid and base production was approximately10 times cheaper than the chemicals' f.o.b. unit costs as quoted on Alibaba.com. The mechanism and cost of on site peroxodisulfuric acid production by electrolysis of sulfuric acid solutions with boron doped diamond film anodes was investigated experimentally and with molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The cost of on site peroxodisulfate production was approximately 4 times less expensive than purchasing a 25 lb bag. It was shown that direct discharge of sulfate species produces sulfate radicals, which subsequently combined to form peroxodisulfuric acid. The likely hood of these reactions was dependent on electrode surface condition. Sulfate radicals could also be produced in solution by reaction with hydroxyl radicals generated by water discharge.

Dióxido de titânio com alta área superficial específica na fase anatase é considerado um material promissor para aplicações ambientais. Neste trabalho, TiO2 com boa aplicabilidade em processos fotocatalíticos e na produção de hidrogênio foi obtido pelo método com baixo consumo de energia baseado na rota dos peróxidos oxidantes combinado com tratamento solvotermal assistido por microondas. Para preparar o material, propóxido de titânio, peróxido de hidrogênio e álcool isopropílico foram utilizados. A influência do tempo, do pH e da temperatura durante a etapa solvotermal nas propriedades como morfologia, cristalinidade, composição de fase, área superficial específica e comportamento fotocatalítico foram investigados. As amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), análise termogravimétrica (ATG), teoria Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), reflectância difusa e espectroscopia por emissão fluorescente. A fotoatividade foi determinada usando o método de decomposição do corante alaranjado de metila em luz UV-A e a produção de hidrogênio foi realizada em água usando etanol como agente de sacrifício. Com o aumento da temperatura durante a etapa solvotermal, as propriedades fotocatalíticas foram melhoradas. As nanoestruturas de TiO2 sintetizadas a 200°C e 30 min a partir deste método mostraram atividade fotocatalítica comparável ao do TiO2 P25 comercial Aeroxide©. Isso pode ser atribuído ao fato de que a energia associada a esta temperatura tenha sido suficiente para converter a maioria dos precursores em produtos cristalinos e pouca fase amorfa está presente. Foi possível produzir, com sucesso, nanoestruturas de TiO2, via método dos peróxidos oxidantes e tratamento solvotermal assistido por microondas em diferentes pHs. O material tratado em pH 1 exibiu melhor comportamento fotocatalítico na degradação da solução contendo alaranjado de metila. Aparentemente, o pH do meio não afetou significativamente a microestrutura das amostras. Foi observado uma diminuição na intensidade fotoluminescente da amostra preparada em pH ácido. Isso ocorre provavelmente porque as modificações ácidas em TiO2 favorecem eficientemente a separação das cargas, que está também relacionada com o comportamento dessa amostra durante o processo de degradação. Em relação à produção de hidrogênio, foi possível observar que a razão aumentou com o aumento do pH da solução. Isso pode ser atribuído ao aumento da concentração de OH- fisisorvidos, os quais podem participar dos processos de trapeamento das lacunas e nas reações de transferência de cargas. Por último, esses resultados foram notáveis porque foi utilizado um método de preparação com baixo consumo de energia onde apenas precursores orgânicos e baixas temperaturas foram empregados. Além disso, calcinação ou dopagem não foram necessários para alcançar tal desempenho, uma vez que, os catalisadores assim preparados exibiram boa atividade fotocatalítica na remoção de poluentes da água como o alaranjado de metila e na produção de hidrogênio. / Titanium dioxide with high specific surface area in the crystalline anatase phase is a promising material for environmental applications. In this work, TiO2 with good applicability for photocatalytic processes and hydrogen production has been obtained using the low energy consumption synthesis based on oxidant peroxide method combined with microwave-assisted low temperature solvothermal treatment. To prepare the material, titanium propoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and isopropyl alcohol were used. The influence of time, pH and temperature during the solvothermal step on properties like, morphology, crystallinity, phase composition, specific surface area, and photocatalytic behavior were investigated. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron transmission (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer- Emmett-Teller theory (BET), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Photoactivity was determined using the methyl orange decomposition method in UV-A light and hydrogen production was performed in water using ethanol as sacrificial agent. Increasing temperature during solvothermal step, photocatalytic properties could be improved. The nanostructured TiO2 particles synthesized at 200ºC and 30 min with this method showed photocatalytic activity comparable to commercial Aeroxide® TiO2 P25. This can be attributed to the fact that the energy associated with this temperature has been sufficient to convert most of precursors into crystalline products and small amount of