4 pp. / The alfalfa aphid discussed in this publication includes blue alfalfa aphid, pea aphid, and the spotted alfalfa aphid. This publication discusses the biology of these alfalfa aphids, the damages they cause, the resistant varieties and biological control, and their monitoring and treatments.

No description available.

A integração das espécies de adubos verdes, que imobilizam P, com a aplicação de fontes minerais fosfatadas é uma das medidas agronômicas mais promissoras para melhorar a disponibilidade de P para a cultura principal, com o objetivo de recuperar a fertilidade do solo, aumentar a matéria orgânica do solo e assim, otimizar eficiência de fertilizantes minerais. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar entre as espécies de adubos verdes mais eficientes em absorver o P na forma menos disponível e pela marcação isotópica destas plantas com ³²P, quantificar o aproveitamento deste nutriente proveniente dos adubos verdes e do fertilizante mineral pela cultura da cana-de-açúcar e do arroz, determinando suas reais contribuições como fonte de P. O estudo foi desenvolvido três fases, em amostras de Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico, com baixo teor de P, em casa-de-vegetação no CENA/USP. O primeiro experimento foi realizado com a finalidade de identificar e selecionar entre as 25 espécies de adubos verdes (AV) mais eficientes em absorver P através de métodos de diluição isotópica. As plantas foram cultivadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Com os resultados (13 variáveis) das 25 espécies de adubo verde realizou-se análise estatística de componentes principais (PCA) e de agrupamento hierárquico (AHA) visando grupar os mais similares. A PCA foi explicada pelas duas primeiras componentes, definidas como P acumulado na planta e o valor L, resultando em três grupos, sendo o tremoço a espécies mais eficiente em absorver o P menos disponível, portanto, há diferença entre as espécies quanto à absorção. A partir desses grupos foram selecionadas algumas espécies de adubos verdes para avaliar o aproveitamento do P (AP) do adubo verde e do superfosfato triplo (SFT) pela raiz e parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar (experimento II) e pela parte aérea do arroz (experimento III) através da técnica da diluição isotópica. Para a cana-de-açúcar, foram selecionados braquiária ruziziensis, crotalária juncea, guandu anão, estilosante cv. Campo grande e para o arroz, a crotalária juncea e guandu anão e quatro doses de SFT (0; 30; 60 e 120 mg/vaso de P). Em média, os AVs apresentaram baixo aproveitamento, sendo 0,1 % pela raiz da cana; 0,8% pela parte aérea da cana e 2,0% pelo arroz. Para SFT, o AP pela raiz da cana foi de 1,0%; 9,9% pela parte aérea e 4,0% pelo arroz. Assim, o AP do SFT é superior aos dos adubos verdes para as duas culturas, independente das espécies de adubos verdes. Obtêm-se maior aproveitamento do SFT para ambas as culturas, na dose de 30 mg/vaso de P. O P do adubo verde não é suficiente para suprir a total demanda da cultura principal, mas favorece a absorção do P pela cultura quando associada ao SFT. / Integration of green manures species, which immobilize P, with supplying mineral P sources is one of the most promising agronomic practices for improving the availability of P for the main crop in order to recover soil fertility, increasing soil organic matter and thus optimize the efficiency of mineral fertilizers. The objectives of this work was to select among the green manure species the most efficient in absorbing the less available form of P, and by isotopic labeling of this plants, quantify the use of this nutrient from the green manures and mineral fertilizer by the sugar cane and rice crops, determining their real contributions as a P source. It was developed in three phases, in dystrophic Typical Hapludox, low-P, in the greenhouse in CENA / USP. The first experiment was conducted to identify and select the green manure species the more efficient one in absorbing P by isotopic dilution techniue. The plants were grown in a completely randomized design with three replications. With 25 species of green manures and 13 variables statistical analysis of principal components (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) were carried out in order to group the most similar ones. The PCA was explained by the first two components, defined as plant accumulated P and the