Introdução: Devido à fatores hormonais e mecânicos, a gestação e o parto provocam alterações que podem gerar disfunções do assoalho pélvico (DAP). Os estudos sobre as DAP no puerpério a curto prazo são escassos e fazem uso assistemático de métodos avaliativos. Objetivo: Identificar e avaliar as DAP no pós-parto imediato, um mês e três meses após o parto, comparando parto vaginal (PV), cesárea eletiva (CE) e cesárea intraparto (CI). Métodos: Estudo observacional longitudinal que avaliou mulheres até 48 horas (fase 1); um mês (fase 2) e três meses após o parto (fase 3). Utilizou-se o International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF); o Índice de Incontinência Anal (IA) de Jorge-Wexner; a Escala Análoga Visual (EVA) para dor pélvica; o Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system (POP-Q) e a perineometria dos Músculos do Assoalho Pélvico (MAP), além de questionário estruturado. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 227 pacientes na fase 1 (141 realizaram PV; 28 realizaram CI e 58 realizaram CE); 79 na fase 2 e 41 na fase 3. O escore do ICIQ-SF, índice de IA, EVA e perineometria não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao tipo de parto. O ponto distal do colo uterino apresentou-se mais prolapsado no grupo PV. Conclusão: O tipo de parto não foi um fator significante para o desenvolvimento das DAP no pós-parto a curto prazo. Foi identificado que ocorreu recuperação fisiológica na funcionalidade dos MAP e piora na sustentação da parede vaginal anterior e no impacto da incontinência urinária na qualidade de vida ao longo dos três meses. / Introduction: Due to mechanical and hormonal factors, pregnancy and childbirth triggers changes that can lead to pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). PFD studies in the immediate postpartum period are scarce and do unsystematic use of evaluation methods. Objective: To identify and evaluate the immediate, one month and three months postpartum PFD, comparing vaginal delivery (VD), elective cesarean (ECS) and cesarean indicating (ICS) during labor. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study that assessed postpartum women after up to 48 hours (phase 1); one month (phase 2) and three months (phase 3). The study used the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF); Jorge-Wexner's Anal Incontinence (AI) score; the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pelvic pain; the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP-Q); and a Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) perineometer, as well as a structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 227 patients were assessed in phase 1 (141 had VD, 28 ICS and 58 ECS); 79 in phase 2 and 41 in phase 3. The ICIQ-SF, AI, VAS and perineometer index did not present significant differences in relation to the type of delivery. The distal point of the cervix presented more prolapse in VD. Conclusion: The type of delivery was not a significant factor for the development of postpartum PFD in the short term. The study found that there was physiological recovery of the functionality of PFM and worsening prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall and urinary incontinence over the three months.

Introdução: Devido à fatores hormonais e mecânicos, a gestação e o parto provocam alterações que podem gerar disfunções do assoalho pélvico (DAP). Os estudos sobre as DAP no puerpério a curto prazo são escassos e fazem uso assistemático de métodos avaliativos. Objetivo: Identificar e avaliar as DAP no pós-parto imediato, um mês e três meses após o parto, comparando parto vaginal (PV), cesárea eletiva (CE) e cesárea intraparto (CI). Métodos: Estudo observacional longitudinal que avaliou mulheres até 48 horas (fase 1); um mês (fase 2) e três meses após o parto (fase 3). Utilizou-se o International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF); o Índice de Incontinência Anal (IA) de Jorge-Wexner; a Escala Análoga Visual (EVA) para dor pélvica; o Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system (POP-Q) e a perineometria dos Músculos do Assoalho Pélvico (MAP), além de questionário estruturado. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 227 pacientes na fase 1 (141 realizaram PV; 28 realizaram CI e 58 realizaram CE); 79 na fase 2 e 41 na fase 3. O escore do ICIQ-SF, índice de IA, EVA e perineometria não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao tipo de parto. O ponto distal do colo uterino apresentou-se mais prolapsado no grupo PV. Conclusão: O tipo de parto não foi um fator significante para o desenvolvimento das DAP no pós-parto a curto prazo. Foi identificado que ocorreu recuperação fisiológica na funcionalidade dos MAP e piora na sustentação da parede vaginal anterior e no impacto da incontinência urinária na qualidade de vida ao longo dos três meses. / Introduction: Due to mechanical and hormonal factors, pregnancy and childbirth triggers changes that can lead to pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). PFD studies in the immediate postpartum period are scarce and do unsystematic use of evaluation methods. Objective: To identify and evaluate the immediate, one month and three months postpartum PFD, comparing vaginal delivery (VD), elective cesarean (ECS) and cesarean indicating (ICS) during labor. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study that assessed postpartum women after up to 48 hours (phase 1); one month (phase 2) and three months (phase 3). The study used the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF); Jorge-Wexner's Anal Incontinence (AI) score; the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pelvic pain; the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP-Q); and a Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) perineometer, as well as a structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 227 patients were assessed in phase 1 (141 had VD, 28 ICS and 58 ECS); 79 in phase 2 and 41 in phase 3. The ICIQ-SF, AI, VAS and perineometer index did not present significant differences in relation to the type of delivery. The distal point of the cervix presented more prolapse in VD. Conclusion: The type of delivery was not a significant factor for the development of postpartum PFD in the short term. The study found that there was physiological recovery of the functionality of PFM and worsening prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall and urinary incontinence over the three months.

