Few issues raise such an engagement as parking areas, both by the municipality, property- and car owners. For car owners, it is of great importance where to park his car. Parking is not simply about availability but also about safety, security and how it affects the urban environment. When the land will be utilized for building development, there are regulations in Chapter 8, § 9 PBL how parking will be provided. Property owners have an obligation to provide parking space and it shall be arranged in an equitable manner, on the site or near it, which gives an opportunity for shared parking facilities. The guidelines for parking that the municipality has adopted should be the starting point for the extent of that space for parking is required when a building permit review. The first thing you should look at, is if the property owner has ability to provide parking space at his own property, but this is not always the best solution in areas such as inner cities. To solve the issue on another property near the property, there are a number of different possibilities for the property owner to resolve the parking issue. It may be through an easement, either as official easement or easement agreements. If the facility is intended to be shared by multiple properties as a joint facility, it can be established by Facilities Act. Common parking facilities may also take place at the initiative of the municipality or by a private operator. The finished parking areas can then be leased by a tenancy agreement. Parking purchase is another way to solve the parking issue. The public legal obligation to provide parking space is then transformed, through a civil contract, to an obligation to financially contribute to a municipal or private parking facility. All solutions have both positive and negative aspects, such as, regulating the costs of operation and maintenance of plant, the agreement can be terminated, etc. which we illustrate by this report.

This study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate different actors and layers of policy, implementation, and reception of pro-environmental Travel Demand Management policy and measures in Umeå. One initiative by Upab (Umeå Parkering AB) and Umeå municipality, Grönt parkeringsköp, which means moving parking spaces from the central area of Umeå and replacing them with facilities that promote sustainable travel, was investigated more thoroughly. The data was collected through a manually distributed survey in three properties that have implemented Grönt parkeringsköp, as well as through interviews with property owners. Utilizing discourse analysis, thematic analysis as well as OLS-regressions, the results have shown that the comprehensive plan of Umeå puts emphasis on sustainable growth to 200 000 inhabitants, as well as minimising car traffic in the central areas of town, mainly through densification of already built-up areas. The property owners stated several motives to implement such policies, including ecological, financial as well as brandstrengthening benefits. Attitudes amongst survey respondents are generally positive towards measures that improve conditions for bicycle users, and more negative towards push-measures. There are different predictors for attitudes and perceived importance of Travel Demand Management measures, including altruism and self-interest. The use of the installed measures through Grönt parkeringsköp however appear to be limited, possibly due to a lack of information.

The Planning and Building Act regulates how municipalities plan the use of land and water. When deciding on the detailed development plan, the respective municipality is responsible for the parking standard in the space that will be allocated for parking and which is made in connection with land construction. The decision is followed up in the building permit process. One of the requirements for building permits being granted is that the parking solution is approved. A public parking lot lease is a solution that is approved by law regarding parking in another area beyond one's own property. The municipality can be a party in the agreement for leasing public parking lots in the role of land access provider and may be responsible for preparing the parking lot. In order to be valid, the lease shall guarantee a measure of permanence over time. The rights that accompany the parking lot agreement need to be monitored by authority decisions that cause a change in land use. The municipalities' responsibility to meet the policy's stated objective to increase housing may result in already built-up areas becoming denser. Surfaces such as parking lots may be used for this purpose. Increased density in municipalities requires new detailed development planning. Thirty of the country's municipalities with the highest number of completed buildings, specifically multi-family housing, were examined for the time period 2005-2016. The basis for the analysis was experiencing increased density where the land area has been affected in relation to objects for public parking leases. Current legislation is interpreted to find support for the validity of leasing public parking lots in cases of changes in land use. This study's research question relates to how the municipality should handle their role in decisions on changed land use, as a party to the civil parking lease agreement and as a public authority. The results highlight the validity of agreements to lease public parking lots despite civil authorities' decisions that change the use of land within the area in question. It is suggested that the municipality, as a civil party to the agreement, must monitor legal right by entering into the agreement. As an authority, the municipality has the responsibility to monitor and follow up the underlying decisions of the regulating authority and building permission decisions, the assessment of which may depend on the approval of the suggested solution for parking. Thus, the new decision regarding land use should not be in conflict with the underlying decisions which also continue to be valid. It is recommended that municipal administrations and companies cooperate closely in the early stages of the detailed development planning process. This is necessary to ensure that the legal right resulting from agreements to lease public parking lots is taken into consideration. The working documents in the form of geographical information may include demarcated areas which include leased public parking lots. / Plan- och bygglagen styr hur kommunerna planerar användningen av mark och vatten. Vid beslut om detaljplan ligger respektive kommuns normtal för parkering till grund för det utrymme som ska avsättas för parkering i samband med byggande av marken. Beslutet följs upp i bygglovsprocessen. Godkänd lösning för parkering är ett myndighetskrav för erhållet bygglov. Parkeringsköp är en lösning som godkänns av lagen som parkeringslösning utanför den egna fastigheten. Kommunen kan vara part i parkeringsköpsavtalet med rollen som markupplåtare och ansvarig för att iordningsställa parkeringen. Upplåtelsen ska för sin giltighet garantera viss stabilitet i tid. Rättigheten som följer med parkeringsavtalet behöver bevakas vid myndighetsbeslut som ändrar markanvändningen. Kommunernas ansvar för att möta politikiska mål om ökat bostadsbyggande kan få till följd att redan bebyggda områden förtätas. Ytor som exempelvis parkering kan tas i anspråk för syftet. Förtätning ställer krav på ny detaljplan. Trettio av landets kommuner med högst antal färdigställda bostäder i flerfamiljshus inom tidsintervallet 2005 – 2016 analyseras utifrån erfarenhet av förtätning, där markområde påverkas som är objekt för parkeringsköp. Tolkning av gällande lagstiftning görs för att hitta stöd för parkeringsköpets giltighet vid ändrad markanvändning. Studiens frågeställning gäller hur kommunen bör hantera sin roll vid beslut om ändrad markanvändning dels som part i det civilrättsliga parkeringsköpsavtalet, dels som myndighet. Resultatet framhåller parkeringsköpsavtalets giltighet trots myndighetsbeslut som ändrar markanvändningen inom aktuellt område. Kommunen som civilrättslig part i avtalet ska bevaka rättigheten förslagsvis genom inskrivning av avtalet. Som myndighet har kommunen ansvar för att bevaka och följa upp bakomliggande myndighetsbeslut, bygglovsbeslutet, vars bedömning kan vila på godkänd lösning för parkering. Det nya beslutet om annan markanvändning ska således inte stå i strid med bakomliggande beslut som fortsatt har giltighet. Tätt samarbete mellan kommunens förvaltningar och bolag i tidiga skeden av detaljplaneprocessen bör vara ett mönster som följs. Detta för att rättigheten som följer på parkeringsköpsavtalet ska uppmärksammas. Arbetsunderlaget i form av geografisk information kan innehålla markering av områden som omfattas av parkeringsköp.

