Orientador: Wanderley Dias da Silveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T23:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rojas_ThaisCabreraGalvao_D.pdf: 2609032 bytes, checksum: 23a0546c76c17eff8087d0160c69308d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A bactéria Escherichia coli coloniza o trato intestinal de aves e humanos, de maneira comensal sem causar processos infecciosos. No entanto alguns clones adquiriram fatores de virulência específicos, permitindo o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças como infecção do trato urinário, diarréia e meningite em humanos e colibacilose em aves. As linhagens que causam doença em aves são tipicamente denominadas APEC (Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli). Neste trabalho foram sequenciados e anotados os genomas de quatro linhagens APECs (SCI-07, SEPT362, S17 e O8)que, juntamente com mais nove genomas referentes a linhagens de Escherichia coli patogênicas para aves e patogênicas para humanos foram utilizados para a busca de genes sob seleção positiva. Os genes homólogos foram agrupados,e posteriormente submetidos ao alinhamento de códons e das sequencias protéicas correspondentes. Uma árvore filogenética foi gerada para cada grupo de proteínas homólogas. Testes estatísticos determinaram qual entre os modelos de seleção neutra ou seleção positiva melhor explicou os dados existentes (alinhamentos de códons e árvores filogenéticas). Essas análises detectaram duzentas e cinquenta e quatro grupos de genes homólogos com evidência de seleção positiva. Para cada grupo foi realizado um teste de recombinação para verificar se o aumento na variação das sequencias não era devido à conversão gênica, resultando em cento e dezesseis grupos de genes homólogos sob seleção positiva. A proteína correspondente a um gene de cada grupo de genes homólogos foi identificada, por meio da ferramenta Blast. Diversos fatores de virulência, já conhecidos, e proteínas regulatórias puderem ser detectados. Os genes sob seleção positiva, também foram submetidos à anotação considerando o termo GO (Gene Ontology),apenas da categoria processo biológico. Dos cento e dezesseis genes apenas cinquenta e sete puderam ser identificados por meio dessa metodologia. O resultado da classificação dos genes dentro da classe GO, considerando o terceiro nível hierárquico,mostrou que a maioria dos genes anotados (31) tinha relação com o metabolismo primário.As proteínas cuja identificação, por meio do blast, não foi possível (proteínas hipotéticas)foram submetidas à análise de predição de localização subcelular e de peptídeo sinal. Essas análises revelaram que três proteínas desconhecidas (hypothetical proteinECIAI39_1028, hypothetical proteinZ0639e hypothetical proteinEC042_3791) são potenciais alvos para estudos que visam à busca de novos fatores de virulência de Escherichia coli patogênicas / Abstract: The bacterium Escherichia coli colonizesthe intestinal tract of birds and humans, in a commensal relationship without causing infection. However, some clones have acquired specific virulence factors allowing the development of various diseases such as urinary tract infection, diarrhea and meningitis in humans and colibacillosis in poultry. The strains that cause disease in birds are typically named APEC (Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli). In this study we sequenced and annotated the genomes of four APECs strains (SCI-07, SEPT362, S17 and O8). These genomes and nine others avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and humans pathogenic strains genomes were used for studying genes under positive selection. The homologous genes were grouped and then subjected to codons and corresponding protein sequences alignment. A phylogenetic tree was generated for each group of homologous proteins. Statistical tests determined which among neutral or positive selection models best explains the existing data (codon alignments and phylogenetic trees). This analyzes detected two hundred fifty-four groups of homologous genes with positive selection evidence. For each group a recombination test was conducted to verify if the variation increase in the sequences was not due to gene conversion, resulting in one hundred and sixteen groups of homologous genes under positive selection. The protein corresponding to a gene of each group of homologous genes under positive selection was identified through Blast tool. Genes under positive selection were annotated considering the GO term (Gene Ontology), just for the biological process category. Only fifty-seven genes could be identified using this methodology. The gene classification within the GO classes, considering only the third hierarchical level showed that most of the annotated genes (31) were related with the primary metabolism. Proteins which blast identification was not possible (hypothetical proteins) were subjected to sub cellular localization and signal peptide prediction analyzes. These analyzes revealed that three unknown proteins (hypothetical protein ECIAI39_1028, hypothetical protein Z0639e hypothetical protein EC042_3791) are potential targets for studies, in order to search for new virulence factors of pathogenic Escherichia coli / Doutorado / Microbiologia / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Orientadores : Thales Rocha de Mattos Filho, Francisco Carlos Groppo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:41:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Motta_RogerioHeladioLopes_D.pdf: 659292 bytes, checksum: 254fb5f4f10c3501c081c5129d2db30f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Farmacologia, Anestesiologia e Terapeutica / Doutor em Odontologia

