In connection to the increasing awareness of vehicles and its impact on the environment, the interest in the electric vehicle market has shown a significant growth in the recent years. According to forecasts, it is also projected to increase further in the future. These electric vehicles are driven by lithium-ion batteries with an expected service life of 5-15 years depending on different technology generations and design concepts. After the given service life, the battery has lost approximately 20 percent of its capacity and is no longer permitted to be used in its original application area again, out of safety reasons. Although the retired battery pack is not suitable for vehicles, its remaining capacity can still be utilized in other applications. Hence, the term second life has become a common subject in the automotive industry, where companies are trying to find new application areas for the retired electric vehicle battery packs. Common methods regarding second life of electric vehicle batteries are processes such as remanufacturing, repurposing and re-use. These presented second life methods are from a reverse logistics perspective. Second life alternatives enable a better sustainability and reduces the environmental impact by re-using and recycling existing materials.   In this thesis, the authors examined different second life concepts with the same prerequisite, an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack with an energy capacity of 20 kWh. The project has been conducted in a company that is one of the leading manufacturers in the heavy-duty industrial vehicle industry, which currently is developing their electric vehicle machines. Several different concepts have been generated and analysed to find the most applicable business model concepts from a second life perspective. The purpose has been to investigate and calculate which of these business model concepts are most feasible from an economic and a reverse logistics perspective. In order to fulfil the purpose, the following research questions have been formulated:   RQ1: Which secondary use business model concepts are feasible for battery packs of electrified machines? RQ2: Out of the above identified concepts, which business model concept is economically feasible and how can its reverse logistic be composed?   In order to answer the research questions, the authors have analysed different cost aspects and forecasts based on existing research and case company data. This is performed to develop the most profitable concepts based on the collected data, where the generated ideas concluded in three final concepts. For these concepts, individual business model canvases were created to illustrate all important parts of the concepts. The thesis resulted in an economic analysis of the three concepts, visualizing function diagrams and comparing them to each other, to identify the most applicable concept for the case company. The remanufacturing concept proved to be the most applicable one, where its associated reverse logistics and recycling process were investigated and determined. In conclusion the thesis can firstly contribute to future research by the created process map that companies can use and apply in their second life process, correlated to the managerial implications. Secondly, the remanufacturing concept can be a potential future investment for the case company, considering all valuable factors that have been analysed throughout the thesis.     Keywords: Battery pack, Battery secondary use, Business model, Reverse logistic, ESS, Remanufacturing, Battery repurposing, re-use, Battery second life economic analysis.

Title: The effect of active recovery and hydroterapy on the subsequent short-term and medium-term muscular performance Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two recoveries (ice pack, passive recovery) on the subsequent short-term and three recoveries (active recovery, cold water immersion, passive recovery) on the medium-term knee strength in the extension and flexion. Methods: Fourteen athletes in an average age of 26,6±4,4 years performed, in a random cross-over design, 2 sessions with 5 repeated short-term isokinetic tests and 3 sessions with 3 repeated medium-term isokinetic tests. The effect of ice packs and passive rest and the effect of active recovery, passive rest and cold water immersion were assessed by the 5x2 (time x recovery) and 3x3 (time x recovery) repeated-measure ANOVA, respectively. Results: The ice packs did not have any effect on peak torque, total work and average power during short-term performances. The average heart rate was significantly lower during measurements with the ice packs than during the passive recovery (125±15 vs. 135±20 tepů. min-1 ). We stated significantly lower changes in knee extension for the peak torque after the active recovery (↑ 0,9 N.m) than after the cold water immersion (↓ 14,6 N.m) or the passive recovery (↓ 13,9 N.m). The...

