Orientador: Maria Helena Baena de Moraes Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T03:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zanetti_JoseMariaChagas_M.pdf: 8139106 bytes, checksum: 741b0a2a8e18e66f3834395753773f48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um curso de ensino a distância (EAD) para enfermeiros, por meio da internet, sobre a técnica de coleta do exame citopatológico (exame Papanicolaou), focando também a assistência e acompanhamento das condutas clínicas recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, descrever as etapas de desenvolvimento do curso e o perfil dos alunos; avaliar o conteúdo do curso, por juízes enfermeiros e médicos especialistas na área e por profissionais com experiência em EAD; avaliar a participação, o conhecimento teórico e a opinião dos alunos sobre o curso; além de avaliar o conhecimento teórico dos alunos aplicados à prática. A população-alvo foram enfermeiros dos Centros de Saúde do município de Campinas, SP, envolvidos na coleta do exame citopatológico. Foram convidados cinqüenta enfermeiros via e-mail, desses, 24 se inscreveram (48%), mas 19 (38%) iniciaram o curso e 13 (19/13 ou 68,42%) concluíram. A Aprendizagem Baseada em Casos foi escolhida como metodologia de ensino e o "software" TelEduc como suporte para criação, participação e administração do curso. Foi aplicado um pré e pós-teste para análise dos conhecimentos adquiridos, além da avaliação durante o curso. Antes de se iniciar o curso, foi realizada uma avaliação do conteúdo do curso por dois especialistas na realização do exame citopatológico e dois em EAD. Os juízes especialistas na realização do exame citopatológico consideraram o curso adequado nos quesitos Conteúdo Geral das Informações, Apresentação das Informações e Projeto Educacional; e adequado, mas precisando de pequenas reformulações em Autoria e Confiabilidade das Informações. Já os especialistas em EAD consideraram o curso adequado em Autoria e Projeto Educacional e adequado, mas precisando de pequenas reformulações em Conteúdo Geral das Informações, Apresentação das Informações e Confiabilidade das Informações. O teste de concordância de Kendall foi aplicado, assim como a análise de concordância entre eles por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) que foi igual a 0.995, comprovando significativa concordância na avaliação realizada pelos especialistas. A comparação nas notas dos alunos nas duas avaliações demonstraram resultados significativos. Um questionário do tipo Likert foi entregue aos alunos com enunciados negativos e positivos, o qual confirmou opinião favorável acerca do curso O coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach foi de 0.872010, demonstrando alta consistência interna. Concluiu-se que os objetivos propostos foram atingidos e o curso precisa apenas de pequenas reformulações. / Abstract: This study was a applied research, which had the following objectives: a) to describe the steps of the development of a long-distance education course (LDEC) on pap test realization to be give by Internet, approach for clients fooling support after delivery result with clinical conduct recommended by Brazil Health Ministery; b) to evaluate the course through specialists in Pap test realization and in LDEC; c) to describe students and evaluators profile; d) to evaluate students participation and their opinion about the course. The studied population was made of nurses from Campinas Metropolitan Area. Fifteen nurses were invited though e-mail; twenty four (48%) subscribe and 19 arrived end 13 completed the course (19/13 on 68,42%). Ten nurses were female and three were male with an average age of 36,3 and graduating time of 9,3 years. The chosen teaching method was the Case-based learning, with the objectives of promoting an active process and allowing interaction among students. The course environment chosen for is creation, participation and administration was the TelEduc. Was evaluated the students the before initializing of the course and after completed the course. Before its beginning, the course's was evaluated by two specialists in LDEC and two specialists in Pap test realization. The judges specialists in Pap test realization with age of 58 and 45 years and whit 30 and 10 years, time of experience on the area of about. The judges specialists in LDEC, with age of 36 and 47 years; their experience time in LEDC was the six and twelve years. The judges specialists in Pap test realization considered the course adequate on the items General Content Information, Presentation of Information and Education Project; and adequate, but needing slight reformulation in Authorship and Reliability of Information. However, the specialists in LDEC considered the course adequate in Authorship and Education Project and adequate, but needing slight reformulation in General Content Information, Presentation of Information, Reliability of Information. The test of Kendall was used to verify the agreement enters the four judge and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with significant concord in the evaluation between the judges. The students was evaluated and the two evaluated, showing significant between the first evaluation end second evaluation. A questionnaire Likert-tipe containing positive and negative statement was used and showing favorable. / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