L'appareil respiratoire des porcs est colonisé par plusieurs bactéries, parmi lesquelles trois espèces de mycoplasmes : Mycoplasma flocculare, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae et Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Lors de ce doctorat, notre principal objectif était de mieux comprendre le métabolisme différentiel dans chacune des espèces à l'aide de différentes approches. Nous avons reconstruit les réseaux métaboliques complets pour toutes les souches séquencées de ces trois espèces de mycoplasmes afin d'y détecter des caractéristiques distinctes. Nous avons pu montrer que, bien que les trois espèces de mycoplasmes du porc ont des capacités métaboliques semblables, certaines différences existent qui incluent, d'une part, le catabolisme de myo-inositol et un système plus complet pour l'absorption du glycérol, et d'autre part, une large gamme de moyens d'absorption de carbohydrates chez M. hyorhinis. L'utilisation de glycérol comme source de carbone, une activité qui est absente uniquement dans M. flocculare, produit du peroxyde d'hydrogène qui est toxique, ce qui peut expliquer l'absence de pathogénicité de cette espèce. L'absorption d'un plus large éventail de sources de carbone chez M. hyorhinis peut également expliquer pourquoi cette espèce est un contaminant largement connu des cultures cellulaires. Des expériences de croissance ont montré que les milieux définis décrits pour d'autres espèces de mycoplasmes ne sont pas appropriés pour la croissance de mycoplasmes du tractues respiratoire de porcs, et que la peptone est essentielle pour le maintien de la viabilité des cellules à la fois de M. hyopneumoniae et de M. flocculare dans des milieux définis. Dans ce travail, nous proposons également de nouveaux média définis qui, in silico, sont extrêmement appropriés pour les mycoplasmes du porc. Les données de métabolomique suggèrent que même si ces espèces sont extrêmement similaires du point de vue de leurs génomes et des métabolismes, les produits et les taux de réaction diffèrent et la régulation des gènes peuvent interférer directement dans le métabolisme. Pour expliquer ces différences ainsi que d'autres décrits dans la littérature qui suggèrent que certains types de régulation de l'expression du gène existent en effet dans ces espèces, nous avons également essayé de recueillir des informations sur de nouvelles séquences promotrices. Ainsi, cette thèse servira de base pour l'étude du métabolisme différentiel et des pathologies causées par les mycoplasmes du tractus respiratoire du porc et pourra aider à proposer des façons de prévenir à l'avenir le développement des maladies associées / In this PhD thesis, we presented three main types of analyses of metabolism, and in most cases involving symbiosis: metabolic dialogue between a trypanosomatid and its symbiont, comparative analyses of metabolic networks and exploration of metabolomics data. The respiratory tract of swines is colonized by several pathogenic bacteria, among which are three mycoplasma species: Mycoplasma flocculare, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. In this work, we created whole-genome metabolic network reconstructions for all sequenced strains from these three Mycoplasma species. Similar to other Mycoplasma models all reconstructed networks exhibit low connectivity due to the simplicity of the biological model. We were able to show that the three swine mycoplasma species have similar metabolic capabilities. Interesting metabolic differences include the myo-inositol catabolism and a more complete system for glycerol uptake in M. hyopneumoniae and a wide range of carbohydrate uptake in M. hyorhinis. Glycerol conversion to DHAP, a missing activity only in M. flocculare, produces toxic hydrogen peroxide and may explain the lack of pathogenicity of this species. The uptake of a wider range of carbon sources in M. hyorhinis may also explain why this species is a wide-known contaminant in cell cultures. Growth experiments showed that defined media described for other Mycoplasma species are not suitable for the growth of respiratory tract swine mycoplasmas and that peptone is essential for the maintenance of cell viability of both M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare in defined media. Metabolomic data suggests that even though these species are extremely similar from a genomic and metabolic point of views, the products and reaction rates differ and gene regulation may interfere directly in metabolism. This, in turn, may account for many aspects still unknown that influence directly different levels of pathogenicity in each of them

Marseilleviridae est une famille de virus géants isolés initialement à partir de prélèvements environnementaux, dont Marseillevirus est le membre fondateur. La présence des marseillevirus chez l’Homme a été démontrée dans quelques études. Les objectifs sont de mieux documenter la présence des marseillevirus chez l’Homme, de modéliser l’infection par Marseillevirus chez la souris, et enfin, de décrire les génomes des marseillevirus. Nous rapportons un cas d’infection par Marseillevirus chez une patiente atteinte d’un cancer des ganglions, soulevant la question d’un éventuel lien entre Marseillevirus et cancer, à l’instar de l’association existant entre d’autres virus et les cancers. L’infection des souris par Marseillevirus montre que celui-ci persiste un mois au niveau des «amygdales», confirmant le portage pharyngé chronique observé chez un deuxième patient. Enfin, nous identifions deux nouveaux groupes au sein de la