Wits School of Public Health May 2015 / Background and objectives: Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in many developing countries yet it is a preventable and treatable in early disease. Recent research has seen increasing morbidity and mortality due to cancer of the cervix attributed to the advent of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic worldwide. Papanicolaou smears (Pap smears) to detect cervical abnormalities are currently the best known form of early detection and prevention of invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and associated risk factors, and cervical screening is very important in determining appropriate health seeking behaviours with the aim to reduce morbidity and mortality. This study examines awareness, perceived risk and practices related to cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive women in an urban HIV clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. This will be useful in making recommendations with regards to designing and planning of screening programmes, and addressing cervical cancer education and awareness. Materials and methods: This study analysed secondary data collected from an ongoing cervical cancer study undertaken by Right to Care in partnership with the Clinical HIV Research Unit (CHRU) among HIV-positive adult (18 years and older), female patients enrolled in the Themba Lethu Clinic HIV care and treatment programme in Johannesburg, South Africa from November 2009 to December 2012. Clinical data for all respondents was extracted from TherapyEdge-HIVTM, the electronic medical database system used for patient management at the facility. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise baseline characteristics. Models using logistic regression were developed to estimate odds ratios (OR) to further identify baseline sociodemographic factors and clinical characteristics associated with behaviours studied (awareness, perceived risk and practice related to cervical cancer and Pap smear testing) and to identify the association between these factors and the prevalence and severity of cervical disease. Awareness of the Pap smear test and the human papillomavirus (HPV) was assessed based on whether the women report knowing what a Pap smear test is, and whether they have ever heard about HPV. Perceived risk about getting cervical cancer was assessed based on how worried the study participants were about getting cervical cancer. Previous Pap screening practice was assessed using reported screening history of the study participants. In addition to this, a subanalysis was conducted to see how these responses compare to 1) the recommended practice according to the South African national cervical cancer screening guidelines based on the age of participants, and 2) the latest HIV treatment guidelines based on year of HIV diagnosis. Analysis of attrition of study participants at 12 months of study participation was conducted using different time to event analysis techniques including Kaplan Meier, Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to investigate associations between baseline covariate and attrition. A sub-analysis was also carried out using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to compare the cohort of patients that were included in the study (the VICAR1 cohort) and the rest of the larger Themba Lethu Clinic (TLC) population that was not included in the study to see if there were any significant differences noted between the two groups. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the of 12 month follow up study visit was conducted using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to determine if there were any significant differences between study participants that came for their 12 month study visit and those that did not come for their 12 month study visit. Results: Eight hundred and fifty seven (71.30%) participants reported to be aware of Pap smear screening, with only 18.15% reporting to be aware of HPV. Of the 1192 participant who had data to ascertain perceived risk regarding cervical cancer disease, 662 (55.54%) of the women were very worried, 250 (20.97%) were somewhat worried, 280 (23.49%) were not worried about getting cervical cancer. A total of 381 (36.46%) women had adequate practice according to the national cervical cancer screening guidelines. While 304 (28.57%) had adequate practice according to the national HIV treatment guidelines. Factors associated with Pap smear screening awareness were being in the 50+ age group (aOR=4.70, 95% CI 1.63-13.55) as compared to the 18-29 age group, being of non-South African nationality (aOR=0.41, 95% CI 0.20-0.83), having a grade 10 to matric level education (aOR=2.12, 95%CI 1.28-3.52), and a tertiary level education (aOR=2.62, 95%CI 1.07-6.41) as compared to having a less than a grade 10 level education. None of the factors assessed were found to be significantly associated with awareness regarding HPV. Factors associated with perceived risk regarding cervical cancer disease were having a tertiary education (aOR=3.74, 95%CI 1.13-12.38) as compared to having less than a grade 10 level, taking snuff (aOR=0.55, 95%CI 0.33-0.92) and drinking alcohol (aOR=2.53, 95% CI 1.24- 5.17). Being in the 30-39 age group (aOR=12.23, 95%CI 4.00-37.35) as compared to being in 18-29 age group, cohabiting with a partner (aOR=0.36, 95%CI 0.17-0.75) as compared to being single, being self-employed (aOR=2.95, 95%CI 0.82-10.66) as compared to those in full time employment, and being initiated on highly active antiretroviral therapy (aOR=0.17, 95%CI 0.06-0.55) were associated with Pap smear screening practices according to the national cervical cancer guidelines. None of the factors proved to be significantly associated with the practice according to the national HIV treatment guidelines, this is mainly because the HIV treatment guidelines have stricter screening requirements for HIV positive women. Those that had a moderate to severe baseline study Pap smear at enrolment into the study were 92% less likely to have disease progression at their 12 month Pap smear screening (aOR=0.08, 95%CI 0.05-0.13) compared to those that had a negative baseline Pap smear at study enrolment. This is mostly because they would have had a treatment intervention based on their baseline study Pap screening result therefore they would mostly likely not have disease progression at a follow up screening. Only seven women enrolled in the study died of non-cervical cancer related causes during the study period. In the analysis on all-cause attrition (deceased or lost to follow up) those that are initiated on highly active antiretroviral therapy were 92% less likely to be deceased or lost to follow up than those that were not initiated on highly active antiretroviral therapy (aOR=0.08, 95% CI 0.05-0.13). The global test for the overall model showed that the proportional hazard assumption had not been violated, p=0.684. Conclusions: Results for our study showed high levels of Pap smear screening awareness amongst the study participants. However, low levels of Pap screening uptake was observed for study participants. These results and results shown in previous studies show that awareness is only the first hurdle in the challenges related to cervical cancer prevention and treatment. Adequate practice is the factor that will have the most positive influence on the disease morbidity and mortality. Rates of screening practices have been found to be worse in populations with less than 70% Pap smear screening awareness. Findings from this study and similar findings from other studies highlight that more research needs to be done into effective health education programmes to address the gaps in adequate screening practice. These efforts should not only target the clients but also the health providers as they also have an important role to play in improving awareness, knowledge and practices related to cervical cancer and Pap smear screening amongst their clients.

