Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T12:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Berenice - Tese Final.pdf: 2651792 bytes, checksum: 9b40383a5ee980c2b1310df2be85479d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-14 / Analyze the representations of the Environment and Environmental Education of teachers and students of basic education Palmas (TO) was the main goal of our investigat ion. The focus of research is centered on representations because we think they reveal the world of the subject and open spaces both for reflection and for action. Through literature review and rescued some forms of environmental education has been practiced and how the environment has been conceived, trying to show how the place and everyday relationships are constructive representations and relevance to the development of formal education, especially by experiments that occurs at the local level, but are not disconnected from global experiences. Thus, the study focuses on the pedagogical practices of teachers in the EA of private education, city and state and graphical representations of students in elementary and secondary education about the environment. For the realization of this theoretical research using sources from different areas of knowledge and empirical research, using the analysis of questionnaires, documents, maps, observations, records, photographs and statistical analysis (Chi-square and Fischer's exact test). From the data collected, the practice of EA was revealed as a variety of representations of students and teachers about the environment. The results offer a view as has been the practice in environmental education in the area surveyed, mainly in relation to the activities of EA developed in basic education. From the elaborate framework of representations and pedagogical practices found and the end of the investigation, it was possible to formulate some guidelines for programs of continuing education of teachers in EA, and some principles for the construction of meaningful practice of EA considering the context of basic education Palmas (TO). It is emphasized that the importance of this research area is to contribute to the reflection on the values that can permeate the environmental education and also by providing assistance, not just getting in dealing conceptual. / Analisar as representações de Meio Ambiente e Educação Ambiental (EA) de professores e estudantes da educação básica de Palmas (TO) foi o objetivo principal de nossa investigação. O foco da pesquisa está centrado nas representações por entendermos que revelam o mundo do sujeito e abrem espaços tanto para reflexão quanto para ação. Por meio da revisão bibliográfica resgatamos algumas formas de como a educação ambiental tem sido praticada e de como o meio ambiente tem sido compreendido, procurando evidenciar como o lugar e as relações cotidianas são construtivas de representações e importantes para o desenvolvimento da educação formal, sobretudo pela realização de experiências que se dá no nível local, mas que não estão desvinculadas das experiências globais. Assim, o estudo se concentra nas práticas pedagógicas de EA dos professores das redes de ensino privada, municipal e estadual e nas representações gráficas dos estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio sobre meio ambiente. Para a concretização desta investigação utilizamos fontes teóricas de diversas áreas do conhecimento e da pesquisa empírica, recorrendo à análise dos questionários, documentos, mapas mentais, observações, registro, fotografias e análises estatísticas (Qui-quadrado e Teste exato de Fischer). A partir dos dados levantados, a prática de EA se revelou como uma variedade de representações dos estudantes e professores sobre o meio ambiente. Os resultados obtidos oferecem uma visão de como tem sido a práxis em EA na área pesquisada, principalmente em relação às atividades de EA desenvolvidas na educação básica. A partir do arcabouço elaborado das representações e práticas pedagógicas encontradas e do término da investigação, foi possível formular algumas Diretrizes para programas de formação continuada dos professores em EA, e alguns princípios para a construção de práticas significativas de EA considerando o contexto da educação básica de Palmas (TO). Ressalta-se que a importância desta pesquisa para a área está em contribuir para a reflexão sobre os valores que podem permear a educação ambiental e, também, pela contribuição que fornece, não ficando apenas no trato conceitual.

This study is based on interviews with local business owners in the Brazilian municipality of Maricá, Rio deJaneiro, conducted in November 2021. The municipality receives royalties from the rich oil reserves that werefound in the bottom of the pre-salt area of the Atlantic Ocean, and has implemented a basic income programcalled Renda Básica de Cidadania (RBC). The RBC benefit is paid through a social digital currency via the localcommunity bank, which is a model developed by the Conjunto Palmeiras in Fortaleza that has spread throughoutBrazil as the ‘Palmas model’. The Palmas model does not include a basic income but uses community banks todevelop a ‘solidarity economy’ with a local social currency, whose circulation is restricted to within thecommunity. This thesis discusses how the RBC interacts with the Palmas model and considers potentialproblems and solutions arising in the case of Maricá in relation to local economic development, political trustand political participation. The study uses previous research about basic income, social currencies, solidarityeconomies, political trust and political participation to look at how public institutions and civil society interactwith the local market in Maricá. The study also investigates how this relationship is affected by the basic incomeprogram and by the move toward a solidarity economy with a local social currency.The study finds that the business owners who were interviewed participated in the implementation of the RBCthrough their usage of the social currency Mumbuca. They have accepted the social currency and the use ofMumbuca is well consolidated and normalized as a currency among the local business owners interviewed.They do not participate in any more active way in the community bank, but the study shows that through theiruse of the currency they are important actors for the consolidation of a solidarity economy in the municipality ofMaricá. The study shows that the respondents did not see the RBC as a basic income, but as a cash-transfer tothe poor. The majority of respondents believed that the implementation of the RBC and the social currency hadcontributed to the local economic development of the municipality, but that the main factor in the localeconomic development was the wealth of the municipality. The study shows that the respondents' level of trusttoward public institutions was considerably high.

