Numerous bats species have evolved biosonar to obtain information from their habitats with dense vegetation. Different from man-made sensors, such as stereo cameras and LiDAR, bats' biosonar has much lower spatial resolution and sampling rates. Their biosonar is capable of reliably finding narrow gaps in foliage to serve as a passageway to fly through. To investigate the sensory information under such capability, we have used a biomimetic sonar robot to collect the narrow gap echoes from an artificial hedge in a laboratory setup and from the natural foliage in outdoor environments respectively. The work in this dissertation presents the performance of a conventional energy approach and a deep-learning approach in the classification of echoes from foliage and gap. The deep-learning approach has better foliage versus passageway classification accuracy than the energy approach in both experiments, and it also shows good robustness than the latter one when dealing with data with great varieties in the outdoor experiments. A class activation mapping approach indicates that the initial rising flank inside the echo spectrogram contains critical information. This result corresponds to the neuromorphic spiking model which could be simplified as times where the echo amplitude crosses a certain threshold in a certain frequency range. With these findings, it could be demonstrated that the sensory information in clutter echoes plays an important role in detecting passageways in foliage regardless of the wider beamwith than the passageway geometry. / Doctor of Philosophy / Many bats species are able to navigate and hunt in habitats with dense vegetation based on trains of biosonar echoes as their primary sources for sensory information on the environment. Drones equipped with man-made sensory systems such as optical, thermal, or LiDAR sensors, still face challenges when navigating in dense foliage. Bats are not only able to achieve higher reliability in detecting narrow gaps but accomplish this with much lower spatial resolutions and data rates than those of man-made sensors. To study which sensory information is accessible to bat biosonar for detecting passageways in foliage, a robot consisting of a biomimetic sonar and a camera system has been used to collect a large number of echoes and corresponding images (∼130k samples) from an artificial hedge constructed in the laboratory and various natural foliage targets found outdoors. We have applied a conventional energy approach which is widely used in engineered sonar but is limited by the biosonar's wide beamwidth and only achieves a foliage-versus-passageway classification accuracy of ∼70%. To deal with this situation, a deep-learning approach has been used to improve performance. Besides that, a transparent AI approach has been applied to overcome the black-box property and highlight the region of interest of the deep-learning classifier. The results achieved in detecting passageways were closely matched between the artificial hedge in the laboratory setup and the field data. With the best classification accuracy of 97.13% (artificial hedge) and 96.64% (field data) by the deep-learning approach, this work indicates the potential of exploring sensory information based on clutter echoes from complex environments for detecting passageways in foliage.

Det hela började med en väldigt grundläggande tanke om en säker förskola. Trappor är farliga och bör undvikas. För många våningar blir lätt problematiskt. Avgörande för projektet blev det att barnen ska kunna spendera hela dagar på ett och samma våningsplan. Därmed är barnens avdelningar helt placerade på sina respektive envåningsplaner. De omsluter gemensamt samlingsrum och gård. På övre plan finns de yngsta barnens avdelning med direkt tillgång till takterrass. Planlösningen följer en upprepande modulenhet, där rummen är glasade mot söder. På så sätt efterliknas den enkelhet som finns i modernistiska paviljonger, samtidigt som en tydlig framsida definieras. En förlängning av rummen bildar en passage som går genom hela byggnaden, både interiört och exteriört och på bågge våningsplan. Detta skapar ett "mellanrum" i ett försök att överbrygga den annars skarpa gränsen mellan inne och ute. Jag tror att denna utformning med upprepande rumsindelning, samt lätthet och horisontalitet i arkitektoniskt uttryck talar ett språk som klargör för hur förskolan ska brukas. / It all started with a very essential idea for a safe kindergarten. Staircases are dangerous and are better avoided. Too many levels easily become problematic. Crucial through the project was that the children could spend full days on a single storey plan. Consequently the childrens' sections are fully placed on their respective single level plans. These enclose a common room and playgrounds. On the upper level you will find the youngests' section directly accessing roof terraces. The floor plan follows a repetitive module, where rooms facing south are glazed in that direction, resembling the simplicity of modernist pavilions, yet defining a pronounced front. An extension of the rooms towards the playgrounds, a passageway, runs through the whole building, both indoors and outdoors and on both levels, creating a linking "room" in the middle. I believe that this type of layout with repetitive modules and simplicity and horizontality in architectural expression makes it clear how the kindergarten is best operated.

