I denna fallstudie har vi undersökt hur en krigsfilm kan använda sig av olika gestaltningar och representationer av “vi och dem” och därför riskerar att sprida propaganda och därigenom även potentiellt påverka dagordningen genom att påverka den rådande diskursen. Vi valde filmen American Sniper som empiriskt material då den är baserad på verkliga händelser och att vi därför kan se huruvida detta påverkar möjligheten att använda spelfilm för att potentiellt påverka diskursen. Genom användandet av en multimodal kritisk diskursanalys har vi tittat närmare på innehållet och maktrelationerna i filmen, för att slutligen kunna besvara följande frågeställningar:  Hur representeras och gestaltas “vi och dem” genom orientalism, nationalism och patriotism i innehållet?  Hur fungerar dessa fenomen tillsammans för att skapa ett innehåll som kan upplevas som propagerande?  Hur fungerar dessa fenomen tillsammans för att skapa en diskurs som potentiellt kan påverka dagordningen?  Analysen lutar sig mot ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av representationsteori, gestaltningsteori, “vi och dem”, orientalism, patriotism, nationalism, propaganda och dagordningsteori. Studien analyserar scener från filmen valda utefter den anglosaxiska dramaturgiska kurvan. Genom att använda oss av analyskategorierna lexikala val, visuella val, narrativa strukturer och sociala aktörer tittar vi närmare på gestaltning och representation för att upptäcka olika framställningar av “vi och dem” i form av orientalism, nationalism och patriotism för att kunna besvara den första frågeställningen. I diskussionen redogör vi för hur dessa fenomen potentiellt skulle kunna ha inflytande över dagordning och att det med hjälp av olika strategier även kan sprida mjuk propaganda, vilket besvarar den andra och tredje frågeställningen. Resultatet i studien sammanfattas med att “vi och dem” gestaltas genom ofördelaktiga gestaltningar och en brist på individualitet vilket visar på orientalistiska diskurser i filmen. Detta, ihop med enbart positiva skildringar av de egna i filmen, visar upp nationalistiska drag. Genom hela filmen finns en känsla av patriotism genom huvudpersonens brinnande kärlek för sitt land och sin vilja att dö för att skydda det. Genom dessa gestaltningar blir innehållet i filmen vinklat på ett fördelaktigt sätt för USA och tack vare att filmen blev en biosuccé och fick stort erkännande i filmkretsar så kan innehållet komma att påverka diskursen och eventuellt även dagordningen. Därigenom tillåts det propagandistiska och vinklade innehållet att spridas till amerikanska invånare såväl som resterande delar av världen. / In this case study we have examined how a war movie can use different types of framings and representations of “us and them” and therefore run the risk of spreading propaganda and thereby potentially influence the agenda. We chose the movie American Sniper as our empirical material because it is based upon true events and real persons and we can therefore expect to see how this potentially affects the ability to influence the public opinion. Through the use of a multimodal critical discourse analysis we have looked closer on the movie’s content and the power relations within the movie to be able to answer our question at issue:   How does the movie represent and frame “us and them” through the use of orientalism, nationalism and patriotism?  How do this phenomenon work together to create  a content that could be seen as  propagandistic?  How do these phenomena work together to create a discourse that could potentially influence the agenda?   The theoretical framework used in the analysis consists of representation theory, framing theory, orientalism, “us and them”, patriotism, nationalism, propaganda and agenda setting theory. The study analyzes scenes from the movie chosen from the building stones of the classical dramaturgy. By applying the analaysis categories of lexical choices visual choices, narrative structure and social actors can we take a closer look at the framing and representation to discover different fabrications of  “us and them” in the form of orientalsim, nationalism and patriotism to be able to answer the first question at issue.  In the discussion we have given an account of these phenomena’s influence over the agenda setting and how they, with the help of different strategies, could spread “soft propaganda”, which answers the second question at issue. The result of the study can be summarized with the facts that “us and them” appears through the use of disadvantageous portrayals and the lack of individuality which shows the orientalistic discourses in the movie. This, combined with only positivistic depiction of “us” in the movie, shows nationalistic features. Throughout the movie a feeling of patriotism is mediated through the main character’s love for his country and the fact that he is willing to die to protect it. Through these representations the content is framed in a way that is beneficial for the US. And because American Sniper became a blockbuster and got recognized in the film industry with several awards and nominations, the movie’s content can influence the discourse and furthermore perhaps the agenda. Through this the propagandistic content is distributed to American citizens as well as the rest of the world.