Meteorological parameters determine the physical properties of snow precipitating from the atmosphere, but snow layers also continue to develop within the snow pack after the precipitation event. New characteristics form depending on temperature fluctuations, interaction with the soil, overburden compression, rain-on-snow events and more. As climate change is evidenced across the globe and particularly in the Arctic, understanding the relationship between snow and climate is important. In this project, a set of observed data of snow layer characteristics, collected every two weeks each winter over a 50+ year period at Abisko Scientific Research Station, northern Sweden, is co-studied with a multi-layer snow pack model which is able to reproduce additional snow properties. Data is presented in long time series as well as in high resolution to capture both trends and details. Comparison between modelled and observed data is made where possible. Physical processes are discussed and potential trends in the data are evaluated. Results show good agreement for snow pack depth between model and observations, while modelled snow density is largely confirmed by comparison with other records of density measured at Abisko. Modelled outputs illustrate snow pack temperature fluctuations, percolation of melt water and densification of snow layers within the profiles; observed data show variations in snow layer hardness, grain compactness, grain size and dryness. Long-term trends indicate an increase in snow layer hardness and a decrease in snow grain size since the beginning of the record. / Förhållanden i atmosfären bestämmer vilken sorts snö som fälls ut som nederbörd, men de snöskikt som bildas i säsongspackad snö fortsätter även att utvecklas genom hela vintern. Snölagrens egenskaper förändras beroende på temperaturvariationer, termodynamisk växelverkan med markytan, belastning från ovanliggande snö, regn, med mera. Med accelererande klimatförändringar – särskilt i Arktis – är det viktigt att förstå hur snö och klimat interagerar. I detta projekt analyseras en serie observationer av snöskikt och snöegenskaper, insamlade under mer än 50 år vid Abisko naturvetenskapliga station, jämte en snöpackmodell som ger information om ytterligare egenskaper hos snön. Snödata presenteras både för enskilda säsonger och i långa tidsserier för att fånga upp detaljer såväl som utvecklingen över tid. Där det är möjligt görs jämförelser mellan modelldata och observationer. De fysikaliska processer som ger upphov till förändringar i snön diskuteras och eventuella trender i dataserierna utvärderas. Resultaten visar att snödjup stämmer väl överens mellan modell och observationer. Modellerad snödensitet styrks vid jämförelse med tidiga observationer av densitet som gjorts i Abisko. Snöpackmodellens utdata illustrerar snöns temperaturändringar, perkolation av smältvatten och förtätning (densitetsökning) hos snöskikten. Observationsdata visar förändringar i snöns täthet (hårdhet), snökornens fasthet, kornstorlek samt snöns torrhet. Trendstudier pekar mot att snölagrens täthet ökat och att snöns kornstorlek minskat sedan mätningarna startade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Camila Silveira de Melo.pdf: 1600630 bytes, checksum: 775f7bf932366a49562642895c0c3764 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / Abstract: Blown Pack is a process of spoilage which characterizes by the build-up of gas in the package of chilled meat cuts, causing a repulsing aspect. In Brazil, this spoilage has been described in many States, mainly meat for export, which needs longer shelf-life. The main cause of blown Pack is attributed to Clostridium estertheticum, a bacteria which multiplies easily in long-term storage at refrigeration temperatures and also in anaerobic organisms found in vacuum-packed chilled meat. The management of these bacteria in the flowchart of slaughter is very difficult due to its sporulated shape, easy dissemination and growth during the meat processing. Having said that, this work aimed to propose a decision support system for risk management for Clostridium estertheticum in the flowchart of bovine slaughter and vacuum-packed chilled beef cuts. Hence, it was carried out an identification of Control Point and Critical Point Control for bacteria as well as a risk classification and quantification in the process of vacuum-packed chilled beef cuts. The decision support system was based on the concept of Risk Assessment and Bayesian Networks. The system elaboration was performed at Shell Netica program. The probabilistic was manually input during the meeting with experts on the area. The first proposed structure of the system was elaborated for classification and quantification for microbiological risks, having as a parent node, a Risk Characterization of blown pack. The children nodes, linked to the parent node, were elaborated and based on Risk Exposure and Hazard Characterization for microbial deterioration in blown packed spoilage in meat cuts. In the second part of the proposition of the system, it was selected the slaughter operations and the determining factors of contamination in the processes. The parent nodes indentified the contamination risks and the children nodes the slaughter conditions. The system performance was assessed by specificity and sensibility. The proposed model presented a satisfactory performance, being reliable to the productive reality. The system presented high risk for blown pack for C. estertheticum, lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. Concerning its performance in identifying the contamination risk on the flowchart of slaughter, it has been high, with 100% of specificity and sensibility. The proposed model presented clear diagnosis, showing the operations that need more attention by the risk manager‟s part. / O tufamento é um processo de deterioração que se caracteriza pelo acúmulo de gases no interior da embalagem de cortes cárneos, provocando aspecto repugnante. No Brasil, essa deterioração já foi observada em vários Estados, principalmente em lotes destinados a exportação, que necessitam de maior vida de prateleira. O principal causador do tufamento é o Clostridium estertheticum, uma bactéria que se multiplica com facilidade em temperaturas de refrigeração e em anaerobiose, sendo essas condições encontradas em carnes embaladas a vácuo. O gerenciamento dessa bactéria no fluxograma de abate é muito difícil devido à sua forma esporulada e facilidade de disseminação e crescimento durante o processamento da carne bovina. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho propor um sistema de apoio à decisão de gerenciamento de risco de Clostridium estertheticum, no fluxograma de abate de bovinos e em cortes cárneos embalados a vácuo. Para isso, foi realizada a identificação dos Pontos de Controle e Pontos Críticos de Controle para a bactéria, além da classificação e quantificação de riscos no processo de obtenção de cortes cárneos refrigerados embalados a vácuo. O sistema de apoio a decisão foi baseado no conceito de Avaliação de Risco e Redes Bayesianas. A elaboração do sistema foi realizada no programa Shell Netica, com as probabilidades inseridas de forma manual durante reuniões com especialista da área. A primeira estrutura do sistema proposto foi elaborada para classificação e quantificação de riscos microbiológicos, possuindo como nó pai a Caracterização do Risco de tufamento. Os nós filhos, ligados ao nó pai, foram elaborados com base na Exposição de Risco e Caracterização de Perigo para deteriorantes incriminados em tufamento de cortes cárneos. Na proposição da segunda parte do sistema, foram elencadas as operações de abate e os fatores determinantes da contaminação dos processos, assim sendo, os nós pais identificaram o risco de contaminação e os nós filhos as condições de abate. O desempenho do sistema foi avaliado por meio da especificidade e sensibilidade. O modelo proposto apresentou desempenho satisfatório, sendo fidedigno à realidade produtiva. O sistema apresentou alto risco de tufamento para C. estertheticum, bactérias ácido láticas e Enterobacteriaceae. Quanto ao seu desempenho em identificar risco de contaminação no fluxograma de abate, esse se mostrou elevado, com 100% de especificidade e sensibilidade. O modelo proposto apresentou diagnósticos claros, apontando as operações que necessitam de maior atenção por parte do gestor de riscos.