De la mouvance du récit contemporain fragmenté, labyrinthique, se dégage un rapport significatif entre les personnages du récit et les lieux dans lesquels ils gravitent : lieux comme figures diverses et discontinues de l’histoire et des mythes y étant inscrits. Cette construction interactive entre lieu et sujet fait intervenir l’espace comme primordial, et, ainsi, redéfinit l’importance du temps dans l’écrit. Le temps n’adviendrait plus seulement dans le « raconté », comme le suggère Ricœur, mais dans les strates successives de son inscription dans les lieux : le lieu est vécu comme art combinatoire des expériences qui s’y rattachent. C’est par le projet continuel et imparfait du sujet à se situer, plus spécifiquement ici dans la ville et dans celles auxquelles il s’identifie, que surgit l’expression du récit. À travers trois œuvres de Julio Cortázar, le temps sera pensé comme une modalité de fragments « empilables », inscrite dans les lieux signifiants, qui saura émerger au conscient par l’entremise de la porosité de la ville, de sa capacité à susciter des « sauts », des passages. Ce qui lie les espaces architectoniques et le temps qui s’y imprime au sujet qui doit se dire pour exister, mettre en récit afin d’unifier les parties discontinues de son être, émergera dans le « devenir en mouvement », superposition du récit et de l’expérience réelle, par les tropes cortazariens de l’expérimentation, jeu, passage et langage. Là surgira dans l’acte créatif une dynamique spécifique à la ville qui envahit et guide le sujet: sa singularité plurielle. / From the shift of contemporary literature towards labyrinthine, fragmentary self expression, emerges a meaningful correspondence between the characters of a narrative and the spaces they inhabit : spaces as multiple and discontinuous figures inscribed in history and myth. This interactive construction linking place and subject renders space of primary significance and in so doing, redefines the importance of time in the act of writing. Time does not unfold only in "what is told", as Ricoeur suggests, but in the successive layers of its inscription in place: which is lived through the combining art of experimentation with attachment to place. The expression of the subject of the narrative emerges from the continual and imperfect project of the subject to locate himself in the city, in those places with which he identifies and which construct him. Through three texts by writer Julio Cortázar, time will be considered as a modality of “accumulatable” fragments, inscribed in significant places, from which a consciousness emerges through the city's porousness and its capacity for leaps and passageways. What connects the architectonic spaces and the imprint of time within them and a subject who must express himself to exist and create narratives to unify the discontinuous parts of his being, will emerge through "becoming in action", the addition of narrative and real life experience in Cortazarian figures of experimentation, play, passageway et language. Herein a dynamic specific to the city emerges in the creative act that fulfills and guides the subject: his plural singularity.

The topic of the master’s thesis is reconstruction of the the road II/605 between municipality of Holoubkov and municipality of Rokycany (Borek) including local adjustments of the road in urban area of municipality of Svojkovice. The reasons for this reconstruction are insufficient parameters of current condition of the road. In Svojkovice are solved adjustments of crossroads, bus stops, parking bays, pavements and bicycle paths.

The subject of this Master thesis is a project of a leisure center. The project covers building plans, specifications and includes all the requirements according to valid regulations. The project comprises of two buildings which are connected together by a corridor. The first is a two storey building and contains classrooms designed to be used for aesthetics activities, children play area, cloakrooms, toilets and offices for the managers of these buildings. The second a one storey building comprises two halls for sport activities and the rest of the area is intended to be used as a play area for children, study rooms for teachers and a tool store. The roofing of both buildings is designed as a single pitched roof made of timber ties. This project also includes heat loss with sound assessment, fire assessment and two other projects of services and structures, described in the details of these buildings.

No description available.

The subject of this thesis is to determine the value of the easement of way over the land of another owner. The value of the easement will be established for an indefinite period, the duration of 20 years and for the life of the creditor. It will be calculated current price and official price. The theoretical part is concentrated on clarifying the concept of an easement, the possibility of the constitution, termination and changes, hereinafter referred to problems of valuation of the easement. In the project part is solved the specific passage in terms of benefits warrantee and losses liable party.