famille, soulignant l’importante diversité génétique de la famille. / Marseilleviridae is a new family of giant viruses primarily isolated from environmental samples and whose Marseillevirus is the founding member. The presence of marseilleviruses in humans has been demonstrated in few studies. The aims are to better document the presence of marseilleviruses in humans, to develop a model of infection of mice with Marseillevirus, and to describe the genomes of marseilleviruses. We report a first caes of infection by Marseillevirus in apatient with a lymph nodes cancer, raising the question of a potential link between Marseillevirus and cancer, as the well established association between some viruses and cancers. The infection of miceshows that Marseillevirus persist one month in the “tonsils”, confirming the chronic pharyngeal carriage reported in a second patient. Finally, we identify two new subgroups in the family, highlighting the considerable genetic diversity of the family.

Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 (S39006) is a Gram-negative bacterium that is virulent in plant (potato) and animal (Caenorhabditis elegans) models. It produces two secondary metabolite antibiotics, prodigiosin and a carbapenem, and the plant cell wall degrading exoenzymes, pectate lyase and cellulase. A complex regulatory network controls production of prodigiosin, including a quorum sensing (QS) system, and the role of post-transcriptional regulation was investigated. It was hypothesized that Hfq-dependent small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) might also play a role. Hfq is an RNA chaperone involved in post-transcriptional regulation that plays a key role in stress response and virulence in other bacterial species. An S39006 ∆hfq mutant was constructed and in the mutants production of prodigiosin and carbapenem was abolished, while production of the QS molecule, butanoyl homoserine lactone (BHL), was unaffected. Using transcriptional fusions, it was found that Hfq regulated the QS response regulators, SmaR and CarR. Additionally, exoenzyme production and swimming motility were decreased in the ∆hfq mutant, and virulence was attenuated in potato and C. elegans. It was also shown that the phenotype of an hfq mutant is independent of its role in regulating the stationary phase sigma factor, rpoS. In order to define the complete regulon of Hfq and identify relevant potential sRNAs, deep sequencing of strand-specific cDNAs (RNA-seq) was used to analyse the whole transcriptome of S39006 WT and the ∆hfq mutant. The regulon of another post-transcriptional regulator, RsmA, also involved in regulating prodigiosin production, was investigated by performing RNA-seq on an rsmA mutant. Moreover, global changes in the proteome of the hfq mutant was analysed using an LC-MS/MS approach with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). This study confirms a role for Hfq in pathogenesis and the regulation of antibiotic production in S39006, and begins to provide a systems-level understanding of Hfq and RsmA regulation using a combination of transcriptomics and proteomics.

The pathogen Campylobacter fetus (CF) is classified into two subspecies, Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (CFF) and Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis (CFV). Even though CFF and CFV are genetically closely related, they exhibit differences in their host adaptation; CFF inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and several animal species, while classical CFV is specific to the bovine genital tract and is of particular concern with respect to international bovine trade regulation. Traditionally, differentiation between the two subspecies has been achieved using a limited number of biochemical tests but more rapid and definitive genetic methods of discrimination are desired. A recent study suggested that the presence of a genomic island only in CFV could discriminate between the two sub- species but this hypothesis could not be confirmed on a collection of isolates originating in Canada. To identify alternative gene targets that would support accurate subspecies discrimination, this study has applied several approaches including suppression subtractive hybridization and whole genome sequencing supplemented with optical mapping. A subtractive hybridization screen, using a well-characterized CFV isolate recovered during routine screening of bulls in an Artificial Insemination center in western Canada and that lacked much of the genomic island and a typical Canadian CFF isolate, yielded 50 clones; characterization of these clones by hybridization screening against selected CF isolates and by nucleotide sequence BLAST analysis identified three potentially CFV-specific clones that contained inserts originating from a second genomic island. Further screening using a larger CF sample set found that only Clone #35 was truly CFV-specific. Optical maps (NcoI digest) of the Canadian CFF and CFV isolates used for the subtractive hybridization showed that certain regions of these genomes were quite distinct from those of two reference strains. Whole genome sequencing of these two isolates identified two target genes (PICFV5_ORF548 and CFF_Feature #3) that appear to be selectively retained in the two subspecies. Screening of a collection of CF isolates by PCRs targeting these three loci (SSH_Clone #35, PICFV5_ORF548 and CFF_Feature #3) supported their use for subspecies discrimination. This work demonstrates the complex genomic diversity associated with these CF subtypes and the challenge posed by their discrimination using limited genetic loci.