No Brasil, o exame citolÃgico de Papanicolaou à a principal estratÃgia recomendada para a prevenÃÃo do cÃncer de colo do Ãtero (CCU), orientado para as mulheres de 25 a 64 anos, realizado a cada trÃs anos, apÃs dois exames normais consecutivos realizados com um intervalo de um ano. Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar os fatores relacionados com a prÃtica inadequada do exame Papanicolaou pelas mulheres em um municÃpio do interior do CearÃ. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta foi no perÃodo de junho à outubro de 2013 no distrito sanitÃrio V do municÃpio de Juazeiro do Norte-CE. A amostra foi calculada atravÃs da fÃrmula para populaÃÃes finitas, perfazendo um valor de 240 mulheres, as quais foram inclusas a partir dos seguintes critÃrios: ter idade compreendida entre 20 e 59 anos; ter iniciado vida sexual e aceitar participar da pesquisa. Eram excluÃdas aquelas que nÃo estavam em plena condiÃÃo fÃsica ou mental e nÃo estavam na unidade de saÃde no momento da coleta de dados. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados, o inquÃrito domiciliar do tipo Conhecimento, Atitude e PrÃtica, aplicado e posteriormente classificado pela pesquisadora segundo critÃrios de adequaÃÃo. Os dados obtidos foram armazenados e analisados pelo software STATA, versÃo 12.0. Os dados evidenciaram que todas as entrevistadas informaram ter ouvido falar do exame Papanicolaou, mas em 72,9% destas o conhecimento foi avaliado como inadequado. A atitude inadequada tambÃm apresentou percentuais elevados (73,3%). A prÃtica foi classificada como inadequada em 39,2% da amostra, na qual 13,3% afirmaram nunca ter se submetido ao exame, e 23,6% o realizaram hà mais de trÃs anos. ApÃs o teste de Odds Ratio ajustado, as seguintes variÃveis revelaram relevÃncia estatÃstica para a prÃtica inadequada: idade entre 20 e 29 anos (OR(IC)=2.25), estado civil solteira (OR(IC)=3.18) e conhecimento inadequado (OR(IC)=2.90). As dificuldades encontradas para a realizaÃÃo do exame Papanicolaou na unidade de saÃde, as variÃveis de maiores percentuais para a prÃtica inadequada foram: falta de material (68,1%), vergonha do profissional (27,6%) e nÃo gostar do profissional que realiza o exame (20,8%). Percebeu-se a partir desta pesquisa, a importÃncia do esclarecimento à populaÃÃo e a comunicaÃÃo efetiva por parte dos profissionais das equipes da EstratÃgia SaÃde da FamÃlia acerca da problemÃtica relacionada ao CCU e sua prevenÃÃo, assim como a garantia e apoio à continuidade do cuidado por parte dos gestores. / In Brazil, the Pap test is the primary recommended strategy for the prevention of cervical cancer (CCU) cancer, targeted at women 25-64 years old, held every three years after two consecutive normal tests performed a interval of one year. This research aimed to identify the factors related to inadequate practice of Pap smear for women examination on a city in the interior of CearÃ. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted using a quantitative approach. The collection was from June to October 2013 in the health district V of Juazeiro do Norte-CE. The sample was calculated using the formula for finite populations, totaling a value of 240 women who were included based on the following criteria: age between 20 and 59 years; have initiated sexual life and accepting participate. Excluded were those who were not in full physical or mental condition and were not at the clinic at the time of data collection. Was used as an instrument of data collection, the household survey-type Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and subsequently applied by the researcher classified according to criteria of adequacy. Data were stored and analyzed using STATA software, version 12.0. The data showed that all respondents reported having heard of the Pap smear, but in 72.9% of the knowledge was assessed as inappropriate. Improper attitude also showed high percentage (73.3%). The practice was classified as inadequate in 39.2% of the sample, in which 13.3% reported never having undergone the examination, and 23.6% have done it for over three years. After the adjusted Odds Ratio test, the following variables showed statistical significance for appropriate practice: age between 20 and 29 years (OR (CI) = 2.25), single marital status (OR (CI) = 3.18) and inadequate knowledge (OR (CI) = 2.90). The difficulties encountered in the realization of the Pap smear in the health unit, the variables of higher percentages for inadequate practice were lack of material (68.1%), shame the professional (27.6%) and not like the professional who performs the examination (20.8%). It was realized from this research, the importance of clarifying the population and effective communication among professionals of the teams of the Family Health Strategy about the issues related to cervical cancer and its prevention, as well as warranty and support continuity of care by managers.