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No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Identificar mulheres com maior probalibilidade de apresentar um exame citopatológico do colo do útero alterado é de suma importância para organizar os serviços de saúde, direcionar a realização do exame de Papanicolau e intensificar atividades de educação em saúde para mulheres com maior vulnerabilidade. Neste contexto, o Letramento Funcional em Saúde (LFS), entendido como a capacidade de obter, processar e compreender informações e serviços básicos de saúde, necessários para tomar decisões pertinentes à saúde, é determinante para a mudança comportamental e adoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis. OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao alto risco de apresentar um exame de citopatológico alterado; Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao Letramento Funcional em Saúde. METODOLOGIA: Estudo epidemiológico observacional de delineamento transversal, realizado em duas Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde, no período de dezembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016. A amostra originou-se de uma coorte de 776 mulheres. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um formulário eletrônico, que abordou fatores sociodemográficos, de apoio social, auto avaliação de estado de saúde, estilo de vida, morbidade, saúde da mulher e comportamento sexual. O nível de letramento funcional em saúde foi medido pelo B-TOFHLA e o risco de ter um exame citopatológico alterado segundo critério desenvolvido e validado por Vukovic e colaboradores. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo software STATA®, sendo aplicados o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e a regressão de Poisson, calculando-se a Razão de Prevalência (RP), com variância robusta e intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95,0%. RESULTADOS: A amostra final foi composta por 479 mulheres e o B-TOFHLA foi aplicado em 439 mulheres. O alto risco para um exame de Papanicolau alterado foi identificado em 30% das mulheres avaliadas, e associou-se à idade elevada, baixa renda, percepção negativa sobre o estado de saúde, uso do tabaco e uso abusivo de álcool. O baixo LFS foi identificado em 53,5% da amostra, e associou-se à idade superior aos 40 anos, ao grau de instrução inferior ao ensino médio completo, à baixa renda e à autodeclaração da cor parda ou negra. CONCLUSÕES: As mulheres jovens, de baixa renda, com percepção negativa da própria saúde, que usavam tabaco ou álcool tinham maior probabilidade de apresentar alterações no exame de Papanicolaou. As mulheres mais velhas, com baixo grau de instrução, de baixa renda e da cor parda ou negra apresentaram-se mais propensas ao baixo LFS. Os achados enfatizam a necessidade da adquação do discursos utilizados pelos profissionais de saúde ao nível de compreensão dos pacientes e reforçam o caráter multifatorial das doenças. Além disso, evidencia a necessidade de expansão de políticas públicas em saúde voltadas para a elevação do nível de LFS da população pesquisada e redução das iniquidades em saúde. / Identifying women who are more likely to present an abnormal Paa test is important to organize health services, direct the Pap smear, and intensify health education activities for women with greater vulnerability. In this context, Functional Health Literacy (FHL), understood as the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services, necessary to make health-related decisions, is determinant for behavioral change and adoption of health habits. Life. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence and the factors associated with the high risk of presenting an altered Pap test; To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Functional Health Literacy. METHODOLOGY: An observational epidemiological study of a cross-sectional design, carried out in two Units of Primary Health Care, from December 2015 to October 2016. The sample originated from a Cohort of 776 women. For the data collection, an electronic form was used, which approached socio-demographic factors, social support, self-assessment of health status, lifestyle, morbidity, women's health and sexual behavior. Functional Health Literacy was measured by BTOFHLA and the risk of having an altered Pap test according to a criterion developed and validated by Vukovic et al. Statistical analyzes were performed by STATA® software, using the Pearson Chi-square test and the Poisson regression, calculating the Prevalence Ratio (PR), with robust variance and confidence interval (CI) of 95,0%. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 479 women and B-TOFHLA was applied in 439 women. The high risk for an altered Pap smear was identified in 30% of the women evaluated, and was associated with high age, low income, negative perception about health status, tobacco use and alcohol abuse. Low Functional Health Literacy was identified in 53.5% of the sample, and was associated with the age of over 40, the level of education lower than full secondary education, low income and self-declaration of brown or black color. CONCLUSIONS: Young, lowincome women with negative perceptions of their own health who used tobacco or alcohol were more likely to have abnormal Pap test. Older, low-educated, low-income, and brown or black women were more prone to low Functional Health Literacy. The findings emphasize the need to acquire the discourses used by health professionals at the level of patient understanding and reinforce the multifactorial nature of the diseases. In addition, it highlights the need to expand public health policies aimed at raising Functional Health Literacy levels of the population surveyed and reducing health inequities.