Penicillium expansum est un contaminant commun des pomaceae (pommes et poires) causant la pourriture bleue. Ce champignon est le principal responsable de la présence de patuline dans les pommes et ses produits dérivés. Actuellement, la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline n’est que partiellement élucidée et le cluster de gènes correspondant n’est décrit que chez Aspergillus clavatus, champignon tellurique incapable de se développer dans les pommes. La caractérisation moléculaire de la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline est la condition sine qua none à toute étude visant à comprendre la régulation de la biosynthèse de la patuline, mais également à toute action permettant de limiter sa synthèse. C’est pourquoi le premier objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser le cluster de gènes spécifique de la voie de biosynthèse chez Penicillium expansum. Celui-ci est caractérisé par une taille de 40 kb et contient les 15 mêmes gènes qu’Aspergillus clavatus, les seules différences résidant dans l’organisation et l’orientation des gènes. La caractérisation de la seconde étape de la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline a été ensuite entreprise chez Aspergillus clavatus, organisme modèle. Le gène patG code pour l’acide 6-méthylsalicylique décarboxylase responsable de la conversion de l’acide 6-méthylsalicylique en m-crésol. Pour faire suite au premier objectif, la régulation de la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline a été étudiée. Pour cela, une souche mutante pour le facteur de régulation spécifique à la patuline patL a été généré puis la production de patuline ainsi que l’expression des gènes du cluster analysés. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que le gène patL joue le rôle d’interrupteur au sein du cluster. L’absence de patL conduit à une extinction totale de l’expression des gènes du cluster et à une abscence de production de patuline par Penicillium expansum. Dans cette même étude, des tests de pathogénicité ont été entrepris sur des pommes de différentes variétés démontrant ainsi que la patuline peut être un facteur de virulence facilitant l’infection de certaines variétés de pommes telles que la Golden Delicious ou la Pink Lady. Enfin, l’influence de la lumière a été évaluée en analysant l’impact de différentes longueurs d’ondes sur la croissance et la production de patuline de Penicillium expansum. Que ce soit in-vitro ou in-vivo, la croissance et la production de patuline sont très affectés par les lumières blanche, bleue et rouge. Favoriser le stockage des pommes sous les lumières blanche, bleue ou rouge plutôt qu’à l’obscurité pourrait devenir un moyen de prévention contre la contamination par Penicillium expansum. En conclusion, cette thèse présente un aspect fondamental avec la caractérisation du cluster de gènes chez Penicillium expansum et la caractérisation de la seconde étape de la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline ; mais aussi un aspect appliqué avec l’utilisation des lumières de différentes couleurs comme méthode de prévention contre Penicillium expansum durant le stockage des pommes. / Penicillium expansum is the common contaminant of apples and the causal agent of blue mold rot. This fungus is the main patulin producer in apple based products. Actually, the patulin biosynthesis is partially elucidates and the gene cluster has been elucidated in Aspergillus clavatus, a telluric fungi unable to grow on apples. The molecular characterization of the patulin biosynthetic pathway is the key step for a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to patulin production and will help to define strategies to reduce its presence in apple products. The first objective of this thesis was the characterization of the patulin gene cluster in Penicillium expansum. The latter includes the same 15 genes as in Aspergillus clavatus but in a different order and orientation. Then, the second step of this biosynthetic pathway has been characterized and the patG gene encode for the 6-methylsalicylic decarboxylase involved in the 6- methylsalicylic acid conversion into m-cresol. The second objective consists of the study of the patulin regulation. For that, a patL mutated strain was generated and the patulin production and the patulin gene cluster expression were assessed. The mutation of this gene results in a down-regulation of the rest of the genes in the cluster associated with a lack of patulin production. Pathogenicity tests on apples revealed that patulin could act as a virulence factor in some apple varieties, like Golden Delicious or Pink Lady. In the last part of this thesis, the influence of different wavelength lights on the growth and the patulin production by Penicillium expansum were assessed in vitro and in vivo. In both cases, growth and patulin production were significantly affected under white, blue and red lights. Consequently, the apple storage under these lights could be a good alternative to the storage in the dark. In conclusion, this thesis presents a fundamental aspect that consist in the characterization of the patulin gene cluster in Penicillium expansum and the characterization of the second step of this pathway. An applied aspect is also provided by the use of the different wavelength lights to prevent the Penicillium expansum contamination during apple storage.