The focus of this essay is the interaction between the male characters in the play Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw and how those characters position themselves according to R.W. Connell’s theories on hegemonic masculinity. Connell’s theories can be productively applied to Shaw’s play, highlighting many similarities and exposing interesting patterns. The most striking example of this is the fact that Captain Bluntschli, the character that finally reaches the top of the hierarchical ladder of hegemonic masculinity, does that by repudiating conventional masculine ideals where patriotism, soldiering and violence are core ingredients. Bluntschli’s ascendance within the hierarchy is built upon consent from the other male characters in the play, which is in line with what Connell argues about complicity being one of the most important factors of hegemonic masculinity. The other male characters jointly give way to Bluntschli, thus accepting his general critique of what they used to consider self-evident masculine values and ideals that they have felt compelled to live up to. For Major Sergius Saranoff the new way to look upon masculinity implies great relief. He can finally give in to his true self and let down his guard against the people around him, and he also dares follow his heart and marry below his class.    My conclusion is that Shaw, apart from satirizing love, war and heroism, wanted Arms and the Man to convey a message that there are alternative ways for men to gain respect and be considered highly masculine than through violence, economic power and oppression. If Shaw had been presented with Connell’s theories on hegemonic masculinity he would probably have felt even more inspired in his mission to argue against destructive masculine ideals as expressed in patriotism and war.

published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

On vit à l’ère de la mondialisation : on se rapproche plus que jamais d’un marché libre. Pourtant, de plus un plus, on entend des voix évoquant la notion de patriotisme économique pour décrire certains comportements menaçant ce nouveau système mondial. Intéressée à découvrir les raisons cachées ainsi que les formes qu’il peut prendre, cette recherche met au point le patriotisme économique. A partir de la théorie, à travers la pratique, de la perspective macro et micro et sous le prisme de l'économie, mais en tenant compte des conclusions des autres sciences sociales, on analyse, décrit, compare et déduit sur cette notion et ses implications sur le système économique mondial. Egalement, cette thèse apporte les résultats d'une recherche faite sur le comportement économique-patriotique des consommateurs serbes. Grosso modo, on conclut qu'à un moment donné, tout agent économique, Etat, société, individu, peut devenir un patriote économique. Egalement, ce n'est que la forme des manifestations du patriotisme économique qui changent au fil des siècles en fonction des conditions externes, surtout du système mondial actuel. On trouve que le patriotisme économique n'est qu'une aspiration de mettre en priorité ses propres intérêts économiques, même au-delà des objectifs communs, globaux, tel qu’il soit un marché complètement libre. Finalement, ce que le travail montre en étudiant les dessous, les formes, les types du patriotisme économique et comment se montre-t ’il en pratique en faisant face à un marché soi-disant libre, c’est que le patriotisme économique est une règle et le marché libre juste une exception. / Living in an era of globalization, we approached to the free market ideal more than ever. Yet, we hear more and more voices evoking the notion of economic patriotism to describe certain behaviors threatening the new global system. Interested in discovering the reasons hidden behind, and the forms it can take, this research analyzes the economic patriotism. From theory to practice and both macro and micro perspective and taking into account the findings of economic but also of other social sciences, this thesis analysis, describes, compares and deduces about this concept and its implications on the global economic system. Also, the research includes a field study conducted on the economic-patriotic behavior of Serbian consumers. General conclusion is that at certain point, any economic agent - state, society, individual, can become an economic patriot. It is only the forms of manifestations of economic patriotism that change over the centuries depending on external factors such is the current global economic system. Economic patriotism is nothing more than an aspiration to put one’s own economic interests in priority, even beyond global objectives, as it is an ideal of the free market. Finally, what this study shows researching about the reasons, forms, manifestations and types of economic patriotism and how it revels itself in practice facing a so-called free market, is that the economic patriotism is a rule and free market just an exception.