amorphous phase is present. We successfully produced nanostructured TiO2 via the oxidant peroxide method and microwave-assisted solvothermal treatment at different pHs. The material that we treated at pH 1 exhibited better photocatalytic performance on the degradation of methyl orange solutions. It appears that the pH of the medium does not significantly affect the microstructure of the samples. It was observed a decrease in the photoluminescence intensity of the sample prepared at acidic pH. This finding likely occurred because the acidic modification of TiO2 favors efficiently separating the charge carriers, which is also related to the behavior of this sample during the degradation process. Related to hydrogen production, it was possible to observe that the rate increases with increasing solution pH. This has been attributed to the increased concentrations of physisorbed OH− groups at basic solutions, which participate in hole trapping processes and charge transfer reactions. Lastly, these results are remarkable because of the low energy consumption preparation method: only organic-metalic compounds and low temperatures were employed. Furthermore, calcination or doping was not necessary to achieve such performance, since the asprepared catalysts exhibited good photocatalytic activity on removal of pollutants from water as the methyl orange and on hydrogen production.

Submitted by LUCIANA DE MORAIS null (lucianademorais@gmail.com) on 2016-09-06T20:17:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Corrigida PDF.pdf: 813174 bytes, checksum: 4f825525941a01229e7931cfbee55e5c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-09T19:44:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_l_me_araca.pdf: 813174 bytes, checksum: 4f825525941a01229e7931cfbee55e5c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-09T19:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_l_me_araca.pdf: 813174 bytes, checksum: 4f825525941a01229e7931cfbee55e5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A mensuração de biomarcadores plasmáticos de estresse oxidativo (BPEO) tem sido largamente empregada para avaliar o desequilíbrio entre oxidantes e antioxidantes. Devido sua função de carrear oxigênio os eritrócitos são ricos em antioxidantes, entretanto os efeitos da hemólise sobre o BPEO de cães são desconhecidos. Considerando que dentre todas as várias fontes de erro analítico, a hemólise é a mais importante na rotina laboratorial, investigamos o efeito da hemólise in vitro sobre os principais BPEO de cães. Para tal, amostras de sangue total de 19 cães clinicamente saudáveis foram hemolisadas em diferentes graus por ação mecânica. Amostras controle contendo baixa concentração de hemoglobina (Hb) no plasma foram comparadas com quatro graus de hemólise mecânica (<0,36; 0,36-0,60; 0,61-1,0; 1,1-4 g/L Hb). Imediatamente após a hemólise foram mensuradas as concentrações plasmáticas de ácido úrico (AU), albumina, bilirrubina, gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), capacidade antioxidante total (TAC) e concentração de oxidante total (TOC). Os erros relativos causados pelos diferentes graus de hemólises foram calculados e confrontados com o erro total aceitável (ETA) e com limite de erro permitido (LEP) empregados nos programas de controle de qualidade de exames laboratoriais. Foi observado que mesmo pequeno grau de hemólise gera algum erro analítico não aceitável (ETA e/ou LEP) nos biomarcadores plasmáticos de estresse oxidativo mensurados, exceto na bilirrubina. Foi possível concluir que a hemólise é um fator limitante para avaliação do estresse oxidativo sistêmico mensurado no plasma, podendo causar erros que potencialmente comprometem o diagnóstico clínico e investigativo. / The measurement of plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress (PBOE) has been widely used to assess the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. Due to its function of carrying oxygen red blood cells are rich in antioxidants, however the effects of hemolysis on PBOE dogs are unknown. Whereas among all the various sources of analytical error, hemolysis is the most important in the laboratory routine, we investigated the effect of hemolysis "in vitro" on the main PBOE dogs. For this purpose, whole blood samples from 19 healthy dogs were hemolyzed in different degrees by mechanical action. Control samples containing low concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) levels in plasma were compared with four degrees of hemolysis mechanics (<0.36, from 0.36 to 0.60, 0.61 to 1.0, 1.1 to 4 g/L Hb ). Immediately after the hemolysis were measured plasma concentrations of uric acid (UA), albumin, bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant concentration (TOC). The relative errors caused by different levels of hemolysis were calculated and compared with the total acceptable error (TAE and allowed error limit (LEP) employees in quality control programs for laboratory tests. Even if it was observed small degree of hemolysis generates some not acceptable analytical error (TAE and / or LEP) in plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress measured, except in bilirubin. It was concluded that hemolysis is a limiting factor for the assessment of systemic oxidative stress measured in plasma, may cause errors that potentially compromise the clinical and investigative diagnosis.