Blastocystis est un protozoaire anaérobie trouvé dans le tube digestif de l’homme et de nombreux animaux. Il est à ce jour le parasite intestinal le plus fréquemment retrouvé dans les selles humaines. Dix-sept sous-types (ST1 à ST17) ont été décrits en se basant sur la comparaison des séquences du gène de l’ARNr 18S. L’infection à Blastocystis est associée à une variété de troubles gastro-intestinaux et plusieurs études suggèrent une corrélation entre la pathogénicité et le ST du parasite. Trois différents axes de recherche ont été développés. Le premier s’est focalisé sur la prévalence et la biodiversité génétique de ce parasite dans les populations humaines. Des études épidémiologiques ont été menées en France et au Liban mais aussi en Afrique en réalisant la première enquête au Sénégal. Le sous-typage des isolats a été réalisé par PCR en temps réel en ciblant un domaine du gène de l’ARNr 18S suivi d’un séquençage direct du produit de PCR. Au Liban, la prévalence de Blastocystis était de 20% dans la population globale avec une corrélation entre le ST1 et le développement de symptômes gastro-intestinaux. Dans le même pays, cette prévalence dépassait les 60% chez des patients symptomatiques et des écoliers. Au Sénégal, la prévalence observée est la plus importante jamais décrite pour ce parasite puisqu’elle atteignait 100% dans une population d’une centaine d’enfants vivant en milieu rural. Ces données soulignent l’impact socioéconomique de la blastocystose dans les pays en développement où les conditions sanitaires sont souvent précaires. En France, une prévalence importante de 18% a pourtant été observée dans une large étude épidémiologique englobant des patients présentant ou non des symptômes et suivis dans 11 hôpitaux répartis sur tout le territoire français. Le ST3 est prédominant suivi des STs 1, 2 et 4 comme dans une majorité de pays à travers le monde. Le deuxième axe s’est concentré sur l’identification des facteurs de risque de transmission de Blastocystis à l’homme. Le parasite a été recherché dans les selles de vaches et de patients ainsi que dans des échantillons d’eau consommée par l’homme et les animaux dans une région géographique limitée du Nord Liban. 30% des échantillons humains, 69% des échantillons d'eau et 80% des échantillons de bovins étaient positifs pour le parasite. Le ST3 était prédominant dans les échantillons humains et d’eau suivi des ST1, ST2 et ST4. Par contre, ST10 et ST14 étaient prédominants chez les bovins mais ces deux STs n’ont pas été retrouvés dans les autres types d’échantillons. Pour expliquer l'absence des ST10 et ST14 dans ces échantillons, une transmission de ces STs par contact direct entre les bovins et/ou l'absence de formes kystiques transmissibles pour ces STs ont été proposées. Ce parasite a aussi été recherché dans les selles de nombreux groupes d’animaux du zoo de La Palmyre en France. Nous avons montré que près de 40% des selles analysés étaient positives pour Blastocystis et identifié de nouveaux réservoirs d'infections pour l’homme chez les carnivores. La prévalence du parasite atteignait 60% chez les primates chez lesquels les ST1 à ST5 identifiés sont identiques à ceux observés chez l'homme confirmant la faible spécificité d’hôte de ces STs. Dans une autre étude, la prévalence de Blastocystis était de seulement 3,5% dans une population de chiens en France suggérant que cet animal n'est pas un hôte naturel de Blastocystis. Enfin, pour clarifier la pathogénicité de ce parasite, le troisième axe de mes travaux a souligné le caractère invasif de Blastocystis dans un cas de péritonite appendiculaire chez une fillette de 9 ans de retour du Maroc. Seul Blastocystis a été détecté dans les selles, l’appendice, le liquide péritonéal et le sac de Douglas de cette patiente. Une gastro-entérite s’est de plus déclarée simultanément chez 26 membres de la famille de l'enfant suggérant une épidémie qui pourrait trouver son origine dans la consommation commune d’une eau