L value, resulting three groups, and the white lupin being the most efficient in absorbing less available P, so there is difference between species on the ability to absorb the less available form of soil P absorption. From these groups some species of green manure were selected to evaluate the P use efficiency (PUE), from green manure and triple superphosphate (TSP), both labeled with ³²P, by sugar cane (experiment II) and rice plant (experiment III) through the isotopic dilution technique. Brachiaria, sunnhemp, dwarf pigeon pea, stylosante cv. campo grande were selected for sugar cane and sunnhemp and dwarf pigeon pea for rice, and four rates of TSP (0, 30, 60 and 120 mg P/ pot). On average, the AVs had low PUE, begin 0.1% by the root of sugar cane, 0.8% by shoot of sugar cane and 2.0% by rice. For TSP, the PUE by sugar cane roots were 1.0%, 9.9% by shoots and 4.0% by rice plants. Thus PUE of TSP is greater than that of green manure for both crops, regardless of green manure species. The highest PUE of TSP for both crops was obtained at rate of 30 mg P/pot. The green manure P is not sufficient to meet total demand for the main crop, but improves the absorption of P by the crop when associated with SFT.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-10-20T12:35:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RessignificandoProgramaEscola.pdf: 4282019 bytes, checksum: af9b6f623931912f20a397ef5ed9d7f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-12-13T17:32:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RessignificandoProgramaEscola.pdf: 4282019 bytes, checksum: af9b6f623931912f20a397ef5ed9d7f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T17:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RessignificandoProgramaEscola.pdf: 4282019 bytes, checksum: af9b6f623931912f20a397ef5ed9d7f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / O estudo Ressignificando o Programa Escola Ativa (PEA): caminhos e implantação, teve como objetivo analisar a implantação e implementação desse programa no período de 2008 a 2011, cuja efetivação foi de responsabilidade institucional da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Igarapé-Miri. Inicialmente, fizemos uma contextualização histórica das políticas públicas que tem se apresentado no cenário da Educação do Campo nas últimas décadas, bem como a conceituação de Educação rural e do/no campo. Em seguida discutimos a lógica de planejamento da educação no Brasil e as implicações do Programa de Desenvolvimento da Educação- PDE/MEC, na tradução das políticas implementadas pelos programas desenvolvidos no chão da escola pública brasileira, no caso do nosso objeto de estudo, o Programa Escola Ativa. Trata-se de uma investigação de natureza qualitativa cujas informações coletadas são oriundas de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo (tendo como espaço a Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Igarapé - Miri e duas escolas municipais), que apontaram a satisfação dos docentes com a formação recebida nos módulos ofertados pelo Programa, assim como comprovamos que a referida formação atingiu os docentes das classes multisseriadas da rede municipal, totalizando 237 professores. / The study redefines the Active School Program (EAP): paths and deployment, aimed to analyze the deployment and implementation of this program in the period 2008-2011, which was effective institutional responsibility of the Municipal Education Igarapé-Miri. Initially, we made a historical contextualization of public policies that have been presented in the scenario of Rural Education in recent decades, as well as the conceptualization of rural education and / in the field. Then we discuss the logic of educational planning in Brazil and the implications of the Program for Development of Education PDE / MEC, the translation of policies implemented by programs developed on the floor of the Brazilian public school, in the case of our object of study, the program Active School. This is an investigation of qualitative nature whose information collected are from literature, documentary and field research (space having as the Municipal Education Igarapé - Miri and two municipal schools) that indicated satisfaction with the training of teachers Received the modules offered by the program, as well as proved that such training of teachers reached multi-year classes of municipal, totaling 237 teachers.