Submitted by TAMIRES CORRÊA DE PAULA (tamypcorrea@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-19T18:31:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tamires-final.pdf: 3361737 bytes, checksum: 85e5789c7dfda22c1927c8db14b48c19 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-21T11:04:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paula_tc_me_bot.pdf: 3361737 bytes, checksum: 85e5789c7dfda22c1927c8db14b48c19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T11:04:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paula_tc_me_bot.pdf: 3361737 bytes, checksum: 85e5789c7dfda22c1927c8db14b48c19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / Introdução: O câncer de colo do útero é a terceira neoplasia maligna mais comum entre as mulheres no Brasil. Uma das formas de prevenção, assim como da detecção precoce da doença é iniciada na rede de atenção básica com a realização do exame Papanicolaou. Objetivo: Apreender a percepção de mulheres sobre a prevenção do câncer de colo uterino por meio da citologia oncótica, visando a elaboração de material educativo. Método: Trata se de um estudo com abordagem qualiquantitativo, realizada com vinte mulheres que procuraram uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de um município do interior paulista para realização do exame Papanicolaou. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada a entrevista áudio gravada e a análise foi feito por meio do método do discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC) e sustentado pela representação social. Resultados: Os DSCs foram construídos por meio das falas expressadas pelas participantes e agrupados em três temas, o tema um contemplou a percepção das mulheres em relação ao exame de Papanicolaou que relataram os sentimentos e a vulnerabilidade envolvida no exame, os significados, a falta de conhecimento e as dúvidas em relação ao exame. O tema dois compreendeu a participação e as experiências das mulheres na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero que narraram ter participação ativa em relação a prevenção e a periodicidade do exame. O tema três revela que a participação do serviço público na realização do exame é boa e posto como obrigatória, o desejo da consulta medica com o ginecologista e da ampliação dos dias e horários da coleta foram relatados pelas participantes. Conclusão: Observou-se que as ideias e os pensamentos das mulheres envolvidas neste estudo valorizam e se preocupam com a realização do exame, mais ainda existe falta de conhecimento e dúvidas em relação a prevenção do câncer do colo de útero. Produto: Compreendendo a necessidade de estratégias educativas com o intuito de agregar a essas mulheres como membros ativos de sua saúde e tendo em vista os resultados obtidos por meio do universo das falas das participantes foi elaborado um material educativo em formato eletrônico – Ebook que ficará disponível na internet com acesso gratuito, ilustrado em história em quadrinhos com as principais dúvidas e informações apreendidas nos discursos dessas mulheres sobre do exame de Papanicolaou. / Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third most common malignant neoplasm among women in Brazil. One of the forms of prevention, as well as the early detection of the disease are initiated in the primary care network with the Papanicolaou examination. Purpose: To understand the perception of women about the prevention of cervical cancer through oncotic cytology, aiming at the elaboration of educational material. Method: This was a study with a qualitative approach, performed with twenty women who sought a Basic Health Unit in a city in the interior of São Paulo to perform the Pap smear test. For the data collection the recorded audio interview was used and the analysis was done through the collective subject discourse (DSC) method and sustained by social representation. Results: The CSDs were constructed using the speeches expressed by the participants and grouped into three themes, the theme one considered the perception of women in relation to the Pap smear, which reported the feelings and vulnerability involved in the examination, the meanings, the lack of Knowledge and doubts regarding the examination. Topic two comprised the participation and experiences of women in cervical cancer prevention who reported having an active participation in the prevention and periodicity of the examination. Topic three reveals that the participation of the public service in the accomplishment of the examination is good and it becomes mandatory, the desire of the medical consultation with the gynecologist and the extension of the days and times of the collection were reported by the participants. Conclusion: It was observed that the ideas and thoughts of the women involved in this study value and care about the test, but there is still a lack of knowledge and doubts regarding the prevention of cervical cancer. Product: Understanding the need for educational strategies with the purpose of adding these women as active members of their health and taking into account the results obtained through the universe of the participants' speeches, an educational material in electronic format was prepared - Ebook that will be available On the Internet with free access, illustrated in comic books with the main doubts and information seized in the speeches of these women about the Papanicolaou exam.