Background: Urine cytology has introduced the use of the ThinPrep™ method, originally for gynecologic applications, years ago. It has demonstrated numerous clinically proven advantages, compared to conventional methods. However, the preparation of bladder irrigation fluid has faced several difficulties at the Cytology laboratory at Gävle Hospital, Sweden. The current method, based on the Cytospin® with MegaFunnel™ technique, is soon to be replaced by the ThinPrep™ method at the current lab. The purpose was to compare the ThinPrep™ and the Cytospin® with MegaFunnel™ preparatory techniques. Additionally, investigations for potential improvements of the ThinPrep™ method tailored for the Cytology laboratory at Gävle Hospital was conducted. Material and method: Bladder irrigation fluid was processed using both techniques. The slides were then evaluated by five cytotechnicians and two specialized doctors based on distribution of cells on the smear, the background and assessability for diagnosis. Further investigation of the ThinPrep™ method was conducted for the purpose of optimization. Results: The ThinPrep™ technique showed significant, diagnostical and statistical, improvement in the preparation of bladder irrigation fluid. It successfully detected highly malignant cells, which the conventional method failed to identify. Optimization testing indicated that the method is best suited with appropriate UroCyte™-filters, and the added step of sample-washing removed inflammatory cells and lightened the staining of the smear. Conclusion: The ThinPrep™ technology was proven superior to the conventional Cytospin® technology, providing a cleaner background, clearer staining and – enhanced safety in diagnostic procedure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de CHIARA MUSSO RIBEIRO DE OLIVEIRA SOUZA.pdf: 3219731 bytes, checksum: 4e9cda14fdff3b61520c40dd1db90c92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / A saúde vaginal depende de complexas interações entre a microbiota vaginal, a histofisiologia da mucosa escamosa, o estado hormonal e os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro. Muitos fatores podem alterar essas relações, induzindo citólise, infecção e inflamação, genericamente denominados infecção vaginal (IV). A IV manifesta-se por graus e combinações variáveis de ardor, prurido, dispareunia, disúria, mau odor e aumento e modificações do conteúdo vaginal. A abordagem clínica tem sido orientada apenas empiricamente e há pouca percepção do risco potencial das IV. Isso se deve a vários fatores, incluindo uma complexa rede de causas, inespecificidade das manifestações, discordâncias conceituais, dificuldade diagnóstica, natureza íntima da prática sexual e limitados recursos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Objetivos: Avaliar em nosso meio o uso dos intrumentos autocoleta do conteúdo vaginal, diário de hábitos, sintomas e práticas sexuais e descrever as variações diárias da microbiota, da citólise, do exsudato inflamatório e dos sintomas. Casuística: 18 mulheres no menacme, não grávidas, recrutadas em clínicas ecológicas na região metropolitana de Vitória, ES. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com exame ginecológico inicial, registro diário de hábitos de vestuário, higiene, práticas sexuais e sintomas e autocoleta vaginal por um mínimo de trinta dias. Os esfregaços vaginais foram examinados (Gram e Papanicolaou), sumarizando-se os achados como grau lactobacilar, candidíase, citólise e inflamação. Os achados históricos, do exame ginecológico e do estudo seqüencial foram registrados em um quadro pictórico individual e sumarizados por freqüência simples. Resultados: A mediana dos dias com respostas às perguntas do diário foi maior que 87% em todas as participantes. A autocoleta do conteúdo vaginal garantiu espécimes adequados em mais de 85% dos dias em todas as participantes. Microbiota bacteriana anormal, candidíase, citólise e inflamação foram observadas em 27,8%, 50,0%, 83,3% e 94,4% das participantes em algum momento durante o estudo. Os hábitos de vestuário, higiene, e práticas sexuais e os sintomas, microbiota, citólise e inflamação variaram marcadamente tanto entre as mulheres como ao longo dos dias em uma mesma mulher. Conclusão: O registro diário e a autocoleta foram bem aceitos e garantiram dados e espécimes adequados que, sumarizados em um quadro pictórico, mostram que há marcadas variações diárias entre os elementos das redes de causas e efeitos de IV, indicando que somente com estudos seqüenciais é possível identificar todo o espectro das IV. / Vaginal health depends on complex interactions between the vaginal microbiota, the squamous mucosa histophysiology, hormonal status and host defense mechanisms. Several factors can alter these relationships, inducing