Resumo: A terapia ADEPT (antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy) tem sido caracterizada, em vários estudos experimentais focalizados na destruição de células tumorais, como uma alternativa à fármacos citotóxicos sistêmicos (anti-proliferativos). Nesta técnica, o pró-fármaco é ativado por enzimas exógenas que são levadas à célula tumoral por meio de anticorpos monoclonais (Mab). Neste contexto, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) e ácido 3-indolacético (IAA) constituem um dos sistemas mais citados de enzima e pró-fármaco aplicados à destruição de células tumorais com conjugados HRP-Mab. Peroxidases são enzimas inespecíficas e várias moléculas podem ser oxidadas pela suas formas ativas HRP-l e HRP-ll no ciclo clássico da peroxidase, que é dependente de peróxido de hidrogênio ou hidroperóxidos orgânicos. Por outro lado, somente NADH, dihidroxifumarato e a auxina de planta IAA, têm sido descritos como substratos para HRP em reação independente de peróxido de hidrogênio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o mecanismo pelo qual compostos β-dicarbonílicos são oxidados por HRP e explorar suas aplicações. Foi demonstrado que os compostos dicarbonílicos 2,4-pentanodiona (PD) e 3-metil-2,4-pentanodiona (MePD) são eficientemente oxidados pela HRP, na ausência de peróxido, em tampão fosfato pH 7,4, consumindo oxigênio presente em solução, o que não ocorreu com outros compostos β-dicarbonílicos testados (dimedona e acetoacetato). Observou-se também, via espectrofotometria, durante a reação com PD e MePD, que a enzima nativa passou à sua forma HRP-lll, além disso, a reação produziu espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), detectadas por quimiluminescência dependente de luminol e fluorescência dependente de diclorofluoresceína. Também foram realizadas reações de consumo de oxigênio com outros compostos que possuem grupamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) has featured in several experimental studies focused on the destruction of tumor cells, as an alternative to systemic cytotoxic (antiproliferative) drugs. In this technique, the prodrug is activated by exogenous enzymes delivered to tumor cells via monoclonal antibodies (MAb). In this context, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) constitute one of the most often cited systems of enzyme and prodrug applied to destroy tumor cells with HRP - MAb conjugates. Peroxidases are unspecific enzymes and several molecules can be oxidized by the active forms HRP-I and HRP-II in the classic peroxidase cycle, which depends on hydrogen peroxide or organic hydroperoxides. On the other hand, only NADH, dihydroxyfumarate and the plant auxin IAA have been described as substrates for HRP in a reaction independent of hydrogen peroxide. The objective of this work was to study the mechanism by which β-dicarbonyl compounds are oxidized by HRP and explore possible applications. We demonstrated by measuring oxygen uptake, that the dicarbonyls PD (2,4-pentanedione) and 3-MePD (3-methyl-2,4-pentanedione) can also be oxidized by HRP in the absence of peroxide, in phosphate buffer pH 7.4, consuming the oxygen present in solution, what didn't occur with other β-dicarbonyl compounds (dimedon and acetoacetate), under the same conditions. It was also observed, in the absorption spectrum during the reaction course with PD and 3-MePD, that the native enzyme was transformed to HRP-III; moreover, the reaction produced reactive oxidant species (ROS), detected by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and dichlorofluorescein-fluorescence dependent. Reactions of oxygen uptake with other heme-compounds (cytochrome C, hemin, myoglobin and myeloperoxidase) had been carried to detect the especificity of the HRP in the oxidation reaction... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti / Coorientador: Valdecir Farias Ximenes / Banca: Olga Maria mascarenhas de Faria Oliveira / Banca: Chung Man Chin / Banca: Antonio Cardozo dos Santos / Banca: Mariza Pires de Melo / Doutor