Introdução: Pacientes transplantadas renais evoluíram para uma maior sobrevida e uma melhor função renal com o advento dos imunossupressores. A rejeição do enxerto deixou de ser a principal causa de morbimortalidade, e outros problemas crônicos surgiram, como infecções e neoplasias induzidas por vírus, como as lesões precursoras de câncer de colo uterino induzidas pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV). Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de alterações no exame citopatológico do colo do útero (CP) em pacientes transplantadas renais e compará-la à prevalência de alterações no CP em pacientes imunocompetentes. Método: Estudo transversal com grupo controle de alterações do CP em pacientes transplantadas renais e em pacientes imunocompetentes, no período de maio de 2015 a agosto de 2016. Resultados: A frequência de lesão intraepitelial de baixo (LIEBG) e alto grau (LIEAG) foi três vezes maior no grupo das transplantadas em relação ao grupo controle (20,6% no grupo transplantadas vs 6,8% no grupo controle, p<0,001) considerando todos os CPs coletados após o transplante. Na avaliação ginecológica ambulatorial no período do estudo não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao resultado "normal" e "alterado" do CP (resultado normal em 152 pacientes transplantadas (92,1%) vs 326 pacientes (93,9%) do grupo controle). Entretanto, quando se estratificaram os resultados alterados, evidenciou-se maior frequência de LIEBG nas transplantadas (3,6% vs 0,0%, P<0,001). Conclusão: O grupo de pacientes transplantadas renais apresentou uma taxa significativamente maior de alterações no CP em relação ao grupo controle, sendo que a maior parte foi composta de LIEBG. / Introduction: Renal transplant recipients (RTR) evolved to greater survival and improved renal function with the advent of immunosuppressants. Graft rejection is no longer the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and other chronic problems have arisen, such as virusinduced infections and neoplasms, such as HPV-induced precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of cervical pre-malignancies in the Pap smear (PS) in female RTR and compare to the prevalence of cervical pre-malignancies in the immunocompetent patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study with control group performed with 165 female RTR and 372 immunocompetent patients from May 2015 to August 2016. Results: This study observed a frequency 3 times higher of HSIL (CIN 2) and LSIL in the RTR group (20.6% of RTR vs. 6.8% in the control group) considering the Pap smears collected after the renal transplant. There was no difference between the groups regarding the "normal" and "altered" result from the PS in the outpatient gynecological evaluation (during the study). The exam had normal results in 152 RTR (92.1%) vs. 326 patients (93.9%) in the control group. However, when the altered results were broken down, a higher frequency of LSIL could be seen in RTR (3.6% vs 0.0%, P<0.001). Conclusion: RTR had a significantly higher rate of PS alterations in comparison with the control group and most of it was composed of LSIL.

Introdução: Pacientes transplantadas renais evoluíram para uma maior sobrevida e uma melhor função renal com o advento dos imunossupressores. A rejeição do enxerto deixou de ser a principal causa de morbimortalidade, e outros problemas crônicos surgiram, como infecções e neoplasias induzidas por vírus, como as lesões precursoras de câncer de colo uterino induzidas pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV). Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de alterações no exame citopatológico do colo do útero (CP) em pacientes transplantadas renais e compará-la à prevalência de alterações no CP em pacientes imunocompetentes. Método: Estudo transversal com grupo controle de alterações do CP em pacientes transplantadas renais e em pacientes imunocompetentes, no período de maio de 2015 a agosto de 2016. Resultados: A frequência de lesão intraepitelial de baixo (LIEBG) e alto grau (LIEAG) foi três vezes maior no grupo das transplantadas em relação ao grupo controle (20,6% no grupo transplantadas vs 6,8% no grupo controle, p<0,001) considerando todos os CPs coletados após o transplante. Na avaliação ginecológica ambulatorial no período do estudo não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao resultado "normal" e "alterado" do CP (resultado normal em 152 pacientes transplantadas (92,1%) vs 326 pacientes (93,9%) do grupo controle). Entretanto, quando se estratificaram os resultados alterados, evidenciou-se maior frequência de LIEBG nas transplantadas (3,6% vs 0,0%, P<0,001). Conclusão: O grupo de pacientes transplantadas renais apresentou uma taxa significativamente maior de alterações no CP em relação ao grupo controle, sendo que a maior parte foi composta de LIEBG. / Introduction: Renal transplant recipients (RTR) evolved to greater survival and improved renal function with the advent of immunosuppressants. Graft rejection is no longer the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and other chronic problems have arisen, such as virusinduced infections and neoplasms, such as HPV-induced precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of cervical pre-malignancies in the Pap smear (PS) in female RTR and compare to the prevalence of cervical pre-malignancies in the immunocompetent patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study with control group performed with 165 female RTR and 372 immunocompetent patients from May 2015 to August 2016. Results: This study observed a frequency 3 times higher of HSIL (CIN 2) and LSIL in the RTR group (20.6% of RTR vs. 6.8% in the control group) considering the Pap smears collected after the renal transplant. There was no difference between the groups regarding the "normal" and "altered" result from the PS in the outpatient gynecological evaluation (during the study). The exam had normal results in 152 RTR (92.1%) vs. 326 patients (93.9%) in the control group. However, when the altered results were broken down, a higher frequency of LSIL could be seen in RTR (3.6% vs 0.0%, P<0.001). Conclusion: RTR had a significantly higher rate of PS alterations in comparison with the control group and most of it was composed of LSIL.

