No description available.

Purpose: To quantify the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in students and teachers in 14 Secondary schools in eastern Saxony, Germany. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in study population. Number of undetected cases. - Methods: Serial seroprevalence study. - Results: The role of educational settings in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic is still controversial. Seroprevalence increases from 0.8 to 5.9% from October to December when schools remained open and to 12.2% in March/April during a strict lockdown with closed schools. The ratio of undetected to detected cases decreased from 0.76 to 0.44 during the study period. - Conclusion: During the second and third wave of the pandemic in Germany, students and teachers are not overrepresented in SARS-CoV-2 infections. The percentage of undetected cases is moderate and decreases over time. The risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 within the household is higher than contracting it in educational settings making school closures rather ineffective in terms of pandemic control measures or individual risk reduction in children and adolescents. - Trial registration: DRKS00022455 (July 23rd, 2020).

Background: In addition to patient-related systemic factors directing the immune response, the pathomechanisms of appendicitis (AP) might also include insufficient drainage leading to inflammation caused by decreased peristalsis. Genetic predisposition accounts for 30%–50% of AP. M. Hirschsprung (HSCR), also characterized by disturbed peristalsis, is associated with variants in the RET proto-oncogene. We thus hypothesized that RET variants contribute to the etiology of AP. Methods: DNA from paraffin-embedded appendices and clinical data of 264 children were analyzed for the RET c.135A>G variant (rs1800858, NC_000010.11:g.43100520A>G). In 46 patients with gangrenous or perforated AP (GAP), peripheral blood DNA was used for RET sequencing. Results: Germline mutations were found in 13% of GAP, whereas no RET mutations were found in controls besides the benign variant p.Tyr791Phe (NC_000010.11:g.43118460A>T). In GAP, the polymorphic G-allele in rs2435352 (NC_000010.11:g.43105241A>G) in intron 4 was underrepresented (p = 0.0317). Conclusion: Our results suggest an impact of the RET proto-oncogene in the etiology of AP. Mutations were similar to patients with HSCR but no clinical features of HSCR were observed. The pathological phenotypes in both populations might thus represent a multigenic etiology including RET germline mutations with phenotypic heterogeneity and incomplete penetrance.

The outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in Wuhan challenges pediatric oncologists in an unexpected way. We provide a comprehensive overview, which systematically summarizes and grades evidence (QoE) on SARS-CoV-2 infections in pediatric cancer patients at 1.5 years of pandemic. A systematic literature search in PubMed combined with an additional exploratory literature review in other international databases was conducted to identify studies on children (aged < 18 years) with a malignant disease and COVID-19 infections. In total, 45 reports on 1003 pediatric cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified out of 1397 reports analyzed. The clinical course of COVID-19 was reported mild or moderate in 358 patients (41.7%), whereas 11.1% of patients showed severe COVID-19. In 12.7% of patients, chemotherapy was postponed, whereas 19% of patients with different underlying malignancies received chemotherapy during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Twenty-five patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections died, potentially related to COVID-19. Conclusion: Despite a favorable COVID-19 outcome in most pediatric cancer patients, the morbidity is reported higher than in children without comorbidities. However, no severe COVID-19 complications were associated to the continuation of chemotherapy in some cohort studies and reports on two patients. Therefore, the risk of cancer progress or relapse due to interruption of chemotherapy has carefully to be weighed against the risk of severe COVID-19 disease with potentially fatal outcome.

No description available.