Das außervertragliche Völkerrecht in Bezug auf den Gebietserwerb weist noch immer Unklarheiten auf. Rechtswissenschaft wie Rechtsprechung ringen seit langer Zeit darum, den außervertraglichen Gebietserwerb in dogmatischer oder jedenfalls pragmatischer Weise zu erfassen. Einige außervertragliche Gebietstitel existieren bzw. existierten unstreitig. Die Entdeckung konnte bis ins 19. Jahrhundert hinein einen Gebietstitel begründen. Seitdem betonten die Völkerrechtler die effektive Herrschaft über das Territorium als wesentliche Voraussetzung für den Gebietserwerb. Die reine Entdeckung wich der Okkupation von terra nullius. Die Annexion bzw. Eroberung ist seit Geltung des Gewaltverbots im Völkerrecht seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts nicht mehr in der Lage, einen Gebietstitel zu vermitteln. Doch wie steht es um die Ersitzung? Während man sich weitgehend darüber einig ist, dass die lang andauernde, friedliche und effektive Herrschaft über fremdes Territorium zum Verlust des Gebietstitels des ehemaligen Souveräns und zum Erwerb des effektiv Herrschenden führt, ist der zugrunde liegende Mechanismus nicht von einer gemeinsamen opinio iuris getragen. Die Rechtsprechung des IGH hat zuletzt die Figur des „passing of sovereignty on the basis of the conduct of the parties“ entwickelt, worunter entweder ein „tacit agreement“ oder aber die einseitige Akzeptanz der zunächst widerrechtlichen Handlung durch „acquiescence“ fällt. Die Rechtswissenschaft verwendet einen bunten Strauß an Konzepten wie spezielle Völkergewohnheitsrechte, historische Konsolidierung, Akquieszenz, Effektivität, Konsens und eben auch Ersitzung in verschiedenen Ausgestaltungen, um den Übergang des Gebietstitels zu erklären. Thesen der Dissertation: Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass die Ersitzung als allgemeiner Rechtsgrundsatz i. S. d. Art. 38 Abs. 1 c IGH-Statut im Völkerrecht existiert. Die „Essenz“ der Regelung ist in allen (untersuchten) nationalen Rechtsordnungen wiederzufinden: Das Recht weist auf Dauer die Inhaberschaft einer Sache demjenigen zu, der sie anstelle des ursprünglichen, aber passiven Eigentümers effektiv nutzt. Ersitzung bedeutet im Völkerrecht den Erwerb eines adversen, derivativen Rechts (Gebietstitel) durch vermutete, unilaterale Zustimmung des verlierenden Staates zur unilateralen, zunächst widerrechtlichen Handlung des erwerbenden Staates. Estoppel verhindert, dass der beeinträchtigte Staat den Rechtsschein der Zustimmung nachträglich zerstört. Die Zusammenfassung der Ersitzung mit dem bilateralen „tacit agreement“ bietet sich nicht an. Das Vertragsrechtsregime basiert auf dem Grundgedanken des pacta sunt servanda. Eine aktiv geäußerte Willenserklärung fehlt aber beim bloßen Stillschweigen, sodass eine Rechtsbindung zunächst nur auf einer Rechtsscheinhaftung beruht. Der Rechtsverlust ist erst und nur dann unwiderruflich, wenn Vertrauensschutzgesichtspunkte dies erfordern. Die Annahme einer Vermutung, der stillschweigende Staat stimme dem Ansinnen des effektiv herrschenden Staates zu, das Gebiet als eigenes zu behandeln, erschließt sich nicht ohne weiteres. Schließlich begibt sich ein Staat mit dem Verlust seines Staatsgebiets einer essentiellen Grundlage seiner Staatlichkeit. Der Schlüssel zur Erklärung ist, dass eine völkerrechtliche Obliegenheit besteht, das Gebiet zum Nutzen der Staatengemeinschaft sowie der Bevölkerung zweckentsprechend, d. h. effektiv, zu beherrschen. Unterlässt der Staat dies, und übernimmt es ein anderer, aktiverer Staat, ist Rechtsfolge der Obliegenheit, dass die Untätigkeit als Zustimmung zum Rechtsverlust ausgelegt werden kann. Die Ersitzung qualifiziert sich als Folge einer völkerrechtlichen Obliegenheit. Sie zeigt, dass die Rechtsstellung als territorialer Souverän nicht nur Rechte, sondern auch Pflichten, bzw. eine Verantwortung mit sich bringt. Dieser Aspekt kommt aktuell im Völkerrecht immer stärker zum Tragen. Es geht dabei zum Beispiel um die Verantwortung, Terrorgruppen keinen „safe haven“ auf eigenem Gebiet zu gewähren oder mit Nachbarstaaten bezüglich Vorhaben zu kooperieren, von denen schädliche Umweltauswirkungen ausgehen könnten. Nicht nur deshalb ist die Ersitzung keineswegs ein in der Bedeutungslosigkeit versunkener Gebietstitel aus vergangenen Zeiten, als die Welt noch aufgeteilt werden sollte. Auch heute streiten sich Staaten über die Inhaberschaft an Gebieten, deren Bedeutung sich erst vor kurzem herausstellte, sei es aus wirtschaftlichen oder strategischen Gründen. Im Zuge der Streitigkeiten in der ost- und südchinesischen See etwa führen die Parteien immer wieder „historische“ Argumente ins Feld, deren rechtliches Gewicht unklar ist. Schon deshalb ist es nötig, wie durch die vorliegende Arbeit die Formen des außervertraglichen Gebietserwerbs dogmatisch zu beleuchten und zu klären. Andernfalls verliert das Völkerrecht den Nutzen gerade für die Konfliktsituation, in der es dem bloßen Muskelspiel der Kontrahenten überlegen sein sollte.