Introdução: Pacientes transplantadas renais evoluíram para uma maior sobrevida e uma melhor função renal com o advento dos imunossupressores. A rejeição do enxerto deixou de ser a principal causa de morbimortalidade, e outros problemas crônicos surgiram, como infecções e neoplasias induzidas por vírus, como as lesões precursoras de câncer de colo uterino induzidas pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV). Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de alterações no exame citopatológico do colo do útero (CP) em pacientes transplantadas renais e compará-la à prevalência de alterações no CP em pacientes imunocompetentes. Método: Estudo transversal com grupo controle de alterações do CP em pacientes transplantadas renais e em pacientes imunocompetentes, no período de maio de 2015 a agosto de 2016. Resultados: A frequência de lesão intraepitelial de baixo (LIEBG) e alto grau (LIEAG) foi três vezes maior no grupo das transplantadas em relação ao grupo controle (20,6% no grupo transplantadas vs 6,8% no grupo controle, p<0,001) considerando todos os CPs coletados após o transplante. Na avaliação ginecológica ambulatorial no período do estudo não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao resultado "normal" e "alterado" do CP (resultado normal em 152 pacientes transplantadas (92,1%) vs 326 pacientes (93,9%) do grupo controle). Entretanto, quando se estratificaram os resultados alterados, evidenciou-se maior frequência de LIEBG nas transplantadas (3,6% vs 0,0%, P<0,001). Conclusão: O grupo de pacientes transplantadas renais apresentou uma taxa significativamente maior de alterações no CP em relação ao grupo controle, sendo que a maior parte foi composta de LIEBG. / Introduction: Renal transplant recipients (RTR) evolved to greater survival and improved renal function with the advent of immunosuppressants. Graft rejection is no longer the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and other chronic problems have arisen, such as virusinduced infections and neoplasms, such as HPV-induced precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of cervical pre-malignancies in the Pap smear (PS) in female RTR and compare to the prevalence of cervical pre-malignancies in the immunocompetent patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study with control group performed with 165 female RTR and 372 immunocompetent patients from May 2015 to August 2016. Results: This study observed a frequency 3 times higher of HSIL (CIN 2) and LSIL in the RTR group (20.6% of RTR vs. 6.8% in the control group) considering the Pap smears collected after the renal transplant. There was no difference between the groups regarding the "normal" and "altered" result from the PS in the outpatient gynecological evaluation (during the study). The exam had normal results in 152 RTR (92.1%) vs. 326 patients (93.9%) in the control group. However, when the altered results were broken down, a higher frequency of LSIL could be seen in RTR (3.6% vs 0.0%, P<0.001). Conclusion: RTR had a significantly higher rate of PS alterations in comparison with the control group and most of it was composed of LSIL.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-08-09T13:51:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CaioMedeirosdeOliveiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 2350734 bytes, checksum: 06c738ae1c56496a4bfc724fd961a332 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-08-09T13:51:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CaioMedeirosdeOliveiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 2350734 bytes, checksum: 06c738ae1c56496a4bfc724fd961a332 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T13:51:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CaioMedeirosdeOliveiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 2350734 bytes, checksum: 06c738ae1c56496a4bfc724fd961a332 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / Population aging is one of the greatest challenges for mordern public health. As a reflection of the enhancement in quality of life, there is a maintenance of the entire exercise of sexuality in the elderly and, with it, the risks of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), among them Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The persistence of high-risk HPV infection associated with low tracking of the female population are the main factors responsible for the development of cervical carcinoma, which represents a significant cause of morbimortality in this age group. This research intent to characterize the profile of elderly women in Gama - Federal District, with emphasis on the preventive aspects of cervical cancer, comparing the profile and attitude of the elderly women before the colpocitological examination, regarding to their expertise of the exam. It is an evaluative study of the type inquiry knowledge, attitude and practice. The data collection was through a survey , under a direct hearing, addressing aspects concerning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of the elderly women in relation to the cervical cancer preventive exam (CCPE). The KAP surveys were applied to 300 elderly women, aged 60 and 93, passers-by at Gama in places such as public fairs, shopping malls and cultural and leisure centers for the elderly. The majority were married (43.3%), had elementary education (60.3%), resident near the health unit (83.7%) and had coitarche after 18 years (70.3%). The data collected displayed: as to Knowledge, 4.7% responded adequately; As for Attitude, 93.0% were considered adequate; and in practice, 50.7% were adequate. As far as knowledge was concerned, no significant correlation was observed with sociodemographic factors, whereas in relation to Attitude there was a statistically