contaminée. / Blastocystis sp. is an anaerobic parasitic protozoa found in the digestive tract of humans and numerous animals. To date, it is the most common intestinal parasite found in human feces with worldwide distribution. Seventeen subtypes (ST1-ST17) have been described based on the comparison of SSU rRNA gene sequences. Blastocystis infection is associated with various gastrointestinal disorders and many studies suggest a correlation between Blastocystis STs and pathogenicity. My work was developed on three different topics. The first concerned the prevalence and the genetic biodiversity of the parasite in human populations. Epidemiological studies were conducted in France and Lebanon but also in Africa by performing the first survey of this parasite in Senegal. Subtyping of the isolates was performed by real-time PCR targeting a domain of the SSU rRNA gene followed by direct sequencing of the PCR product. In Lebanon, the prevalence of Blastocystis reached 20% in the general population and we demonstrated a correlation between ST1 infection and the presence of symptoms. In the same country, this prevalence was 60% in schoolchildren and patients presenting gastrointestinal symptoms. Strikingly, the prevalence of Blastocystis in a population of one hundred children living in a rural area reached 100% in Senegal and more than half of the infected children by the parasite presented gastrointestinal disorders. These latter studies highlighted the socioeconomic impact of blastocystosis in developing countries with poor hygiene sanitation. In France, a large-scale molecular epidemiological study was performed including patients presenting or not gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected during winter and summer in 11 hospitals spread all over the French territory. We observed a high prevalence of Blastocystis in the french population with an average of 18.2% and the predominance of ST3 followed by ST1, ST4 and ST2 as in numerous countries. We also identified seasonal variations since the average prevalence of the parasite is 13.6% in winter and 23.1% in summer. The second topic focused on the identification of the risk factors of Blastocystis transmission to humans. We searched this parasite in bovid and human stools as well as in drinking water samples consumed by bovids and breeders in a limited geographic area of North-Lebanon. 30% of human samples, 69% of water samples and 80% of bovid samples were positive for the parasite. Interestingly ST3 is predominant in human and water samples followed by ST1, ST2 and ST4. ST10 and ST14 were predominant in bovid but both STs are lacking in human and water samples. To explain the lack of ST10 and ST14 in human and water samples, we suggested a transmission of these STs occurring through direct contact between bovid and / or the absence of transmissible cystic forms of these STs. Furthermore, this parasite was searched in the stools of numerous animal groups in the zoo of La Palmyre in France. We showed that nearly 40% of the analyzed stools were positive for Blastocystis and identified new reservoirs of human infections in carnivores. The prevalence of the parasite reached 60% in primates in which the identified ST1 to ST5 are identical to those observed in humans confirming the limited host specificity of these STs. In another study, we showed that the prevalence of Blastocystis was of only 3.5% in a population of one hundred dogs in France suggesting that this pet is not a natural host of Blastocystis. Finally, to clarify the pathogenicity of this parasite, the third topic highlighted the invasive character of Blastocystis observed in a case of appendicular peritonitis in a 9-year old girl returning from Morocco. Only Blastocystis was detected in stools, appendix, peritoneal liquid and Douglas pouch of the patient. Interestingly, simultaneous gastroenteritis occurred in 26 members of the child’s family suggested an outbreak with contaminated water as probable origin.