Bilen har länge varit en central del av många människors vardag där många städer är uppbyggda efter bilens funktion. Idag vill många kommuner minska bilanvändandet och ersätta bilresor som inte är nödvändiga med andra mer miljövänliga färdmedel såsom kollektiv- och cykeltrafik. Många kommuner vill dessutom förtäta stadens centrum och då ses ofta markparkering i attraktiva lägen som ett problem eftersom det tar upp mycket värdefull yta.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att beskriva hur olika kommuner hanterar parkeringsfrågan för att få en helhetsbild av hur Sverige behandlar frågan. De flesta kommuner arbetar idag med flexibla parkeringstal där byggherren ges möjlighet att utföra så kallade mobilitetsåtgärder, till exempel bilpool, som kan ge en reducering av antalet parkeringar som behöver anläggas vid nyexploatering. Detta system är relativt nytt och eftersom många kommuner numera tänker arbeta efter denna modell framöver fokuserar examensarbetet på detta. Det gällande lagstödet som reglerar parkeringar är från 80-talet och då kan åsikterna ha varit annorlunda angående bilen och parkeringar än vad de är idag. Det finns ingen tydlig vägledning för hur kommunerna skall hantera parkeringsfrågan då lagen är öppet formulerad och det inte finns många vägledande rättsfall vilket gör det svårt för kommunerna att ha en gemensam strategi.Från resultaten av granskningen kan verkan och långsiktigheten för mobilitetsåtgärderna i vissa fall ifrågasättas eftersom det finns osäkerhet kring hur de faktiskt påverkar efterfrågan på parkeringar i framtiden. Det är därför av vikt att arbetet med flexibla parkeringstal kan utvärderas och följas upp. Här kan kommunerna ta hjälp av varandra för att få större möjligheter att utvärdera fler fall där flexibla parkeringstal använts.Lagens krav är uppfyllt så länge kommunerna utgår från att uppfylla behovet av parkeringar på lång sikt. Om ett parkeringstal skall sänkas ska åtgärder som långsiktigt påverkar parkeringsbehovet genomföras till exempel förbättrad kollektivtrafik. Det finns däremot vissa fall där kommuner sätter för låga parkeringstal med syfte att minska bilanvändandet utan att egentligen ha påverkat efterfrågan på parkeringar. / The car has for a long time been a central part of people’s everyday life and many cities are constructed around the car. A lot of the municipalities nowadays want to reduce the use of the car and replace those journeys with other more environmentally friendly options as public transport and bicycles. They also often want to build cities that are denser and in doing that, parking spaces on the ground become a problem in attractive locations because they take up a lot of space.The purpose of this thesis is to describe how different municipalities deal with the parking issue in order to get a picture of how the issue is dealt with in Sweden. Most of the municipalities are now working with flexible parking numbers where the developer or real estate owner is given the opportunity to use mobility measures in order to reduce the amount of parking spaces they have to build. This system is relatively new and whereas most of the municipalities are planning to use this model, this thesis focuses on this matter.The current law that regulate parking derives from the eighties and at that time the general opinion about cars and the matter of parking might have differed from the general view today. There is no distinct guidance for how the municipalities should handle the parking issue since the law is open to interpretations and there are not many court cases that handle the matter.After studying 18 different municipalities it can be concluded that the longevity of the mobility measures can be questioned in some cases. This is because there can be uncertainties about how the measures actually affect the demand of parking in the future. Therefore, it is important that the work with flexible parking numbers is to be evaluated and followed up. The municipalities can also learn from and help each other to get more cases where flexible parking numbers have been used to evaluate.Using flexible parking numbers applies with the current law as long as the municipalities start with fulfilling the need for parking spaces in the long term. If the parking number is to be lowered, measures that affects the need for parking spaces is to be performed, for example better public transport. There are however some cases where municipalities set lower parking numbers in order to reduce car journeys without actually influencing the demand for parking spaces.