significant correlation with schooling, being higher in those with higher education. In the practice question there was a significant association with the age of the consulted women, being more appropriate in those with age group of 60 to 64 years. Evaluating the identification of the perception regarding the preventive examination of cervical cancer of the women interviewed, knowledge needs to be enhanced in order to develop the practice, which is below the desired level in this City. At the district level, the understanding of cervical cancer tracking is a relevant problem that requires the attention of the authorities in order to perform actions aimed at reducing the incidence of this disease and promoting early detection. Health promotion for the elderly is an important item in public policies, respecting the dignity of the elderly and avoiding unnecessary examinations, which onus public capital. / O envelhecimento populacional constitui um dos maiores desafios para a saúde pública contemporânea. Como reflexo da melhoria na qualidade de vida, há manutenção do pleno exercício da sexualidade na terceira idade e, com ele, os riscos de contrair Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST’s), dentre elas a infecção por Papilomavírus Humano (HPV). A persistência da infecção pelo HPV de alto risco associada ao rastreamento deficiente da população feminina são os principais fatores responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento do carcinoma de colo uterino, que representa causa expressiva de morbimortalidade nesta faixa etária. Esta pesquisa visou caracterizar o perfil de idosas residentes na Região Administrativa do Gama - Distrito Federal (DF), com destaque nos aspectos preventivos do câncer de colo uterino, comparando-se o perfil e atitude das idosas frente ao exame colpocitológico, atrelados ao seu nível de conhecimento acerca do referido exame. Trata-se de estudo avaliativo do tipo inquérito conhecimento, atitude e prática. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário, sob entrevista direta, abordando aspectos concernentes a Conhecimento, Atitude e Prática (CAP) das idosas em relação ao exame preventivo do câncer de colo uterino (EPCCU). Os inquéritos CAP foram aplicados a 300 idosas, com idade de 60 e 93 anos, transeuntes em locais de livre circulação do Gama-DF como feiras públicas, shoppings e centros de cultura e lazer para idosos. A maioria era casada (43,3%), possuía ensino fundamental (60,3%), morava próximo à unidade de saúde (83,7%) e teve coitarca a partir dos 18 anos (70,3%). Os dados coletados mostraram: quanto ao Conhecimento, 4,7% responderam adequadamente; quanto à Atitude, 93,0% apresentaram esta considerada adequada; e quanto à Prática, 50,7% foram adequadas. No que tange ao conhecimento não foi observada correlação significativa com os fatores sociodemográficos, enquanto em relação à Atitude houve correlação estatisticamente significativa com a escolaridade, sendo maior naquelas com ensino superior. No quesito Prática, houve associação significativa com a idade das idosas entrevistadas, sendo mais adequada naquelas com faixa etária de 60 a 64 anos. Avaliando-se a identificação da percepção frente ao exame preventivo do câncer de colo uterino das mulheres entrevistadas, o conhecimento precisa ser aprimorado para que se tenha uma melhoria na prática, que se encontra aquém do desejado nesta Região Administrativa. Em nível regional, a compreensão do rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino apresenta-se como um problema relevante que necessita da atenção das autoridades, a fim de executar ações voltadas à redução da incidência desta moléstia e à promoção de uma detecção precoce. A promoção à saúde dos idosos é item importante das políticas públicas, respeitando a dignidade da pessoa idosa e evitando realização de exames desnecessários, que oneram os fundos públicos.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-23T10:55:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Arantes Coutinho Costa - 2014.pdf: 2063142 bytes, checksum: aa3d39c09413a3e840c8345b07e430e3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-23T10:58:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Arantes Coutinho Costa - 2014.pdf: 2063142 bytes, checksum: aa3d39c09413a3e840c8345b07e430e3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-23T10:58:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Arantes Coutinho Costa - 2014.pdf: 2063142 bytes, checksum: aa3d39c09413a3e840c8345b07e430e3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The cervical cancer is a neoplasia slowly progressive, starting from a pre-invasive lesion, capable of healing in the majority of cases. Still present, it performs as a public health problem in developing countries, such as Brazil, having high rates of prevalence and mortality. Being one of the highest potential cancers prevention and cure, when diagnosed early, besides being treatable as outpatients in most cases that is important to invest in the study of the tracking services of Cervical cancer. Objective: characterize the services of cervical cancer screening in primary care in the city of Goiania. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in the primary health care services through a national survey conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Results: The study sample consisted of 84 Basic Health Units and the data were collected between July and September 2012. To data collection, a structured, standardized and previously validated instrument was used. There was 82 (97.6 %) of the units work in two shifts, 100 % of them have nurses, over 40 % of them have not permanently inputs for performing Pap Colpocitologia, 117 teams (76.97 %) have more than 3000 people registered in its territory. Conclusion: The study revealed weaknesses in screening service cervical cancer and the need for greater investment in strengthening primary care and greater detection of Cervical Cancer in the municipality. / O Câncer de Colo Uterino é uma neoplasia de progressão lenta, com início a partir de uma lesão pré-invasiva, passível de cura na maioria dos casos. Na atualidade, ainda consiste em um problema de Saúde Pública em países em desenvolvimento, a exemplo do Brasil, possuindo altas taxas de prevalência e mortalidade. Por ser um dos cânceres de mais alto potencial de prevenção e cura, quando diagnosticado precocemente, além de ser tratável ambulatorialmente na maioria dos casos torna-se relevante investir no estudo dos serviços de rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino. Objetivo: caracterizar os serviços de rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino na Atenção Básica no município de Goiânia. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo de corte transversal, realizado nos serviços de saúde da Atenção Básica por meio de pesquisa nacional realizada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: a amostra do estudo foi constituída por 84 Unidades Básicas de Saúde e os dados foram coletados entre julho a setembro de 2012. Para coleta de dados foi utilizado um instrumento estruturado, padronizado e previamente validado. Verificou-se que 82 (97,6%) das unidades trabalham em dois turnos, 100% delas possuem enfermeiro, mais de 40% delas não possuem permanentemente os insumos para realização da Colpocitologia Oncótica, 117 equipes (76,97%) têm mais de 3000 pessoas cadastradas em seu território. Conclusão: o estudo permitiu identificar fragilidades no serviço de rastreamento do Câncer de Colo Uterino e a necessidade de maior investimento para o fortalecimento da Atenção Básica e maior detecção do Câncer de Colo Uterino no município.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-09T14:45:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1648 bytes, checksum: e095249ac7cacefbfe39684dfe45e706 (MD5) 000238.pdf: 759139 bytes, checksum: d93f97e93a35ffbd923409758cca2b7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A citologia convencional apresenta importantes limitações em relação a sua sensibilidade e cobertura populacional, o que limita a maior redução das taxas de mortalidade por câncer de colo do útero. Por estas razões, métodos diagnósticos moleculares como a Captura Híbrida têm sido apontados como possíveis substitutos ou complementos do rastreio primário do câncer cervical. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a adesão de uma população feminina, residente da comunidade do Morro dos Macacos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, ao método da autocoleta da Captura Híbrida em comparação ao método da citologia oncótica cervical. Realizamos um ensaio clínico controlado randomizado no qual mulheres recrutadas através de visitas domiciliares foram aleatoriamente alocadas para autocoleta da CH (51%) ou para realização da citologia (49%). Nossa amostra foi constituída por 100 mulheres e verificamos que a adesão entre as pacientes que receberam o kit da autocoleta da CH foi significativamente maior do que a adesão entre as pacientes convidadas para realizar a citologia (68,6% e 32,7% respectivamente; p < 0,001). Os dados aqui apresentados apontam a autocoleta da CH como uma possibilidade de atingir mulheres resistentes ou que têm dificuldade de acesso aos programas de rastreio do câncer do colo do útero baseados na citologia. / The Pap smears has major limitations on its sensitivity and coverage, which limits the greatest reduction in mortality rates of cervical cancer. For these reasons, molecular diagnostic methods such as Hybrid Capture have been mentioned as possible substitutes or additions of primary screening of cervical cancer. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the adhesion of a female population, living in the community of the Morro dos Macacos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, for self-collection of specimens for Hybrid Capture compared to the Pap smear. We performed a randomized controlled clinical trial in which women were recruited through home visits and randomly allocated to self-collection samples (51%) or for the Pap smear (49%). A hundred women participated and the adhesion between the patients who were allocated to self-collection was significantly higher than among patients invited to be submitted Pap smear (68.8% and 32.7% respectively; p < 0.001). Our findings suggest the self-collection of specimens for Hybrid Capture can be an opportunity to reach women who are resistant or have difficulty of access to cervical cancer prevention programs based on cytology.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-31T14:17:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação Ester Versão Final PDF.pdf: 1306149 bytes, checksum: 7302a71cefcfa9887c1da1f2563f8f99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T14:17:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação Ester Versão Final PDF.pdf: 1306149 bytes, checksum: 7302a71cefcfa9887c1da1f2563f8f99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / O câncer do colo uterino (CCU) é causador de alta taxa de mortalidade no Brasil, apesar dos programas de rastreamento existentes. Conhecer o que as mulheres sabem, pensam e como agem frente ao exame de prevenção do CCU é fundamental para o direcionamento de práticas educativas que visem aumentar a adesão ao exame de prevenção. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral da dissertação foi avaliar o conhecimento, atitude e prática de mulheres sobre o exame de prevenção do câncer de colo uterino. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa para identificar na literatura quais as estratégias educativas utilizadas na prevenção do CCU. A amostra foi composta por 12 artigos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol, entre 2009 e 2014, disponíveis nas Bases de Dados PUBMED, MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF E CENTRAL. As principais estratégias educativas identificadas foram vídeos educativos, folhetos, convites impressos, guias ilustrativos, mensagens televisivas, contato telefônico, visita domiciliar e ações educativas. O artigo original denominado “Conhecimento, atitude e prática de mulheres sobre o exame de prevenção do câncer do colo uterino” objetivou avaliar o conhecimento, atitude e prática (CAP) de mulheres sobre o exame de prevenção do CCU e sua associação com as variáveis sociodemográficas. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, realizado nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Distrito Sanitário V, no Município de Recife-PE. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 500 mulheres com idade entre 25 e 64 anos de idade. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um formulário semiestruturado aplicado durante a visita domiciliar. Na análise dos dados, após a classificação do CAP das mulheres acerca do exame de prevenção do CCU, foram calculadas as prevalências da adequação através do teste Quiquadrado. A avaliação dos fatores de perfil que pudessem influenciar significativamente no CAP da mulher foi feita por meio da construção das tabelas de contingência e da aplicação do teste Qui-quadrado para independência. Nos casos em que as suposições do teste não foram satisfeitas aplicou-se o teste Exato de Fisher. Verificou-se que 35,2% das mulheres apresentaram conhecimento adequado acerca da prevenção do CCU, 98% e 70,6% apresentaram atitude e prática adequada, respectivamente. Na análise multivariada, dentre as variáveis estudadas o conhecimento adequado apresentou associação estatística com as variáveis sociodemográficas, como número de filhos, renda e religião. Não ter filhos (p=0,044), ter renda familiar de dois salários mínimos (p=0,011) e ter religião espírita ou afrobrasileira (p=0,018) foram estatisticamente significantes para ter o conhecimento adequado. Dentre as mulheres que não realizam o exame do CCU (5,4%) os motivos declarados foram: falta de interesse (32,4%), vergonha (17,6%), falta de tempo/ausência de parceiro sexual (ambos com 14,7%), não gostar (11,8%) e medo (8,8%). O conhecimento inadequado associado aos motivos alegados pelas mulheres para a não realização do exame de prevenção do CCU constatam a necessidade da realização de ações educativas por parte do enfermeiro a fim de empoderá-las sobre a temática e estimular sua adesão. / Despite the existence of screening programs, cervical cancer is responsible for high mortality rates in Brazil. This way, understanding what women know, what they think and how they act concerning cervical cancer prevention is critical to target educational practices whose aim are to increase its adherence. In this sense, the general purpose of this work was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of women about taking prevention of cervical cancer. We conducted an integrative review for identifying the literature which educational strategies used in the prevention of cervical cancer. The sample consisted of 12 articles published in Portuguese, English and Spanish between 2009 and 2014, available in PUBMED, MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF and CENTRAL. The main educational strategies identified were educational videos, brochures, printed invitations, illustrative guides, television messages, telephone contact, home visits and educational activities. The original article entitled "Knowledge, attitude and practice of women about taking prevention of cervical cancer," aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of women on the examination of prevention of cervical cancer and its association with sociodemographic variables. It was a cross-sectional study, performed in Basic Health Units (UBS) of the Health District V, in the Recife-PE municipality. The study sample consisted of 500 women aged between 25 and 64 years old. For data collection used a semi-structured questionnaire applied during home visits. In analyzing the data, after women’s KAP classification on the prevention of cervical cancer, the prevalence of adequacy was calculated in each area evaluated with the chi-square test. The evaluation of the profile factors which could significantly influence women’s KAP was done through the construction of contingency tables and the application of Chi-square test for independence. In cases where the test assumptions were not met, Fisher's exact test was applied. It was found that 35.2% of women had adequate knowledge about the prevention of cervical cancer, 98% and 70,6% have proper attitude and practice adequate, respectively. In multivariate analysis, among the variables proper knowledge presented statistical association with sociodemographic variables, such as number of children, income and religion. Not having children (p = 0.044), having a family income of two minimum wages (p = 0.011) and having spiritualist or African-Brazilian religion (p = 0.018) were statistically significant regarding proper cervical cancer knowledge. Among women who did not taking prevention of cervical cancer (5.4%) the stated reasons were: lack of interest (32.4%), shame (17.6%), lack of time / absence of sexual partner (both 14.7%), dislikes (11.8%) and fear (8.8%). Inadequate knowledge associated with the reasons given by women for not performing the CCU prevention examination Realize the need to carry out educational activities by nurses in order to empower them about the issue and encourage accession.