Paulino, Antonio George Lopes. Economia solidária como projeto cultural e político: a experiência do Banco Palmas. 2008. 315 f. Tese (Doutorado em Sociologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-11-28T17:00:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_AGLPaulino.pdf: 19850156 bytes, checksum: 8326bb3f9901475a1b2470968f521022 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2011-11-29T01:07:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_AGLPaulino.pdf: 19850156 bytes, checksum: 8326bb3f9901475a1b2470968f521022 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-29T01:07:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_AGLPaulino.pdf: 19850156 bytes, checksum: 8326bb3f9901475a1b2470968f521022 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / I present here an ethnographic approach, of interpretative type, which has as object of analysis an experience of supportive economy carried out by the Association of the Residents of Conjunto Palmeiras - ASMOCONP, neighborhood on the southern edge of Fortaleza city - CE. The work developed by ASMOCONP is supported by Palmas Bank, a microcredit institution founded in 1998 in order to promote in the local area the formation of a supportive network consisting of manufacturers, service providers and consumers. One of the most expressive symbols of this experience is a social currency called Palmas, which was designed to operate only in the neighborhood. The main argument oh this thesis is to say that the social economy is a cultural and political project that is under construction. Accordingly, the case of ASMOCONP / Palmas Bank system is studied as a specific experience in which that construction materializes itself on the symbolic and practical plans. There is, in the daily life, in the local area, a mobilization of efforts to strengthen and to broaden the ethos of community belonging, solidarity and reciprocity as fundamental values in the conduction of alternative economic practices to the ethos of capitalism. Educational activities, events, ceremonies and rituals are also mobilized for the purpose of ensuring social legitimacy to the actions carried out and design the visibility of local experience in a broader space of civil society. Thus, on one hand the system ASMOCONP / Palmas Bank attracts several partners and investments for projects that are worked in the Conjunto Palmeiras. On the other hand, it matches itself to thematic networks and social movements, occupying a pluralistic public sphere, where conceptual and practical elements are exchanged according to common interests. The participation in these networks reveals that the local experience is also a global dimension, where the economy, among other related topics, substance itself as a cultural and political movement capable of pointing out possible paths for the construction of a non-hegemonic globalization, focused on social, economic an environmental justice, community empowerment and in a participatory democracy / Apresento aqui uma abordagem etnográfica, de tipo interpretativo, que tem como objeto de análise uma experiência de economia solidária protagonizada pela Associação dos Moradores do Conjunto Palmeiras – ASMOCONP, bairro situado na periferia sul da cidade de Fortaleza – CE. O trabalho desenvolvido pela ASMOCONP tem como suporte o Banco Palmas, instituição de microcrédito fundada em 1998 para fomentar no território local a formação de uma rede solidária composta por produtores, prestadores de serviços e consumidores. Um dos símbolos mais expressivos desta experiência é uma moeda social denominada Palmas, que foi concebida para circular somente no bairro. O argumento principal desta tese configura-se no sentido de afirmar que a economia solidária é um projeto cultural e político que se encontra em processo de construção. Nesta perspectiva, o caso do sistema ASMOCONP/Banco Palmas é estudado como experiência específica em que essa construção materializa-se nos planos simbólico e prático. Há, no cotidiano do espaço local, a mobilização de esforços para que se fortaleça e se amplie o ethos do pertencimento comunitário, da solidariedade e reciprocidade como valores fundamentais na condução de práticas econômicas alternativas ao ethos do capitalismo. Atividades pedagógicas, eventos e solenidades rituais são também mobilizados com o propósito de assegurar legitimidade social às ações realizadas e projetar a visibilidade da experiência local no espaço mais amplo da sociedade civil. Assim, por um lado o sistema ASMOCONP/Banco Palmas atrai diversos parceiros e investimentos para os projetos que são operacionalizados no Conjunto Palmeiras. Por outro lado, articula-se a redes temáticas e de movimentos sociais, ocupando uma esfera pública plural, onde elementos conceituais e práticos são intercambiados em torno de interesses comuns. A participação nessas redes revela que a experiência local insere-se também numa dimensão global, em que a economia solidária, dentre outros temas afins, substancia-se como movimento cultural e político capaz de apontar caminhos possíveis para a construção de uma globalização contra-hegemônica, focada na justiça social, econômica e ambiental, no empoderamento comunitário e na democracia participativa