Pasteurella multocida é um dos principais patógenos envolvidos nas broncopneumonias infecciosas em suínos. Apesar de ser considerada agente secundário à pneumonia enzoótica causada pelo Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e por agentes virais como o vírus da influenza suína, há evidências do seu envolvimento como agente primário. Neste contexto, o primeiro estudo desenvolvido teve como objetivo desenvolver um método de reprodução experimental de pneumonia por P. multocida A cepa 11246 em suínos infectados com diferentes concentrações de inóculo. Um segundo estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de demonstrar diferenças fenotípicas, moleculares e patogênicas entre cepas de P. multocida A isoladas de casos clínicos de pneumonia em granjas comerciais de suínos de vários estados brasileiros. No primeiro experimento os suínos foram desafiados por gotejamento intranasal lento com inóculo de diferentes concentrações de P. multocida A cepa 11246 [Grupo (G1): 108 Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC)/ml; G2: 107 UFC/ml; G3: 106 UFC/ml e G4: 105 UFC/ml]. Foram utilizados dois suínos por grupo com aproximadamente 100 dias de idade. Neste, todas as concentrações de inóculo demonstraram a capacidade da bactéria em causar doença respiratória grave e septicemia nos animais inoculados. Utilizando-se a mesma metodologia de desafio, com inóculo de 107 UFC/ml, o segundo estudo, ao desafiar 64 suínos igualmente distribuídos em oito grupos (G1 a G8) com oito diferentes cepas de P. multocida A (uma cepa por grupo), os resultados demonstraram a presença de cepas muito patogênicas (G1-11246, G2-11229, G3-16614 e G7-17044); pouco patogênicas (G4-16618 e G5-16972); e apatogênicas (G6-17034 e G8-17078), de acordo com a gravidade das alterações clinico-patológicas desenvolvidas. Na avaliação patológica dos animais desafiados, observaram-se três padrões de lesões distintas, associadas ou não entre si: 1. broncopneumonia fibrinonecrótica cranioventral com pleurite fibrinosa (G1, G3, G7); 2. pleurite difusa uni ou bilateral, associada ou não com pericardite e peritonite (G3, G5, G7) e; 3. pleuropneumonia necrossupurativa focal, geralmente no lobo cardíaco (G1, G2; G3, G4, G7). Na análise genotípica, nos padrões de PFGE obtidos após a macro-restrição com a enzima ApaI, as cepas patogênicas (Nos 11246, 11229, 16614, 16618, 16972 e 17044) foram classificadas no mesmo grupo, com homologia variando de 67,3 a 100%, diferenciando-se das cepas apatogências (Nos 17034 e 17078), que pertenceram a outro grupo, com homologia de apenas 52,7% com as demais amostras. Coletivamente, os resultados demonstraram padrões distintos de patogenicidade de diferentes cepas de P. multocida, os quais podem estar associados à características genéticas das cepas. Adicionalmente o estudo demonstrou a atuação primária de algumas cepas de P. multocida em pneumonias, pleurites e septicemias em suínos. / Pasteurella multocida is one of the main pathogens involved in infectious bronchopneumonia in swine. Although considered a secondary agent to the enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and viral agents as the swine influenza, there are evidences related to its involvement as a primary agent. In this context, the first study undertaken aimed at developing an experimental reproduction method of pneumonia caused by P. multocida A Strain 11246 in swine infected with different inoculum concentrations. A second study was conducted aiming demonstrating phenotypic, molecular and pathogenic differences between the strains of P. multocida A isolated from clinical cases of pneumonia in commercial swine farms in several Brazilian states. In the first experiment, swine were challenged by slow intranasal drip with different inoculum concentrations of P. multocida A strain 11246 [Group (G1): 108 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml; G2: 107 CFU/ml; G3: 106 CFU/ml and G4: 105 CFU/ml]. Two swine per group with approximately 100 days of age were used. In these animals all inoculum concentrations demonstrated the bacteria capability to cause severe respiratory disease and septicemia in the inoculated animals. Using the same challenge methodology inoculating 107 CFU/ml at the second study when challenging 64 swine equally distributed into eight groups (G1 to G8) with eight different strains of P. multocida A (one strain per group) results showed the presence of highly pathogenic strains (G1-11246, G2- 11229, G3-16614 e G7-17044); less pathogenic (G4-16618 e G5-16972); and apathogenic (G6-17034 e G8-17078), according to the severity of the clinical and pathological alterations developed. In the pathologic evaluation of challenged animals, we observed three distinct patterns of injuries associated or not with each other: 1. Cranioventral fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis (G1, G3, G7); 2. Difuse uni or bilateral pleuritis pleuritis, associated or not with pericarditis and peritonitis (G3, G5, G7) and; 3. Necrosuppurative focal pleuropneumonia, generally in the cardiac lobe (G1, G2, G3, G4, G7). In genotypic analysis, the PFGE patterns obtained after the macro-restriction with ApaI enzyme, the pathogenic strains (# 11246, 11229, 16614, 16618, 16972 and 17044) were classified in the same group, with homology ranging from 67.3 to 100%, differing from the apathogenic strains (# 17034 and 17078), which belonged to another group, with only 52.7% homology with the other samples. Collectively, the results showed distinct patterns in different pathogenic strains of P. multocida, which may be associated with the genetic features of the strains. Additionally, the reasearch demonstrated the primary role of some strains of P. multocida in pneumonia, pleuritis and septicemia in swine.