In der vorliegenden experimentell durchgeführten Dissertation wurden neue Mutationen im FOLR1-Gen molekular charakterisiert. Die untersuchten Mutationen führten zu Veränderungen im Folatrezeptor α, einem von Zellen des Plexus choroideus exprimierten Protein, welches den Haupttransporter von  5-MTHF über die Blut-Liquor-Schranke darstellt. Mutationen im FOLR1-Gen sind kürzlich als Ursache einer zerebralen Folattransport-Defizienz identifiziert worden. Diese Erkrankung gehört zu einer Gruppe neurologischer Störungen, die sich durch isoliert niedrige Liquorfolatwerte  auszeichnen und zusammenfassend als zerebrale Folatdefizienz bezeichnet werden. Die zerebrale Folattransportdefizienz manifestiert sich typischerweise im frühen Kleinkindesalter und äußert sich klinisch in Form einer chronisch-progredienten psychomotorischen Regression mit zerebralen Krampfanfällen und einer durch MRT nachweisbaren Myelinisierungsstörung. Eine Substitution mit  5‘-Formyltetrahydrofolat konnte bei der Mehrzahl der identifizierten Patienten eine partielle Remission der Symptome bewirken.  Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden vier Mutationen im FOLR1-Gen hinsichtlich ihrer molekularen Auswirkungen auf die Proteinxpression, die Funktionalität bzw. Rezeptor-Bindungsfähigkeit und die Lokalisation des Proteins untersucht. Bei den Mutationen handelt es sich um zwei neue, aus Patienten-DNS identifizierte Punktmutationen, p.C169Y und p.N222S, sowie die bereits beschriebenen FRα-Mutanten p.C105R und FRα p.K44_P49dup.  Die heterologe Expression der mutanten Folatrezeptoren zeigte in Westernblot-Analysen keine signifikanten Veränderungen der Protein-Expressionsrate, verglichen mit dem Wildtyp-Protein. Allerdings bestand eine stark verminderte Rezeptor-Folsäurebindung in radioaktiven Bindungsassays. Ein funktioneller Unterschied zwischen den einzelnen Mutanten konnte im Verlauf der Experimente identifiziert werden. Die FRα-Proteinmutanten p.N222S und p.K44_P49dup zeigten verglichen mit den anderen Mutanten eine höhere Folsäure-Restbindung von ca. 20 % des Wildtypproteins. Im Rahmen von Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopien konnte gezeigt werden, dass die FRα-Mutante p.K44_P49dup partiell zellmembranständig, entsprechend dem FRα-Wildtyp, exprimiert wurde. Die übrigen untersuchten Proteinmutanten zeigten in intrazellulären Kompartimenten zumindest teilweise eine Kolokalisation mit dem Marker des endoplasmatischen Retikulums. Alle Untersuchungen wurden mit transfizierten CHO-K1-Zellen durchgeführt und konnten in zwei polaren Zelllinien, immortalisierten Epithelzellen des Plexus choroideus (Z310) und humanen Leberzellkarzinomzellen (HepG2) bestätigt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation sind Bestandteil einer kürzlich in BRAIN veröffentlichten Arbeit (Grapp et al. 2012) und tragen zum besseren Verständnis der molekularen Grundlagen der zerebralen Folattransport-Defizienz, einer neuerkannten, behandelbaren neuropädiatrischen Erkrankung, bei. Die  Pathogenität der untersuchten FOLR1-Mutationen wird auf molekularer Ebene belegt. Die Bedeutung dieser molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen besteht darin, dass eine frühzeitige Folat-Behandlung erkrankter Kinder zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Symptome führt.

Aims The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in Saxony before and after the German reunification. Methods The study examined two registries: one until 1990 and one since 1999. Only patients under 15 years of age with type 1 diabetes and living in Saxony were included in the study. Standardized incidence rates were described based on direct age standardization procedures using the Standard European Population for each calendar year between the observation periods 1982–1989 and 1999–2014. Age was grouped into three classes: 0–4, 5–9 and 10–14 years of age. Incidence data were presented as age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person-years (PY) with 95% confidence intervals [CI]. Joinpoint regression was used for trend analyses and Poisson regression was used to adjust for the effects of age and sex on the incidence. Results A total number of 2,092 incident cases of type 1 diabetes (1,109 males; 983 females) were included. The age-standardized incidence rates of type 1 diabetes per 100,000 PY was 7.9 [95%CI 6.8; 8.9] in the period from 1982–1989 and 20.1 [95%CI 14.0; 26.1] in the period from 1999–2014. The yearly increase in incidence over the entire time period (1982–2014) was 4.3% according to the average annual percent change (AAPC) method, and estimated to be 4.4% [95% CI 4.0; 4.8%] using a Poisson regression model adjusting for sex and age group. Conclusion In this study, a significantly increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes was observed after reunification. In future studies it would be interesting to follow up on the question of which environmental and lifestyle factors could be causing the increasing type 1 diabetes incidence.