Orientador: Paulo César Ciarlini / Banca: Suely Regina Mogami Bomfim / Banca: Ana Claudia de Melo Stefanato Nakamune / Resumo: A mensuração de biomarcadores plasmáticos de estresse oxidativo (BPEO) tem sido largamente empregada para avaliar o desequilíbrio entre oxidantes e antioxidantes. Devido sua função de carrear oxigênio os eritrócitos são ricos em antioxidantes, entretanto os efeitos da hemólise sobre o BPEO de cães são desconhecidos. Considerando que dentre todas as várias fontes de erro analítico, a hemólise é a mais importante na rotina laboratorial, investigamos o efeito da hemólise in vitro sobre os principais BPEO de cães. Para tal, amostras de sangue total de 19 cães clinicamente saudáveis foram hemolisadas em diferentes graus por ação mecânica. Amostras controle contendo baixa concentração de hemoglobina (Hb) no plasma foram comparadas com quatro graus de hemólise mecânica (<0,36; 0,36-0,60; 0,61-1,0; 1,1-4 g/L Hb). Imediatamente após a hemólise foram mensuradas as concentrações plasmáticas de ácido úrico (AU), albumina, bilirrubina, gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), capacidade antioxidante total (TAC) e concentração de oxidante total (TOC). Os erros relativos causados pelos diferentes graus de hemólises foram calculados e confrontados com o erro total aceitável (ETA) e com limite de erro permitido (LEP) empregados nos programas de controle de qualidade de exames laboratoriais. Foi observado que mesmo pequeno grau de hemólise gera algum erro analítico não aceitável (ETA e/ou LEP) nos biomarcadores plasmáticos de estresse oxidativo mensurados, exceto na bilirrubina. Foi possível concluir... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The measurement of plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress (PBOE) has been widely used to assess the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. Due to its function of carrying oxygen red blood cells are rich in antioxidants, however the effects of hemolysis on PBOE dogs are unknown. Whereas among all the various sources of analytical error, hemolysis is the most important in the laboratory routine, we investigated the effect of hemolysis "in vitro" on the main PBOE dogs. For this purpose, whole blood samples from 19 healthy dogs were hemolyzed in different degrees by mechanical action. Control samples containing low concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) levels in plasma were compared with four degrees of hemolysis mechanics (<0.36, from 0.36 to 0.60, 0.61 to 1.0, 1.1 to 4 g/L Hb ). Immediately after the hemolysis were measured plasma concentrations of uric acid (UA), albumin, bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant concentration (TOC). The relative errors caused by different levels of hemolysis were calculated and compared with the total acceptable error (TAE and allowed error limit (LEP) employees in quality control programs for laboratory tests. Even if it was observed small degree of hemolysis generates some not acceptable analytical error (TAE and / or LEP) in plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress measured, except in bilirubin. It was concluded that hemolysis is a limiting factor for the assessment of systemic oxidative ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Dióxido de titânio com alta área superficial específica na fase anatase é considerado um material promissor para aplicações ambientais. Neste trabalho, TiO2 com boa aplicabilidade em processos fotocatalíticos e na produção de hidrogênio foi obtido pelo método com baixo consumo de energia baseado na rota dos peróxidos oxidantes combinado com tratamento solvotermal assistido por microondas. Para preparar o material, propóxido de titânio, peróxido de hidrogênio e álcool isopropílico foram utilizados. A influência do tempo, do pH e da temperatura durante a etapa solvotermal nas propriedades como morfologia, cristalinidade, composição de fase, área superficial específica e comportamento fotocatalítico foram investigados. As amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), análise termogravimétrica (ATG), teoria Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), reflectância difusa e espectroscopia por emissão fluorescente. A fotoatividade foi determinada usando o método de decomposição do corante alaranjado de metila em luz UV-A e a produção de hidrogênio foi realizada em água usando etanol como agente de sacrifício. Com o aumento da temperatura durante a etapa solvotermal, as propriedades fotocatalíticas foram melhoradas. As nanoestruturas de TiO2 sintetizadas a 200°C e 30 min a partir deste método mostraram atividade fotocatalítica comparável ao do TiO2 P25 comercial Aeroxide©. Isso pode ser atribuído ao fato de que a energia associada a esta temperatura tenha sido suficiente para converter a