O cancro cítrico é considerado na atualidade uma das doenças mais perigosas e prejudiciais à citricultura brasileira e mundial, devido aos danos causados na produção e qualidade dos frutos, sendo a Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) a bactéria fitopatogênica responsável por tais prejuízos. Nosso laboratório iniciou estudos de identificação e análise funcional das interações proteína-proteína de Xac envolvendo sistemas importantes para sua patogenicidade (Alegria et. al., 2004). Nosso objetivo principal foi o estudo funcional e fisiológico de interações já identificadas entre proteínas do sistema de secreção do tipo III (T3SS) da Xac. O foco de nossa pesquisa foi tentar desvendar a importância biológica, na patogenicidade de Xac, das interações proteína-proteína: HrpB2-HrcU; HpaA-HpaB-HrcV; HrpD6-HrpB1- HrpW. Com este intuito clonamos, expressamos e purificamos as proteínas recombinantes. Produzimos soros policlonais específicos contra cada uma das proteínas citadas acima. Estudamos a interação entre as proteínas in vitro por meio de técnicas como Far-Western Blot, Pull Down, fluorescência e dicroísmo circular. Outro enfoque do nosso trabalho foi monitorar a contribuição individual destas proteínas no desenvolvimento da doença in planta. Para isso produzimos cepas de Xac mutantes para os genes hrpB2, hrcU, hpaA, hpaB, hrpB1 e hrpG. Os nocautes não polares foram infiltrados em plantas de laranja pêra, assim como também as cepas de complementação correspondentes, e assim foi testada a habilidade de desenvolver o cancro cítrico e/ou reverter os sintomas da doença. Também foi monitorada a capacidade de multiplicação e sobrevida in planta das cepas Xac ΔhrpB2, ΔhrcU e ΔhpaB, assim como a secreção das proteínas HrpB2 e HpaA pelo T3SS de Xac. Estudamos com mais detalhe a possível função de HrpB2 no T3SS de Xac, desenvolvendo experimentos para determinar a região da proteína imprescindível para sua função permanecer inalterada. Realizamos mutações sítio dirigidas, a fim de introduzir códons de terminação em diferentes regiões da proteína e testar a habilidade desses fragmentos de reverter os sintomas da doença na planta. Monitoramos a capacidade de proteínas mutantes de reverter fenótipos de patogenicidade em citrus, ausentes na cepa Xac ΔhrpB2 e revertidos na cepa de complementação Xac ΔhrpB2+pUFR047_hrpB2. Desta maneira, determinamos que os últimos seis aminoácidos de HrpB2 estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento da/s função/ões em Xac. / Citrus canker, caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac), is a disease with significant economic consequences for the Brazilian and global citrus industry due to reductions in production and fruit quality. Our laboratory has initiated studies for the identification and functional analysis of protein-protein interactions involving Xac systems involved in pathogenicity (Alegria et. al., 2004). One objective has been to study functional and physiological interactions between proteins that make up the Xac Type III secretion system (T3SS). The focus of the present study is to unravel the biological significance in Xac pathogenicity of the following previously identified protein-protein interactions: HrpB2-HrcU; HpaA-HpaBHrcV; HrpD6-HrpB1-HrpW. With therefore cloned, expressed and purified the above-mentioned recombinant proteins. Specific polyclonal serum were produced and interactions between the proteins were studied in vitro using a variety of methods, including Far-Western Blot, Pull Down, fluorescence and circular dichroism. To monitor the individual contribution of these proteins in disease development in planta, we produced mutant Xac strains in which the hrpB2, hrcU, hpaA, hpaB, hrpB1 and hrpG genes were disrupted. The nonpolar knockouts as well as the corresponding complementation strains were infiltrated into Citrus sensensis plants and the development of citrus canker symtoms and bacterial proliferation in planta was evaluated. We also evaluated the T3SS-dependent secretion of proteins HpaA and HrpB2 by these Xac mutant strains. Structure-function relationships of the HrpB2 protein were studied in more detail. We developed experiments to determine the region of the protein essential for its function. We produced a series of hrpB2 mutants which were used to complement the hrpB2 knockout strain and evaluated their abilities to reverse the symptoms of the disease in the plant. The results demonstrate that the last six amino acids HrpB2 are important for its function in the development of disease symptoms by Xac.