Piston rings are installed in the piston and cylinder wall, which does not have a perfect round shape due to machining tolerances or external loads e.g. head bolts tightening. If the ring cannot follow these deformations, a localized lack of contact will occur and consequently an increase in the engine blow-by and lubricant oil consumption. Current 2D computational methods can not implement such effects – more complex model is necessary. The presented master’s thesis is focused on the developement of a flexible 3D piston ring model able to capture local deformations. It is based on the Timoshenko beam theory in cooperation with MBS software Adams. Model is then compared with FEM using software ANSYS. The validated piston ring model is assembled into the piston/cylinder liner and very basic simulations are run. Finally, future improvements are suggested.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of the hydraulic puller. Furthermore, the diploma thesis presents the analysis of possible design solutions. It includes processing the selected design of the hydraulic puller with parameters: maximum pushing force 50 kN, speed of work movement 0,05 m.s-1. The analysis by using finite element method (FEM) is made. The next part of thesis includes the design of hydraulic circuit of puller. In the last part of thesis there is the design for replacement of hydraulic puller by mechanical systems.

( Abstract(( This diploma thesis pursues an analysis of a language component in a didactical material called L-pack which is dedicated to A2 level migrants according to Common European Framework of Reference. This document projects an inner differentiation of the Czech language as well as communication needs of a focus group. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the importance of a situation in communication for didactical purposes considering the factual usage. In three chapters is focussed on pragmatic aspects of language behavior, to the choice of language and stylistic tools according to a character of a situation and monitors different approaches to communication situations to achieve optimal development of student' s communication competence. The methodological part presents the target and the work order and describes the didactical materials that have been analyzed. The analytical part of this thesis follows implementation manners of the L-pack in several dimensions. Selected cases are reviewed not only with respect to second language educational specialists but also with regard to the linguistic awareness of the Czech native speakers. In the end of this diploma thesis are suggested possibilities how to improve the implementation of the L-pack in relation to needs of the focus group of...

<p>As of 2013, the damage caused by corrosion on highway bridges has been estimated to cost approximately 14 billion dollars annually, and this cost has been increasing over the years. Corrosion is one of the natural phenomena that has been slowly deteriorating infrastructure systems across the United States. One of the most problematic types of corrosion is crevice corrosion, which is defined as the formation of rust between overlapping surfaces such as the case of a splice connection where flanges are attached by splice plates. A significant number of steel bridges in Indiana have developed crevice corrosion in splice connections. Therefore, this research focuses on the crevice corrosion, or “pack rust”, occurring in these structural elements. The application of coatings alone has not been enough to stop pack rust at these connections. In an attempt to look for approaches that can effectively mitigate this problem and maintain the designed service life of bridges, different strategies have been studied and tested. The first objective of this study is to determine the strength reduction as a function of the time of exposure to salt misting. To do this, specimens that simulate the bottom flange splice connection have been exposed to a corrosive environment for different periods of time and later tested under tension to assess the reduction in strength. The second objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation strategies under different conditions. First, the mitigating products were initially applied before exposure to salt misting. Second, the mitigating products were applied as a repair, and in this case, the specimens corroded for a given period of time and were then repaired to evaluate any further deterioration. The assessment of the strategies’ effectiveness is based on the strength reduction and visual inspection of the specimens. The ultimate outcome of this study is a series of general guidelines to slow down crevice corrosion based on the results of the laboratory testing. </p>

The aim of the thesis is to propose the use of waste materials as filler for the selected coating systems used for chemical protection of concrete surfaces.The used filler could not affect the existing binder of the coating system. Research was conducted using two materials N141 and N 121. The waste material was chosen by his chemical and physical properties. Between suitable materials belongs slag, fly ash, foundry sand and glass waste. The selection based on Lena Chemical s.r.o companies request was selected glass waste. The practical part includes examination as fillers, and the corresponding tests for coating systems with pre-used filler. Finally, the assessment of the suitability of the materials used.

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