maioria dos precursores em produtos cristalinos e pouca fase amorfa está presente. Foi possível produzir, com sucesso, nanoestruturas de TiO2, via método dos peróxidos oxidantes e tratamento solvotermal assistido por microondas em diferentes pHs. O material tratado em pH 1 exibiu melhor comportamento fotocatalítico na degradação da solução contendo alaranjado de metila. Aparentemente, o pH do meio não afetou significativamente a microestrutura das amostras. Foi observado uma diminuição na intensidade fotoluminescente da amostra preparada em pH ácido. Isso ocorre provavelmente porque as modificações ácidas em TiO2 favorecem eficientemente a separação das cargas, que está também relacionada com o comportamento dessa amostra durante o processo de degradação. Em relação à produção de hidrogênio, foi possível observar que a razão aumentou com o aumento do pH da solução. Isso pode ser atribuído ao aumento da concentração de OH- fisisorvidos, os quais podem participar dos processos de trapeamento das lacunas e nas reações de transferência de cargas. Por último, esses resultados foram notáveis porque foi utilizado um método de preparação com baixo consumo de energia onde apenas precursores orgânicos e baixas temperaturas foram empregados. Além disso, calcinação ou dopagem não foram necessários para alcançar tal desempenho, uma vez que, os catalisadores assim preparados exibiram boa atividade fotocatalítica na remoção de poluentes da água como o alaranjado de metila e na produção de hidrogênio. / Titanium dioxide with high specific surface area in the crystalline anatase phase is a promising material for environmental applications. In this work, TiO2 with good applicability for photocatalytic processes and hydrogen production has been obtained using the low energy consumption synthesis based on oxidant peroxide method combined with microwave-assisted low temperature solvothermal treatment. To prepare the material, titanium propoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and isopropyl alcohol were used. The influence of time, pH and temperature during the solvothermal step on properties like, morphology, crystallinity, phase composition, specific surface area, and photocatalytic behavior were investigated. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron transmission (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer- Emmett-Teller theory (BET), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Photoactivity was determined using the methyl orange decomposition method in UV-A light and hydrogen production was performed in water using ethanol as sacrificial agent. Increasing temperature during solvothermal step, photocatalytic properties could be improved. The nanostructured TiO2 particles synthesized at 200ºC and 30 min with this method showed photocatalytic activity comparable to commercial Aeroxide® TiO2 P25. This can be attributed to the fact that the energy associated with this temperature has been sufficient to convert most of precursors into crystalline products and small amount of amorphous phase is present. We successfully produced nanostructured TiO2 via the oxidant peroxide method and microwave-assisted solvothermal treatment at different pHs. The material that we treated at pH 1 exhibited better photocatalytic performance on the degradation of methyl orange solutions. It appears that the pH of the medium does not significantly affect the microstructure of the samples. It was observed a decrease in the photoluminescence intensity of the sample prepared at acidic pH. This finding likely occurred because the acidic modification of TiO2 favors efficiently separating the charge carriers, which is also related to the behavior of this sample during the degradation process. Related to hydrogen production, it was possible to observe that the rate increases with increasing solution pH. This has been attributed to the increased concentrations of physisorbed OH− groups at basic solutions, which participate in hole trapping processes and charge transfer reactions. Lastly, these results are remarkable because of the low energy consumption preparation method: only organic-metalic compounds and low temperatures were employed. Furthermore, calcination or doping was not necessary to achieve such performance, since the asprepared catalysts exhibited good photocatalytic activity on removal of pollutants from water as the methyl orange and on hydrogen production.