Community genetics research investigates the influence of intra-specific genetic variation on species interactions. This rapidly growing research field consists of more than one approach to explore how a significant portion of the environment of a focal species is differentially defined by the expressed genomes of other interacting species. While the basic concept of community genetics is well supported empirically, there is still a set of pertinent issues in need of further investigation. The initial research addressed herein focused on the extent to which the magnitude of a community genetic effect can be moderated when acting in concert with other forces in nature, i.e. the interaction between community genetic effects and the effects of other eco-evolutionary processes such as competition and parasitism. Subsequent research investigated the impact of genetic variation of host plants in agro-ecosystems on the performance (reproductive success) and behaviour (distribution and feeding-site choice) of plant-associated pests such as aphids, especially when pests and their hosts were subject to plant-mediated interactions. In addition, the differential effects of Indirect Ecological Effects (IEEs) and Indirect Genetic effects (IGEs) on the emergence of shared (extended) phenotypes between natural enemies (i.e. biological control agents and phytophagous insects) were examined. I provide clear evidence for significant effects of the genetic variation of host plant on aphid performance, behaviour and intra- and inter-specific competition. My findings also give credence to the concept of reciprocal moderation between plant genotype and aphid competition. I also provide observations on competition that segues into less antagonistic and possibly into a more cooperative form of interaction. In addition, I establish novel systems of economically important crop genotypes, noxious sap-feeding aphid species and root-galling nematodes. I also devise an amalgamated approach to interpret the interwoven set of mechanisms that underpin the observations presented and conclusions drawn. I also provide further investigation on the role of Indirect Ecological Effects (IEEs) between root-knot nematodes and sap-feeding aphids, and demonstrate the influence of in-plant variation on the interaction between the spatially separated plant consumers. Furthermore, I use a quantitative genetic experimental design in order to demonstrate a differential impact of parasitoid genotype on the behaviour of its aphid host. As such, I provide some of the clearest evidence to date that the phenotype of an organism can be the product of the genes expressed in another organism via Inter-specific Indirect Genetic Effects (IIGEs). Finally, I conducted research on epiphytic bromeliads and their associated faunal communities in the tropics. Here I demonstrate that the influence of intra-specific genetic variation of the host plant on the associated ecological communities may be more universal than previously conceived, with a plausible role for such variation in the maintenance of biological diversity. My research provides evidence for the genetic basis of species interactions and, interestingly, a genetic basis for the evolutionary arms-race between foragers and their hosts. My doctoral work adds new evidence to the increasing literature on the evolutionary importance of (Genotype x Genotype) interactions and (Genotype x Genotype x Environment) interactions in shaping the dynamics of pest communities, which in turn can affect plant phenotype and can influence the properties and services of the focal ecosystem in which the inter-players live and interact.

A integração das espécies de adubos verdes, que imobilizam P, com a aplicação de fontes minerais fosfatadas é uma das medidas agronômicas mais promissoras para melhorar a disponibilidade de P para a cultura principal, com o objetivo de recuperar a fertilidade do solo, aumentar a matéria orgânica do solo e assim, otimizar eficiência de fertilizantes minerais. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar entre as espécies de adubos verdes mais eficientes em absorver o P na forma menos disponível e pela marcação isotópica destas plantas com ³²P, quantificar o aproveitamento deste nutriente proveniente dos adubos verdes e do fertilizante mineral pela cultura da cana-de-açúcar e do arroz, determinando suas reais contribuições como fonte de P. O estudo foi desenvolvido três fases, em amostras de Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico, com baixo teor de P, em casa-de-vegetação no CENA/USP. O primeiro experimento foi realizado com a finalidade de identificar e selecionar entre as 25 espécies de adubos verdes (AV) mais eficientes em absorver P através de métodos de diluição isotópica. As plantas foram cultivadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Com os resultados (13 variáveis) das 25 espécies de adubo verde realizou-se análise estatística de componentes principais (PCA) e de agrupamento hierárquico (AHA) visando grupar os mais similares. A PCA foi explicada pelas duas primeiras componentes, definidas como P acumulado na planta e o valor L, resultando em três grupos, sendo o tremoço a espécies mais eficiente em absorver o P menos disponível, portanto, há diferença entre as espécies quanto à absorção. A partir desses grupos foram selecionadas algumas espécies de adubos verdes para avaliar o aproveitamento do P (AP) do adubo verde e