L’endométriose est définie comme la présence de tissu endométrial et de stroma en dehors de la cavité utérine. Ses localisations les plus fréquentes sont le péritoine pelvien et les ovaires. L’endométriose infiltrante est classiquement décrite comme la présence de tissu endométriotique plus de cinq millimètres sous le péritoine pelvien ou la séreuse d’un organe. Histologiquement il s’agit d’une lésion endométriotique mais qui contrairement aux lésions ovariennes ou péritonéales contient significativement plus de muscle lisse et de fibrose et est davantage associée à la douleur. Les lésions infiltrantes peuvent être responsables de dysménorrhée, dyspareunie profonde et douleurs pelviennes chroniques sévères ayant un charactère hyperalgique tel qu’on peut le retrouver dans les douleurs neuropathiques. Ces douleurs nécessitent souvent la prise de quantités importantes d’antalgiques et ont des répercussions importantes sur la vie professionnelle, quotidienne et sexuelle des femmes atteintes. L’endométriose infiltrante présente un rapport histologique étroit avec les structures nerveuses du rétropéritoine ou les nerfs des organes atteints. Dans sa localisation rectovaginale il existe une relation histologique étroite entre les lésions d’endométriose et les nerfs ainsi qu’une correlation entre l’intensité de la douleur et le nombre de structures nerveuses envahies par l’endometriose ou engaînées dans la fibrose. Ces lésions infiltrantes expriment le «nerve growth factor» (NGF), une neurotrophine qui joue un rôle clé dans la genèse de l’hyperalgie et de la douleur. Les structures nerveuses du rétropéritoine pelvien expriment quant à elles le récepteur spécifique pour la neurotrophine NGF. Le système «NGF-récepteur spécifique» peut être responsable d’un chimiotactisme tissulaire entre les tissus sécrétant du NGF et les nerfs qui expriment le récepteur pour le NGF. Le système «NGF- récepteur spécifique» au sein de la relation endométriose-nerfs pourrait rendre compte du caractère hyperalgique des lésions endométriotiques infiltrantes ainsi, qu’expliquer pourquoi les lésions nodulaires n’apparaissent que dans les sites anatomiques richement innervés (ligaments utérosacrés, lame rectovaginale, paroi du rectum ou du côlon…) et pas ailleurs. Le traitement de première intention est chirurgical. Il convient d’être suffisamment agressif sur les lésions tout en engendrant le moins de séquelles postopératoires possibles sachant que nombre de ces femmes sont stériles. En cas d’atteinte digestive basse, les modalités de l’intervention sont dictées par l’extension et le degré d’infiltration de la paroi digestive. Dans le but de réaliser dans la majorité des cas une chirurgie minimalement invasive (laparoscopique) avec des cicatrices de petites tailles, nous avons développé une stratégie de traitement basée sur le degré d’infiltration de la paroi digestive. Dans ce cadre nous avons développé une technique laparo-assistée de résection colique segmentaire et de résection antérieure du rectum.