I wrote this work with the nation's Bicentennial Celebration in mind. I was completed on Dec. 1, 1975. I hope the musicians who perform it will do so with the same attitude of pride in being an American that I feel and that I experienced as I wrote it. The underlying motive, in the beginning, was to write a "Bicentennial piece" that would be totally different from other works that would be most surely coming out in the '75-'76 Bicentennial year. I chose the vocal medium first because the ability to sing is God's gift to man. It is 'natural' music. I chose the brass accompaniment because of the power of the instruments themselves, hinting at the power of the nation. I chose percussion to add flare, variety, and vitality, the very pulse and drive of the nation. To my knowledge, the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, the Preamble to the Constitution, and the Pledge to the Flag had never before been set to music as I did in America Sings. These are relatively obscure documents in the music world and yet so vital to America's history. I combined the two: 4 significant documents in the history of the nation, and musical treatise. Finally, the original status of these documents was that they were to be read or recited; so the Narrator provides the continuing story of why America Sings. There are two basic musical ideas that seem to recur throughout the piece. One is the use if V-I-V scale degree pattern in both vocal and brass parts. This recurring pattern gives the feeling of "looking upward." The other is a recurring I-V melody bass pattern in the tuba and timpani parts, implying an old American march. The piece is in oratorio form.

<p>The persistent presence of refugees challenges political theorists to rethink our approaches to citizenship and national sovereignty. I look to philosopher Simone Weil (1909-1943), who brings to the Western tradition her insight as a refugee who attended to other refugees. Deploying the tropes of Threshold, Refuge, and Attention (which I garner and elaborate from her writings) I read Weil as an eminently political theorist whose practice of befriending political strangers maintains the urgent, interrogative insight of the refugee while tempering certain "temptations of exile." On my reading, Weil's body of theory travels physically and conceptually among plural, intersecting, and conflicting bodies politic, finding in each a source of limited, imperfect, and precious Refuge.</p><p>I then put Weil into conversation with several contemporary scholars - Michael Walzer, Martha Nussbaum, and Kwame Anthony Appiah - each of whom takes up a problematic between duties to existing political community and the call to engagements with political strangers. Bringing Weilian theory to bear on this conversation, I argue that polity depends deeply on those who heed the call to assume variously particular, vocational, and unenforceable duties across received borders. </p><p>Finally, by way of furthering Weil's incomplete experiments in Attention to the other, I look to "accompaniment" and related strategies adopted by human rights activists in recent decades in the Americas. These projects, I suggest, display many traits in common with Weil's political sensibility, but they also demonstrate possibilities beyond those imagined by Weil herself. As such, they provide practical guidance to those of us confronting political failures and refugee flows in the Western hemisphere today. I conclude that politico-humanitarian movements' own bodies of theory and practice point the way to sustained, cross-border, political relations.</p> / Dissertation

This thesis examines Jin Yong¡¦s martial arts novels under the aspect of national consciousness. It first reviews the historical development of martial arts fiction and discusses when and under which circumstances phenomena like national consciousness, nationalism, and patriotism became essential elements of martial arts fiction. There follows an analysis of seven Jin Yong martial arts novels to point out each novel¡¦s characteristics with respect to national consciousness, and to discuss the changes of the patriotism subject in Jin Yong¡¦s works. Another focus is on the reaction and evaluation of literary critics towards Jin Yong¡¦s works. The author analyses the critics¡¦ attitude to the ¡§Chineseness¡¨ of Jin Yong¡¦s novels, and further discusses the Chinese characteristics of martial arts fiction, including a comparison of Chinese martial arts novels and Western adventure novels.

Thesis--Münster. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [452]-483).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2009. / Thesis directed by Michael P. Zuckert for the Department of Political Science. "December 2009." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 418-423).

SUMMARY Rasa Žąsytienė. Preschool-age children’s with speech and communication disorders public spirit development rudiments. Master work supervisor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Zenonas Bajoriūnas. Vilnius Pedagogical University. Educology Department. Vilnius. 2006. P. 73. Many Lithuanian and foreign scientists state that it is especially advantageous to develop civil consciousness in the early childhood when children are interested in the surrounding world, are not afraid to do a mistake when dealing with various problems, and willingly perform social tasks. The public spirit does not depend on the age. It is not only the knowledge of essential information, principles, and cognition of rules. It is more a desire and perception, that participation in societal life is a duty. It is noticeable, that not enough attention is paid to public spirit’s development in the preschool age. The research of rudiments of public spirit’s development in preschoolers with speech and communication disorders is one of the methods, how to develop and adjust children’s speech and communication. The perception of civil world is a basis for their propaedeutical (preliminary teaching), moral, and ethical upbringing. The purpose of the research was to reveal the realia of public spirit’s development in preschoolers with speech and communication disorders. The goals of the research: to render literature’s analytical survey of the chosen theme; to reveal a state of public spirit’s... [to full text]