do superfosfato triplo (SFT) pela raiz e parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar (experimento II) e pela parte aérea do arroz (experimento III) através da técnica da diluição isotópica. Para a cana-de-açúcar, foram selecionados braquiária ruziziensis, crotalária juncea, guandu anão, estilosante cv. Campo grande e para o arroz, a crotalária juncea e guandu anão e quatro doses de SFT (0; 30; 60 e 120 mg/vaso de P). Em média, os AVs apresentaram baixo aproveitamento, sendo 0,1 % pela raiz da cana; 0,8% pela parte aérea da cana e 2,0% pelo arroz. Para SFT, o AP pela raiz da cana foi de 1,0%; 9,9% pela parte aérea e 4,0% pelo arroz. Assim, o AP do SFT é superior aos dos adubos verdes para as duas culturas, independente das espécies de adubos verdes. Obtêm-se maior aproveitamento do SFT para ambas as culturas, na dose de 30 mg/vaso de P. O P do adubo verde não é suficiente para suprir a total demanda da cultura principal, mas favorece a absorção do P pela cultura quando associada ao SFT. / Integration of green manures species, which immobilize P, with supplying mineral P sources is one of the most promising agronomic practices for improving the availability of P for the main crop in order to recover soil fertility, increasing soil organic matter and thus optimize the efficiency of mineral fertilizers. The objectives of this work was to select among the green manure species the most efficient in absorbing the less available form of P, and by isotopic labeling of this plants, quantify the use of this nutrient from the green manures and mineral fertilizer by the sugar cane and rice crops, determining their real contributions as a P source. It was developed in three phases, in dystrophic Typical Hapludox, low-P, in the greenhouse in CENA / USP. The first experiment was conducted to identify and select the green manure species the more efficient one in absorbing P by isotopic dilution techniue. The plants were grown in a completely randomized design with three replications. With 25 species of green manures and 13 variables statistical analysis of principal components (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) were carried out in order to group the most similar ones. The PCA was explained by the first two components, defined as plant accumulated P and the L value, resulting three groups, and the white lupin being the most efficient in absorbing less available P, so there is difference between species on the ability to absorb the less available form of soil P absorption. From these groups some species of green manure were selected to evaluate the P use efficiency (PUE), from green manure and triple superphosphate (TSP), both labeled with ³²P, by sugar cane (experiment II) and rice plant (experiment III) through the isotopic dilution technique. Brachiaria, sunnhemp, dwarf pigeon pea, stylosante cv. campo grande were selected for sugar cane and sunnhemp and dwarf pigeon pea for rice, and four rates of TSP (0, 30, 60 and 120 mg P/ pot). On average, the AVs had low PUE, begin 0.1% by the root of sugar cane, 0.8% by shoot of sugar cane and 2.0% by rice. For TSP, the PUE by sugar cane roots were 1.0%, 9.9% by shoots and 4.0% by rice plants. Thus PUE of TSP is greater than that of green manure for both crops, regardless of green manure species. The highest PUE of TSP for both crops was obtained at rate of 30 mg P/pot. The green manure P is not sufficient to meet total demand for the main crop, but improves the absorption of P by the crop when associated with SFT.

Pulses are an important component in crop rotations in the semiarid Brown soil zone of southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Besides their capability to fix nitrogen, pulse crops establish a strong symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which have been shown to increase nutrient and water uptake through hyphal extensions in the soil. Incorporating strongly mycorrhizal crops in a rotation may increase inoculum levels in the soil and benefit the growth of a subsequent crop. The objective of this study was to determine if AMF potential and colonization of a durum crop is significantly affected by cropping history and to assess the impact of pulses in crop rotations on the abundance and diversity of AMF communities in the soil. In 2004 and 2005, soil, plant, and root samples were taken on Triticum turgidum L. (durum) with preceding crops of Pisum sativum L. (pea), Lens culinaris Medik (lentil), Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea), Brassica napus L. (canola) or Triticum turgidum L. (durum). Although there were few differences in soil N and P levels, previous crop had a significant effect (p<0.05) on durum yields in both years. A previous crop of pea was associated with the highest yields, while the durum monocultures were lowest. Arbuscular mycorrhizal potential and colonization were significantly affected (p<0.05) by cropping history, but not consistently as a result of inclusion of a pulse crop. Phospholipid and neutralipid fatty acids (PLFA/NLFA) were completed to analyse the relative abundance of AMF (C16:1ù5), saprophytic fungi (C18:2ù6), and bacteria in the soil. The effect of treatment on the abundance of AMF, saprotrophic fungi and bacteria were not significant (p<0.05), but the changes over time were. These results demonstrate that although previous crop may play a role in microbial community structure, it is not the only influencing factor.

