<p>This thesis presents a general description of approaches to energy efficient building development under Chinese contexts. The purpose of the work is to discuss how Chinese building development can be approved from an energy saving perspective.</p><p>Building development is a complicated process that relates to many stakeholders’ interests. The developed countries have studied in this field extensively for several decades. Generally, the approaches to energy saving can be set at three levels: administration, construction industry and architectural design. More new strict codes for energy efficient buildings are being issued for enforcement. At the same time, many research institutes have developed Building Environmental Assessment (BEA) methods, where energy efficiency is an important factor in the models. Various technical solutions for energy efficiency are developed as well.</p><p>The administrative approaches are not the main objective discussed in the thesis, though the importance of them is undeniable. BEA systems are not only assessment methods, but also market-based stimulating approaches for sustainability of construction market. Technical methods have been developed for a long period. Passive House and Low Exergy (LowEx) Systems are two representative examples in European countries.</p><p>All of these approaches are relatively unfamiliar to Chinese architects and developers, let alone their effect and applicability. The thesis tries to analyse this situation and their applicability within Chinese context.</p><p>In China to a certain project, the importance of technical issues is relatively recognized. However, a few successful individual cases in technique can not change the reality that most of new building development has failed in energy efficiency in China. This is a serious situation when China is in an enormous expansion phase in building new houses. The thesis tries to discuss the reasons for this phenomenon. One reason could be that the stakeholders in the developing process are not aware of the importance of collaboration which is the only method to get “Both Win” according to Game theory. The thesis discusses a paradigm to replace two traditional linear paradigms in building developing process. Architects should act as coordinators of different stakeholders rather than technical supporters.</p><p>The thesis tries to discuss the propositional route of developing energy efficient buildings. Technical approaches are basic research, which presents the concepts that have been proved realizable; BEA encourages developers to develop more energy efficient buildings for economic benefit, which will make good demonstrations for whole market; national laws and policies are final approaches, which ensure that every project will have good performance of energy efficiency. When the old standardization and legislation are finished, a new cycle will begin with more advanced techniques.</p><p>China government has started the progress to enhance energy efficiency. However, this process will be tough and slow. The thesis discusses Chinese special conditions and the problems that cry out for solution in the future.</p>

<p>Kompaktaggregat är ett integrerat FTX- och FVP-system som används i passivhus. Vi har gjort</p><p>energiberäkningar i programmet VIP+ för att se hur kompaktaggregatet skulle kunna fungera i</p><p>passivhus i Sverige.</p><p>De resultat vi har fått fram ur VIP+ visar att passivhus med ett installerat kompaktaggregat klarar</p><p>av att nå passivhuskraven ända upp till Skellefteå. De beräknade värdena understiger kraven för</p><p>passivhus, men en viss marginal behövs för att kraven ska nås även efter uppförandet av</p><p>byggnaden. Vi har även tolkat tekniska uppgifter på ett sätt som enligt oss har en positiv effekt</p><p>för passivhus på kallare orter. Därför tror vi inte att värdena för de tre nordligaste platserna är</p><p>helt tillförlitliga. De övriga plasterna ser bra ut. Passivhus med ett installerat kompaktaggregat</p><p>klarar enligt oss passivhuskraven i dessa städer; Malmö, Växjö, Göteborg, Stockholm och med</p><p>tveksamhet Borlänge.</p> / <p>Compact units are an integrated balanced ventilation whit recovery and an extracted air heat</p><p>pump that are used in passive houses. We have done some energy calculations to see how</p><p>compact units would be able to operate in Sweden.</p><p>The results we have been receiving from VIP+, display that a passive house with an installed</p><p>compact unit manages to achieve the demands for passive houses all the way up to the city</p><p>Skellefteå. The calculated values are below the demands for passive house, but a certain margin</p><p>is needed for the demands to be met after the building is complete. We have also construed</p><p>technical data in a way that can have a positive effect on the passive houses in colder locations.</p><p>Because of this we do not think the values for the three cities furthest north are entirely reliable.</p><p>The other locations look good. Passive houses with an installed compact unit would, according</p><p>to our research meet the passive house demands in these cities; Malmö, Växjö, Göteborg,</p><p>Stockholm and with a doubt Borlänge.</p>