In the past decades, technical advances have allowed for the collection and storage of more types and larger quantities of medical data. The increase in the volume of existing medical data has increased the need for processing and analyzing such data. Medical data holds information that is invaluable for diagnostic as well as treatment planning purposes. Presently, a large portion of the data is not optimally used towards medical decisions because information contained in the data is inaccessible through simple human inspection, or traditional computational methods. In the field of trauma medicine, where caregivers are frequently confronted with situations where they need to make rapid decisions based on large amounts of information, the need for reliable, fast and automated computational methods for decision support systems is stringent. Such methods could process and analyze, in a timely fashion, all available medical data and provide caretakers with recommendations/predictions for both patient diagnostic and treatment planning. Presently however, even extracting features that are known to be useful for diagnosis, like presence and location of hemorrhage and fracture, is not easily achievable in automatic manner. Trauma is the main cause of death among Americans age 40 and younger; hence, it has become a national priority. A computer-aided decision making system capable of rapidly analyzing all data available for a patient and forming reliable recommendations for physicians can greatly impact the quality of care provided to patients. Such a system would also reduce the overall costs involved in patient care as it helps in optimizing the decisions, avoiding unnecessary procedures, and customizing treatments for individual patients. Among different types of trauma with a high impact on the lives of Americans, traumatic pelvic injuries, which often occur in motor vehicle accidents and in falls, have had a tremendous toll on both human lives and healthcare costs in the United States. The present project has developed automated computational methods and algorithms to analyze pelvic CT images and extract significant features describing the severity of injuries. Such a step is of great importance as every CT scan consists of tens of slices that need to be closely examined. This method can automatically extract information hidden in CT images and therefore reduce the time of the examination. The method identifies and signals areas of potential abnormality and allows the user to decide upon the action to be taken (e.g. further examination of the image and/or area and neighboring images in the scan). The project also initiates the design of a system that combines the features extracted from biomedical signals and images with information such as injury scores, injury mechanism and demographic information in order to detect the presence and the severity of Traumatic Pelvic Injuries and to provide recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. The recommendations are provided in form of grammatical rules, allowing physicians to explore the reasoning behind these assessments.

In recent decades, more types and quantities of medical data have been collected due to advanced technology. A large number of significant and critical information is contained in these medical data. High efficient and automated computational methods are urgently needed to process and analyze all available medical data in order to provide the physicians with recommendations and predictions on diagnostic decisions and treatment planning. Traumatic pelvic injury is a severe yet common injury in the United States, often caused by motor vehicle accidents or fall. Information contained in the pelvic Computed Tomography (CT) images is very important for assessing the severity and prognosis of traumatic pelvic injuries. Each pelvic CT scan includes a large number of slices. Meanwhile, each slice contains a large quantity of data that may not be thoroughly and accurately analyzed via simple visual inspection with the desired accuracy and speed. Hence, a computer-assisted pelvic trauma decision-making system is needed to assist physicians in making accurate diagnostic decisions and determining treatment planning in a short period of time. Pelvic bone segmentation is a vital step in analyzing pelvic CT images and assisting physicians with diagnostic decisions in traumatic pelvic injuries. In this study, a new hierarchical segmentation algorithm is proposed to automatically extract multiplelevel bone structures using a combination of anatomical knowledge and computational techniques. First, morphological operations, image enhancement, and edge detection are performed for preliminary bone segmentation. The proposed algorithm then uses a template-based best shape matching method that provides an entirely automated segmentation process. This is followed by the proposed Registered Active Shape Model (RASM) algorithm that extracts pelvic bone tissues using more robust training models than the Standard ASM algorithm. In addition, a novel hierarchical initialization process for RASM is proposed in order to address the shortcoming of the Standard ASM, i.e. high sensitivity to initialization. Two suitable measures are defined to evaluate the segmentation results: Mean Distance and Mis-segmented Area to quantify the segmentation accuracy. Successful segmentation results indicate effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm. Comparison of segmentation performance is also conducted using both the proposed method and the Snake method. A cross-validation process is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the training models. 3D pelvic bone models are built after pelvic bone structures are segmented from consecutive 2D CT slices. Automatic and accurate detection of the fractures from segmented bones in traumatic pelvic injuries can help physicians detect the severity of injuries in patients. The extraction of fracture features (such as presence and location of fractures) as well as fracture displacement measurement, are vital for assisting physicians in making faster and more accurate decisions. In this project, after bone segmentation, fracture detection is performed using a hierarchical algorithm based on wavelet transformation, adaptive windowing, boundary tracing and masking. Also, a quantitative measure of fracture severity based on pelvic CT scans is defined and explored. The results are promising, demonstrating that the proposed method not only capable of automatically detecting both major and minor fractures, but also has potentials to be used for clinical applications.