cytolisis, infection and inflammation, generally named vaginal infection (VI). VI manifests itself by changeable degrees and combinations of burning, itching, dispareunia, disuria, offensive odour and increase and change of the vaginal content. The clinical approach has been taken only empirically and there is few perception of the potential risk of VI. This is due to several factors, including a complex net of causes, few specific manifestations, concept disagreements, difficulties on diagnostic approach, intimate nature of sexual practices and limited diagnostic and therapeutic resources. Objective: To evaluate in our environment the use of the following tools: self collect of the vaginal content and diary of habits, symptoms and sexual practices and to describe the diary changes of the microbiota, cytolisis, inflammatory exsudate and symptoms. Casuistic: 18 non pregnant women during menacme, enlisted at gynecological offices in metropolitan region of Vitória, ES. Study design: Descriptive study consisted of an initial clinical evaluation, daily register of clothing, hygiene, sexual practices and symptoms and self collect of vaginal content by at least 30 days. The vaginal smears were evaluated (Gram and Papanicolaou) and the findings were summarized as lactobacillary grade, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation. The historical, gynecological and sequential findings were registered on an individual pictorial table and were summarized by simple frequency. Results: The median of days with diary answers replys was higher than 87% in all of the participants. The self collect of the vaginal content guaranteed adequate smears in more than 85% of the days of the study in all of the participants. Anormal microbiota, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation were observed in 27,8%, 50%, 83,3% and 94% of the participants in any moment during the study period. The clothing and hygiene habits, sexual practices, symptoms, anormal bacterial microbiota, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation varied markedly between the participants and across the days in a single woman. Conclusion: The daily register and the self collect were well accepted and guaranteed adequate data and smears which, summarized on an individual pictorial table, show that there are marked daily variation between the elements of the nets of causes and effects of the VI, indicating that only sequential studies allow the identification of the whole VI spectre.

This thesis describes a set of image analysis tools developed for the purpose of quantifying the distribution of chromatin in (light) microscope images of cell nuclei. The distribution or pattern of chromatin is influenced by both external and internal variations of the cell environment, including variations associated with the cell cycle, neoplasia, apoptosis, and malignancy associated changes (MACs). The quantitative characterisation of this pattern makes possible the prediction of the biological state of a cell, or the detection of subtle changes in a population of cells. This has important application to automated cancer screening. The majority of existing methods for quantifying chromatin distribution (texture) are based on the stochastic approach to defining texture. However, it is the premise of this thesis that the structural approach is more appropriate because pathologists use terms such as clumping, margination, granulation, condensation, and clearing to describe chromatin texture, and refer to the regions of condensed chromatin as granules, particles, and blobs. The key to the structural approach is the segmentation of the chromatin into its texture primitives. Unfortunately all of the chromatin segmentation algorithms published in the literature suffer from one or both of the following drawbacks: (i) a segmentation that is not consistent with a human's perception of blobs, particles, or granules; and (ii) the need to specify, a priori, one or more subjective operating parameters. The latter drawback limits the robustness of the algorithm to variations in illumination and staining quality. The structural model developed in this thesis is based on several novel low-, med-ium-, and high-level image analysis tools. These tools include: a class of non-linear self-dual filters, called folding induced self-dual filters, for filtering impulse noise; an algorithm, based on seeded region growing, for robustly segmenting chromatin; an improved seeded region growing algorithm that is independent of the order of pixel processing; a fast priority queue implementation suitable for implementing the watershed transform (special case of seeded region growing); the adjacency graph attribute co-occurrence matrix (AGACM) method for quantifying blob and