Orientador: Anibal Eugenio Vercesi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T17:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Inada_NataliaMayumi_D.pdf: 2015643 bytes, checksum: 46616bc6e9a94ab575e17060c6ed0645 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A ação das meso-porfirinas catiônica Fe(III)TMPyP e aniônica Fe(III)TPPS4 sobre a função mitocondrial e viabilidade de células de tumor de próstata LNCaP foi investigada. O tratamento das suspensões mitocondriais com 1 µM de Fe(III)TMPyP por 2 minutos e 45 segundos no escuro diminuiu o controle respiratório mitocondrial (C.R.) em 3%. A irradiação potencializou este efeito, induzindo uma queda no C.R. em 28%. A porfirina aniônica Fe(III)TPPS4, nas mesmas condições experimentais, não provocou efeito significativo algum. Ambas porfirinas aumentaram a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) na presença de Ca2+; o efeito de Fe(III)TMPyP foi significativamente maior. Esta porfirina catiônica, porém não a aniônica, promoveu o fenômeno de transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial (TPM), sensível à ciclosporina A (CsA). Além disso, Fe(III)TMPyP apresentou uma constante de associação (Kb) com mitocôndrias 11 vezes maior que Fe(III)TPPS4, provavelmente devido às interações eletroestáticas entre a porfirina catiônica e a membrana mitocondrial interna, carregada negativamente. Observou-se também que ambas porfirinas diminuíram a viabilidade de células tumorais de maneira dose-dependente, apresentando um IC50 de aproximadamente 15 µM, após 48 h de incubação no escuro. Tratando as células com a dose de 10 µM para cada porfirina e um tempo menor de exposição no escuro (1 h), observou-se efeito significativo após a irradiação das amostras. Nas condições experimentais testadas, a morte celular predominante foi a necrose (26% das células tratadas com a porfirina aniônica e 29%, com a catiônica). A apoptose ocorreu após irradiação, sendo o efeito da Fe(III)TMPyP duas vezes maior (14%) que o efeito da Fe(III)TPPS4 (7%). Ambas porfirinas aumentaram de maneira significativa a concentração intracelular do íon Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cit) após a irradiação. Tanto a necrose, como a apoptose foram mediadas pelo aumento da [Ca2+]cit, uma vez que ambas foram inibidas pelo quelante de Ca2+ citosólico BAPTA/AM. A CsA preveniu as mortes necrótica e apoptótica das células LNCaP tratadas e irradiadas na presença de ambos compostos / Abstract: The action of irradiated cationic Fe(III)TMPyP and anionic Fe(III)TPPS4 forms of mesoporphyrins on mitochondrial functions was investigated using experimental conditions that caused minimal effects on mitochondria in the dark. Treatment of mitochondria with 1 µM Fe(III)TMPyP for 2 min decreased the respiratory control by 3% in the dark and 28% after irradiation. Fe(III)TPPS4 (1 µM) had no significant effect on respiratory control under any of the above conditions. Both porphyrins increased mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species in the presence of Ca2+; however, the effect of Fe(III)TMPyP was significantly stronger. Fe(III)TMPyP but not Fe(III)TPPS4 promoted cyclosporin A-sensitive mitochondrial permeability transition. It was also observed that the association constant of Fe(III)TMPyP with mitochondria was 11 times higher than Fe(III)TPPS4. In conclusion, the damage to isolated mitochondria induced by Fe(III)TMPyP under illumination was larger than by Fe(III)TPPS4, probably because its cationic charge favors association with the mitochondrial membrane. The citotoxic effect of both porphyrins, prior the irradiation and upon the cell viability were dose-dependent and the IC50 were approximatly 15 µM, after 48 hours of incubation. No significantly cytotoxic effect was observed when the tumor cells were treated with 10 µM for each porphyrin, in a time of incubation in the dark of one hour. This was significant only after the photoactivation of the samples. In these conditions, the irradiation of the tumor cells induced cell death both via necrose and apoptose. Cell death via necrose was higher for both porphyrins. Irradiation of both porphyrins significantly increased the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cit) of the LNCaP cells, which mediated cell death, once BAPTA/AM (an intracellular Ca2+ chelator) protected against cell death. Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) was probably participating in these mechanisms since cyclosporin A prevented cell death / Doutorado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

O manganês (Mn) é um elemento químico abundante na natureza, principalmente em minérios e presente também em alimentos e na água. É o cofator de enzimas importantes, como a superóxido dismutase mitocondrial. Entretanto, mineradores e outras pessoas expostas a produtos manufaturados de Mn podem apresentar uma concentração excessiva desse metal no cérebro, adquirindo uma desordem neurológica similar ao mal de Parkinson conhecida por manganismo. Basicamente a neurotoxicidade do Mn pode estar associada com os vários estados de oxidação que ele pode alcançar, gerando espécies reativas de oxigênio durante a interconversão dessas espécies. Dessa forma, neste trabalho sintetizamos e avaliamos as propriedades pró-oxidantes e neurotóxicas de complexos de Mn(III) com desferrioxamina, [Mn(dfb)]; acetohidroxamato, [Mn(aha)3]; citrato, [Mn(cit)]; cloro-salen, EUK 8; e aceto-salen, EUK 108. Tais compostos são propostos como miméticos da SOD e/ou catalase, entretanto podem apresentar atividade pró-oxidante. Estes complexos foram caracterizados espectrofotometricamente (UV/Vis e IV) e por voltametria cíclica. Foram determinadas as absortividades molares dos complexos [Mn(aha)3], EUK 8 e EUK 108. Os EUK\'s apresentaram dois processos redutivos, sendo apenas um reversível, enquanto o [Mn(cit)] apresentou apenas um processo redutivo reversível e os hidroxamatos [Mn(dfb)] e [Mn(aha)3] não apresentaram processos redox na faixa de potenciais utilizada. Em teste de lipofilicidade todos os complexos apresentaram maior afinidade pela fase aquosa, sendo muito pouco particionados para a fase orgânica. Através do ensaio de supressão de fluorescência de calceína foi possível estabelecer que os EUK\'s são relativamente mais estáveis do que os outros complexos, sendo o [Mn(aha)3] o menos estável dos compostos estudados. Nas análises de atividade pró-oxidante, o [Mn(dfb)] oxidou fortemente a sonda mesmo na ausência de outros cofatores, mas este processo é dependente da concentração de O2 no meio. Os EUK\'s atuaram como pró-oxidantes em função da concentração de peróxido no meio. A atividade pró-oxidante foi suprimida por ascorbato, glutationa e Trolox&#174;, que agiram como antioxidantes, sugerindo implicações para a terapia do manganismo. O teste de toxicidade aguda em paulistinhas (Danio rerio) adultos resultou na mortalidade de alguns animais quando expostos a [Mn(dfb)] e [Mn(aha)3]. Comparando o telencéfalo de peixes expostos ao [Mn(dfb)] com um controle em microscópio, não se visualizou nenhuma alteração morfológica na região do núcleo dorsal, indicando que o complexo não causou nenhum dano visível nessa região. / Manganese (Mn) is an abundant element which is present also in food and water. It is the cofactor of important enzymes such as mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. However, miners and other occupationally exposed individuals may present an excessive load of Mn in brain and develop manganism, a neurological disorder akin to Parkinson Disease. Basically, Mn neurotoxicity may stem from its wide redox cycle, generating reactive oxygen species in the process of converting from one oxidation state to another. Thus, in this work we synthesized and evaluated the pro-oxidant and neurotoxic characteristics of Mn(III) complexes with