Baigiamojo darbo užduotys – išanalizuoti mokslinę literatūrą, kurioje aprašomos pasyvių namų konstrukcijos; sukurti mechanizmą, kurį naudojant pagal pasirinktus kriterijus būtų galima įvertinti pastato atnaujinimo galimybes ir atsipirkimo laiką; aprašyti reikalavimus pastato atnaujinimui, kad atnaujintas jis atitiktų pasyviojo namo standartą. Darbą sudaro du skyriai. Pirmame skyriuje analizuojama mokslinė literatūra. Antrą skyrių sudaro trys poskyriai. Pirmame poskyryje aprašoma metodika, kuri bus naudojama pasirinkto statinio modernizavimo klausimui spręsti. Antrame poskyryje atliekami skaičiavimai pagal pirmojo poskyrio metodiką. Trečiame poskyryje atliekami pasirinkto statinio skaičiavimai „Pasyvių namų projektavimo programa“. Viską apibendrinus, pateikiamos išvados, kaip ir kokias konstrukcijas naudoti, norint atnaujinti pasirinktą objektą taip, kad jis atitiktų pasyvaus namo standartą. / Thesis assignments are to analyse scientific literature which describes passive house constructions, to create a mechanism using which, according to a selected criteria, it would be possible to evaluate building‘s renovation possibilities and the payback period; also, to depict the requirements for building renovation as upgraded it would meet the passive house standard. The paper consists of two parts. The first part deals with the scientific literature. The second consists of the three subsections. The first subsection involves a description of the methodology, which will be used for solving the chosen building‘s modernization issue. In the second section according to the methodology mentioned, calculations will be performed. The third subsection deals with the calculations of the chosen building by using “ Passive House Planning Package“. Finally, it will be concluded how and which structures to use in order to upgrade the selected object so that it would meet the passive house standard.

Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the world. This landlocked country in the west has an extremely warm climate. Temperatures over 45°C are not uncommon and there is an almost constant need to keep the buildings cool to maintain a temperate indoor climate. Air-conditioning is an option to maintain the temperature but it overloads the power grid and only a few people can afford it. This thesis examines, through laboratory experiments, the thermal and mechanical properties that can be obtained by vibrating clayey soil and mixing it with water, lime or cement and organic fiber (Bissap). The report also examines different building projects utilizing local materials, both of a traditional and more modern nature.Energy required to produce building elements of soil is negligible compared to that of concrete and steel. Soil can be used in constructing houses but it is sensitive to water.The insulation is inadequate for a passive house so an extra layer of insulating material is required.The experiments performed during this project were inconclusive so it is impossible, from the results in this paper, to say if vibration is a good method for forming a building material of soil. The high water content needed, is however a major problem, shrinkage was about 20% and cracks were hard to avoid. Further investigations into the subject is necessary. / Burkina Faso är ett av de fattigaste länderna i världen. Som ett kustlöst land beläget i Västafrika har det ett extremt varmt klimat. Temperaturer över 45°C är inte ovanligt och det är ett nästan konstant behov av att kyla byggnader för att behålla ett behagligt inneklimat.   Idag byggs det två typer av byggnader i Burkina Faso; de traditionella lerhusen och de mer moderna husen med väggar av cementstenar och plåttak. Cementväggarna har ett U-värde på 3W/m2K och tillsammans med plåttaket så bildar det ett undermåligt klimatskal utan möjligheter att skydda mot hettan. Det leder idag till endera ett obehagligt varmt inneklimat eller en hög och kostsam energianvändning av luftkonditionering. Överbelastningen på elnätet på grund av luftkonditionering är påtaglig under den varmaste säsongen med frekventa strömavbrott till följd.   Denna rapport undersöker via laboratorieexperiment vilka termiska och mekaniska egenskaper man kan erhålla genom att vibrera lerjord och blanda med vatten, organiska fibrer samt kalk och/eller cement. Litteraturstudier och fältbesök i Burkina Faso har gjorts för att undersöka och förstå vilka svårigheter som kan uppkomma genom att bygga med lera. Rapporten tar även upp konkreta exempel på byggnader i Burkina Faso gjorda av lokala material, historiska såväl som moderna projekt.   Lerjord behöver extremt lite energitillförsel för att bilda ett byggmaterial och den negativa miljöpåverkan är försumbar jämfört med betong och stål. Det kan användas för att bygga energisnåla hus men det är känsligt mot vatten, vilket måste beaktas noga under projekteringen. Värmeledningsförmågan är för hög för att vara tillräcklig som isolering för att erhålla ett inneklimat enligt dagens standard, utan tillförsel av energi, så någon form av extra isolering krävs.   Experimenten som gjordes gav inte tillräckligt exakta resultat för att visa om vibrering är en bra metod att göra byggmaterial eller inte. Den höga vattenhalten som krävs för vibrering är ett stort problem. Krympningen var ungefär 20 % och sprickor var svåra att undvika. Vidare studier på området rekommenderas.