El propósito de este emprendimiento se centra en el análisis socio-territorial de la Población Económicamente Activa Agropecuaria (PEA Agropecuaria) que se desempeña en la región sur de la provincia de Córdoba, en el contexto de las transformaciones estructurales que se manifiestan en esta etapa del capitalismo agrario avanzado. Se parte de la idea de integrar todos los elementos de estudio en la realidad en que se insertan, procurando buscar la unidad de los fenómenos interactuantes. A tal fin, para desentrañar –en nuestro caso– el complejo mundo del trabajo rural, resulta clave enlazarlo a través de las variables témporo-espaciales con la realidad económica del país y del mundo, a fin de construir un soporte explicativo sobre el desempeño y fluctuaciones de esta fuerza en el ámbito rural. En concreto, esta investigación, luego de abocarse al desarrollo del marco teórico que la sustenta, despliega una mirada geo-histórica sobre la ocupación y el poblamiento del sur cordobés, seguido de un análisis demográfico de dicho espacio. A continuación, trata la dimensión cuantitativa y locacional de la PEA Agropecuaria, como así también la estructura agraria social y productiva, respectivamente. A su vez, dentro de los actores sociales que componen esta fuerza, se analiza en particular el perfil socio-económico de los productores, de los asalariados rurales, de los contratistas de servicio rurales y de las agroindustrias y acopiadoras en el papel de productores primarios, desde la perspectiva geográfica. Luego, se contempla el rol de la mujer trabajadora en el ámbito rural, las clases sociales que se manifiestan en el sector agropecuario y la incidencia de los factores culturales en el paisaje agrario. Por último, se desgranan algunas propuestas específicas a considerar y se deja planteado, a modo de reflexión final, si es válido retomar tradicionales caminos que proponían un reparto más igualitario de la riqueza agropecuaria. En síntesis, esta investigación procura enriquecer, articular y amalgamar en un todo coherente los contenidos temáticos arriba nombrados, a fin de captar en su integralidad las problemáticas socio-territoriales de la fuerza laboral, dado que es esta “acción de nexo” el punto de interés central de la presente tesis.

Pulses are an important component in crop rotations in the semiarid Brown soil zone of southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Besides their capability to fix nitrogen, pulse crops establish a strong symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which have been shown to increase nutrient and water uptake through hyphal extensions in the soil. Incorporating strongly mycorrhizal crops in a rotation may increase inoculum levels in the soil and benefit the growth of a subsequent crop. The objective of this study was to determine if AMF potential and colonization of a durum crop is significantly affected by cropping history and to assess the impact of pulses in crop rotations on the abundance and diversity of AMF communities in the soil. In 2004 and 2005, soil, plant, and root samples were taken on Triticum turgidum L. (durum) with preceding crops of Pisum sativum L. (pea), Lens culinaris Medik (lentil), Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea), Brassica napus L. (canola) or Triticum turgidum L. (durum). Although there were few differences in soil N and P levels, previous crop had a significant effect (p<0.05) on durum yields in both years. A previous crop of pea was associated with the highest yields, while the durum monocultures were lowest. Arbuscular mycorrhizal potential and colonization were significantly affected (p<0.05) by cropping history, but not consistently as a result of inclusion of a pulse crop. Phospholipid and neutralipid fatty acids (PLFA/NLFA) were completed to analyse the relative abundance of AMF (C16:1ù5), saprophytic fungi (C18:2ù6), and bacteria in the soil. The effect of treatment on the abundance of AMF, saprotrophic fungi and bacteria were not significant (p<0.05), but the changes over time were. These results demonstrate that although previous crop may play a role in microbial community structure, it is not the only influencing factor.

ADP Ribosylation Factor 1 (ARF1) is a universal small GTP binding protein which has an important role in vesicular trafficking between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. ARF1 is a basic component of Coat Protein I (COPI) vesicles which have functions in both formation of coatomer complex and recruitment of cargo proteins. In this study, the expression ARF1 was analyzed in pea (P. sativum L. cv. Araka) grown at different developmental stages. Because of the differential hormonal levels at corresponding stages, the effects of hormones on ARF1 expression were also studied. The results of present research show that ARF1 expression in embryos and 2 days grown plants after germination is lower when compared to 6 days grown plants. In order to see the hormonal effect, 3 weeks old plants were supplied with 50&micro / M of each hormone for 3 times on alternate days. Protein extraction, cell fractionation,Western blot was carried out and immunoblot analysis was conducted with AtARF1 polyclonal antibodies. It was shown that, in pea shoots, abscisic acid and gibberellin increases the inactive GDP bound ARF1 by hydrolyzing ARF-GTP through activating ARFGTPase activating protein (ARF-GAP) or partially inhibiting ARF-Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (ARF-GEF). In roots, ARF-GDP (cytosolic fraction), ARF-GTP (microsomal fraction) and total amount of ARF1 (13.000 x g supernatant fraction) were down regulated by ~11, ~19 and ~11 fold respectively with the application of gibberellin / and by ~11, ~7 and ~3 fold respectively with the application of abscisic acid / when compared to control plants. These results indicate the importance of plant hormones in the regulation of ARF1 in pea.