mosaic patterns in the plane; a simple and fast algorithm for computing the exact Euclidean distance transform for the purpose of deriving contextual features (measurements) and constructing geometric adjacency graphs for disjoint connected components; a theoretical result establishing an equivalence between the distance transform of a binary image and the grey-scale erosion of its characteristic function by an elliptic poweroid structuring element; and a host of chromatin features that can be related to qualitative descriptions of chromatin distribution used by pathologists. In addition, this thesis demonstrates the application of this new structural model to automated cervical cancer screening. The results provide empirical evidence that it is possible to detect differences in the pattern of nuclear chromatin between samples of cells from a normal Papanicolaou-stained cervical smear and those from an abnormal smear. These differences are supportive of the existence of the MACs phenomenon. Moreover the results compare favourably with those reported in the literature for other stains developed specifically for automated cytometry. To the author's knowledge this is the first time, based on a sizable and uncontaminated data set, that MACs have been demonstrated in Papanicolaou stain. This is an important finding because the primary screening test for cervical cancer, the Papanicolaou test, is based on this stain.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / O desenvolvimento de vacina contra o Papilomavirus humano (HPV), que se apresenta revolucionária, pelo potencial de prevenção primária do câncer de colo uterino tem suscitado polêmica quanto à incorporação em programas de saúde pública. As evidências de eficácia da vacina se limitam a lesões invasivas pelos principais genótipos doHPV e a vacina tem custo muito mais alto do que outras vacinas do calendário vacinal do Programa Nacional de Imunização do SUS. Este trabalho analisa as possibilidades de utilização da vacina contra o HPV, considerando a efetividade do Programa de Rastreamento do Câncer de Colo Uterino do Brasil e a eficácia da vacina contra o HPV registrada. O estudo foi realizado a partir de revisão das evidências obtidas de dados empíricos, e disponíveis em relatórios, publicações e páginas eletrônicas. A vacina apresentou resultados muito favoráveis para a eficácia e segurança, porém com lacunas importantes no conhecimento sobre seu efeito a longo prazo e correlato sorológico de proteção. Os dados indicam que o programa de prevenção do câncer de colo do Brasil tem baixa efetividade, com grande heterogeneidade de cobertura e qualidade. Foi observada também uma variação muito grande com relação à acurácia do Papanicolaou, com implicações no desempenho do programa. Considerando que o controle de câncer de colo uterino continuará dependendo de rastreamento com o Papanicolaou, e que a efetividade do programa em outras partes do mundo permitiu reduzir a mortalidade, parece mais indicado concentrar esforços e recursos na melhoria do programa de rastreamento e aguardar os resultados de médio prazo da vacinação. / The development of a vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV), which presents itself revolutionary due to its potential for primary prevention of cervical cancer, has raised controversy over the incorporation into public health programs. Evidence of effectiveness of the vaccine are limited to invasive lesions of the major genotypes of HPV and the vaccine cost is much higher than other vaccines in the immunization calendar of the National Program on Immunization of the Unified Health System (SUS). This study analyzes the potential use of the vaccine against HPV, considering the effectiveness of the Program for Cervical Cancer Control in Brazil and the efficacy of the vaccine against HPV registered. The study was carried out from reviewing the evidence obtained from empirical data, and available in reports, publications and websites. The vaccine showed very favorable safety and efficacy results, but with important gaps in knowledge about their effect in the long term and serological correlate of protection. The data indicate that the program for the prevention of cervical cancer in Brazil has low effectiveness, with great diversity of coverage and quality. There was also a very large variation with respect to the accuracy of Papanicolaou, with implications for the performance of the program. Considering that the control of cervical cancer will continue depending on the Papanicolaou screening, and that the effectiveness of the program in other parts of the world has reduced mortality, it seems more appropriate to concentrate efforts and resources in improving the tracking program and wait for the results medium-term vaccination.