Aims The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in Saxony before and after the German reunification. Methods The study examined two registries: one until 1990 and one since 1999. Only patients under 15 years of age with type 1 diabetes and living in Saxony were included in the study. Standardized incidence rates were described based on direct age standardization procedures using the Standard European Population for each calendar year between the observation periods 1982–1989 and 1999–2014. Age was grouped into three classes: 0–4, 5–9 and 10–14 years of age. Incidence data were presented as age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person-years (PY) with 95% confidence intervals [CI]. Joinpoint regression was used for trend analyses and Poisson regression was used to adjust for the effects of age and sex on the incidence. Results A total number of 2,092 incident cases of type 1 diabetes (1,109 males; 983 females) were included. The age-standardized incidence rates of type 1 diabetes per 100,000 PY was 7.9 [95%CI 6.8; 8.9] in the period from 1982–1989 and 20.1 [95%CI 14.0; 26.1] in the period from 1999–2014. The yearly increase in incidence over the entire time period (1982–2014) was 4.3% according to the average annual percent change (AAPC) method, and estimated to be 4.4% [95% CI 4.0; 4.8%] using a Poisson regression model adjusting for sex and age group. Conclusion In this study, a significantly increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes was observed after reunification. In future studies it would be interesting to follow up on the question of which environmental and lifestyle factors could be causing the increasing type 1 diabetes incidence.

No description available.

Aims An increasing number of children and adolescents worldwide suffer from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The present work aims to investigate the incidence, prevalence and future trends of IBD in children and adolescents in Saxony, Germany. Methods The Saxon Pediatric IBD Registry collected data on patients up to 15 years of age from all 31 pediatric hospitals and pediatric gastroenterologists in Saxony over a 15-year period (2000–2014). In 2019, an independent survey estimated a registry completeness of 95.7%. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) per 100,000 person-years (PY) and prevalence per 100,000 children and adolescents were calculated. Evaluation was also been performed in sex and age subgroups. Joinpoint and Poisson regression were used for trend analyses and projections. Results 532 patients with confirmed IBD during 2000–2014 were included in the epidemiological evaluation. 63.5% (n = 338) patients had CD, 33.1% (n = 176) had UC and 3.4% (n = 18) had unclassified IBD (IBD-U). The 15-year IBD prevalence was 111.8 [95%-CI: 102.3–121.3] per 100,000. The incidence ASR of IBD per 100,000 PY over the whole observation period was 7.5 [6.9–8.1]. ASR for the subtypes were 4.8 [4.3–5.3] for CD, 2.5 [2.1–2.9] for UC and 0.3 [0.1–0.4] for IBD-U. The trend analysis of ASR using the joinpoint regression confirmed a significant increase for incidence of IBD as well as CD. For IBD, the ASR per 100,000 PY increased from 4.6 [2.8–6.3] in 2000 to 8.2 [7.5–13.6] in 2014; projected incidence rates for IBD in Germany are 12.9 [6.5–25.5] in the year 2025 and 14.9 [6.7–32.8] in 2030, respectively. Thus, the number of new IBD diagnoses in Germany would more than triple (325%) in 2030 compared to 2000. The increase is expected to be faster in CD than UC, and be more in males than in females. The expected number of newly diagnosed children with IBD in Germany is projected to rise to about 1,584 [1,512–1,655] in 2025, and to about 1,918 [1,807–2,29] in 2030. Conclusion The incidence of IBD in children and adolescents in Saxony increased at a similar rate as in other developed countries during the observation period. Given this trend, the health care system must provide adequate resources for the care of these young patients in the future.