Energy efficiency has become a very topical issue that has been discussed throughout the European Union for preventing negative environmental impacts that have been associated with the consumption of energy. In the residential sector have mainly municipalities set strict requirements for the reduction of energy consumption while the renewable energy has been asked. Different concepts of low-energy buildings have been developed to reduce the cost of operation and maintenance in existing buildings such as in new ones. This thesis has aimed to minimize the energy cost of a large building which has had low energy consumption features originally. Energy reviews has been initiated in order to be able for showing how the house electricity could be carried out even more efficiently. The work was initiated through a literature study to clearly increase the reliability on the energy subject. Different concepts of low-energy buildings have been treated in connection with its specifications, afterward those have been compared with the obtained results. An analysis of the building’s energy use has been carried out as well as economic evaluation has been considered in order to the viability of the energy efficiency measures that have been proposed. Energy demand for the studied building has been valued at 48, 7 kWh/m2 annually in its original form. The obtained value has been lower than the required energy which has been promoted in Building Regulations, BBR 18. After the improvement of building has been performed, by using a package of measures, the building has been upgraded to a passive house level and the energy demand has become 21, 5 kWh/m2 annually. A reasonably large amount of energy has been reduced in connection with the improvement package as well as the whole profitability has proven to be economic sustainable. By integrating solar energy systems in the building, its result has shown a biggest benefit for saving energy. / Energieffektiviseringen har blivit en mycket aktuell fråga som har diskuterats inom Europeiska Unionen för att förebygga negativa de miljöpåverkan som förknippats med energiförbrukning. Inom bostadssektorn har främst kommuner ställt strikta krav som har fått energianvändningen att reduceras samtidigt som har brukande av förnybara energin gynnats. Olika koncept av lågenergibyggnader har därför utvecklats för att begränsa kostnader för drift och underhåll. Examensarbetets syfte har varit att kostnadseffektivt minimera energibehovet i ett flerbostadshus som från början har lågenergi inslag. En energikartläggning har inletts för att sedan kunna visa hur hus el skulle kunna utföras ännu effektivare. Arbetet har inletts med en litteraturstudie för att tydligt öka kunskapen i ämnet energihushållning. Olika begrepp av lågenergibyggnader har behandlats i samband med dess kravspecifikationer som efteråt har jämförts med det erhållna resultatet. Det har också genomförts en analys över byggnadens energianvändning. Ekonomiska bedömningen har beaktats i analysen för att överväga lönsamheten av de energieffektiviserande åtgärderna som har föreslagits. Den evaluerade byggnadskroppen har inledningsvis åtgärdats individuellt för att se vilka av de förbättringsmöjligheterna som har medfört störst energibesparing. Därefter har det gjorts flera energioptimeringsåtgärder samtidigt. Dock har utredningen visat sig vara omöjlig för att spara en stor energimängd med enstaka åtgärder. Energiprestanda för den studerade byggnaden har beräknats till 48,7 kWh/m2 årligen i sitt originalutförande, vilket har varit lägre än den energigränsen som förespråkats i Boverkets byggregler 18 då huset konstruerades. Efter vidtagande av åtgärdspaketet har energibehov kommits åt passivhusnivån med en prestanda på 21,5 kWh/m2 per år. En någorlunda stor mängd av energin har reducerats i samband med åtgärdspaketet samt att den totala lönsamheten har visat sig vara ekonomisk hållbar. Solenergisystem har varit den största fördelen till att energibesparingen har kunnat säkerställas.

Abstract This thesis on Ecological housing -- passive houses (stimulation possibilities in the Czech environment) describes passive housing within the development of the Czech building market. This thesis focuses on the technologies of passive housing and compares the devel-opment of passive houses in the Czech Republic and in other European countries. Within the comparison this thesis points out individual economic policy tools used in specific countries. This thesis also defines hypothetical solutions for stimulation of passive housing in the Czech Republic. Efficiency analysis is applied to these solutions. Described hypothetical solutions are based on the costs evaluation of passive and ordinary housing, while the cost calculation takes into account mainly the return rate of additional investment adherent to the passive housing.

This master thesis is focused on the issue of air distribution in residential buildings. The main part of thesis is devoted to experimental testing of diffusers by a smoke test. Achieved results are applied to design of air conditioning in passive house. Radiant heating and energy optimalization in PHPP are also proposed.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the economic return of the investment in the passive house compared to the standard house. The thesis presents the common problems of passive construction, history, requirements, properties and used materials. The method of assessment is based on the return on initial investment in the passive house. The main part of the thesis focuses on materials with thermal insulating properties and software calculation of annual energy consumption. At the end of the thesis an analysis of energy prices at the time of return was made. The output of the work is the payback time of the initial investment in the passive house in years at two different prices of energy consumption.

This diploma thesis is focused on material and technical alternatives of the building envelope and heating of low energy houses and passive houses. The theoretical part is focused on main principles of designing low-energy building standards. The practical part is aimed to the best economic and technical solution of new buildings in low energy and passive standard on a particular case. At the end of thesis the evaluation of the best design options is performed.

The thesis deals with the assessment of the return on economic investment in passive house compared to the low-energy (standard) house. The thesis deals with the issue of passive house, development, conception and division of structural parts including used materials. Their advantages, disatvantages and possibilities of use in construction are briefly discussed. The main part of the thesis focuses on the economic return on investment in passive house. Based on a detailed calculation, the costs for two buildings in low-energy and passive standards are quantified here. The passive standard is achieved by various design modifications. All this is supported by software calculation of annual energy consumption. The return on such an investment is then determined in more ways from this balance sheet, taking into account the evolution of energy prices.