desferrioxamine, [Mn(dfb)]; acetohydroxamate, [Mn(aha)3]; citrate, [Mn(cit)]; chlorosalen, EUK 8; and aceto-salen, EUK 108. Such compounds are proposed as mimetics of superoxide dismutase and/or catalase, however they may also be prooxidant. These complexes were characterized spectrophotometrically (UV/Vis and IR) and by cyclic voltammetry. Molar absorptivities were determined for [Mn(aha)3], EUK 8 and EUK 108. EUK\'s displayed two reductive processes, only one of which was reversible, while [Mn(cit)] displayed only one (reversible) reductive process and hydroxamates [Mn(dfb)] and [Mn(aha)3] did not display redox processes in the working range of potentials. Lipophilicity tests showed that all complexes have very low partition to the organic phase. Calcein fluorescence quenching studies showed that both EUK complexes are relatively more stable than the others, while [Mn(aha)3] is the least stable. In the pro-oxidant activity studies, [Mn(dfb)] strongly oxidized the fluorescent probe even in the absence of ancillary substances such as peroxide. However, this effect was dependant on O2 saturation in the solution. Both EUK acted as pro-oxidants with a linear dependence on peroxide concentration. Pro-oxidant activity was eliminated by the treatment with antioxidants such as ascorbate, glutathione and Trolox®, which is of interest for the therapy of manganism. In the acute toxicity tests induced some mortality in adult Danio rerio exposed to [Mn(dfb)] or [Mn(aha)3]. Comparison of the telencephalus of [Mn(dfb)]-exposed individuals with controls failed to indicate morphological alterations in the dorsal nucleus area, indicating that the complex did not affect visibly this brain region.

Un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial est impliqué dans plusieurs maladies neurodégénératives, corrélé avec une augmentation des niveaux de stress oxydant. Les anomalies mitochondriales observées dans les tissus des patients, les modèles animaux et cellulaires des maladies de Huntington et de Parkinson, suggèrent l'implication de la mitochondrie dans leur pathogénie.Les deux projets discutés dans ce manuscrit se focalisent sur le rôle des aspects particuliers de la physiologie mitochondriale au cours des deux maladies. / Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases and is correlated with augmented levels of intracellular oxydant stress. The mitochondrial defects observed in tissues from patients, as well as in animal and cellular models of Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases, suggest the implication of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The two projects discussed in this manuscript focus on the role of particular aspects of mitochondrial physiology in these diseases. By the first project we show the role of defective mitochondrial respiratory chain compex II in several rodent models of Huntington’s disease. By using a lentivirus-based gene transfert strategy we highlight the neuroprotective potential of the striatal overexpression of the subunits of complex II. The second project focus on Parkin and PINK1, two proteins implicated in the autosomal recessive, hereditary forms of Parkinson’s disease and in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, such as mitophagy. In a cellular model we show that the two proteins facilitate Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission. We show that Parkin may facilitate the signaling pathways controlling the activity of the pro-fission protein Drp1. This effect is probably indirect and mostly PINK1-independent. On the contrary, in mitochondrial depolarization conditions, by FRET (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer) a direct spatial coordination of Parkin, PINK1 and Drp1 is observed, which seems to be determinant for the efficiency of mitophagy. My projects shed new light on pathogenic mechanisms and open new perspectives in the research on these diseases.