Author of the Thesis: Bc. Andrea Matějková Supervisor of the Thesis: doc. Ing. Monika Šorfová, Ph.D. Title of the Thesis: Relation of function of the pelvic floor to respiration Year of the presentation of the thesis : 2016 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Objetivos: avaliar a atenção e a memória de doentes com dor pélvica crônica (DPC) ou com síndrome complexa de dor regional (SCDR) e correlacionar os resultados à duração e intensidade da dor, à presença de transtornos do humor e à qualidade do sono comparando esses resultados aos do grupo controle composto por indivíduos sem dor. Métodos: sessenta indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 18 a 60 anos e com escolaridade maior ou igual a quatro anos foram avaliados através de uma bateria neuropsicológica para avaliação de atenção e memória, escala para avaliação da intensidade da dor, do humor, e qualidade do sono. Os indivíduos foram organizados em três grupos. O grupo DPC, foi constituído de 20 doentes com dor pélvica; o grupo SCDR, de 20 doentes com síndrome complexa de dor regional; e o grupo controle foi constituído de 20 indivíduos sem dor. Resultados: prevaleceram indivíduos com idade entre 29 e 50 anos, casados, com atividade profissional regular e registrada e com escolaridade de nove a 12 anos. 65% eram mulheres. A maioria dos doentes apresentou dor de moderada a intensa com duração de seis a 15 anos e nenhum com duração de menos de cinco anos. Os doentes com dor apresentaram qualidade do sono pior que os indivíduos sem dor (p < 0,001), mais transtorno depressivo maior avaliado pelo PRIME-MD (p = 0,013) e mais alterações no MEEM (p = 0,001). Ocorreu maior número de doentes com DPC e SCDR com déficit na fluência verbal (p = 0,031), atenção concentrada abaixo da média (p = 0,027), e piores resultados no teste RAVLT quando comparados aos indivíduos sem dor. Os indivíduos com dores de moderada a intensa avaliada pela EAVN apresentaram piores escores nos testes de fluência verbal, DSI e teste de atenção concentrada. Neste estudo, o transtorno depressivo maior parece interferir na fluência verbal, na atenção e na memória. Os indivíduos com qualidade de sono ruim apresentaram piores escores nos testes cognitivos, com diferença estatística significativa em relação a população sem dor para os testes DSD, DSI, teste de atenção concentrada, fluência verbal e MEEM. Conclusão: os doentes com dor apresentaram maior déficit de acordo com os testes MEEM, FV, RAVLT e TAC, mais transtorno depressivo maior e qualidade do sono pior em relação à população sem dor. Indivíduos com dores de moderada à intensa avaliados pela EAVN apresentaram os piores escores nos testes de fluência verbal, atenção concentrada e DSI. O Transtorno depressivo maior parece interferir na fluência verbal, na atenção e na memória. Indivíduos com má qualidade de sono apresentaram os piores escores nos testes cognitivos, diferença esta estatisticamente significativa em relação à população sem dor quando avaliados com os testes de atenção concentrada, fluência verbal, MEEM, DSD e DSI . / Objectives: to assess attention and memory of patients who are chronic pelvic pain holders (CPP) and/or Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) holders, and to correlate the results to the characteristics of the duration and intensity of the pain, and to the mood and to the sleep pattern disorders, by comparing such results to the control group of pain-free individuals. Methods: 35% male and 65% female individuals, 18 to 60 years old, with schooling higher or equal to four years, were evaluated through a series of neuropsychological tests directed to assess the attention and memory, pain intensity, mood, and sleep quality. They were organized in three groups: 20 Pelvic Pain Patients (CPP Group); 20 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome patients (CRPS Group); 20 pain-free individuals (Control Group). Results: there was prevalence of 29 to 50 year-old individuals with regular and formal professional activity and schooling of 9 to12 years. Most of them presented moderate to severe pain during the last 6 to 15 years (none of them during less than five years). Pain patients presented lower quality sleep than individuals pain free (p < 0, 001), more Major Depression Disorder assessed by PRIME-MD (p = 0, 013) and more changes in MEEM (p = 0, 001). There was more Verbal Fluency Deficit (p = 0,031), average Attention (p = 0,027) and lower scores in RAVLT test in CPP and CRPS groups than in non-pain individuals. The scores in the tests of Verbal Fluency, DSI and Attention were lower in patients with moderate to severe pain. Major Depression Disorder was related to Verbal Fluency, Attention and Memory impairment. The cognitive tests were significantly different in individuals with low-quality sleep than in the normal population. Conclusion: Pain patients showed greater deficit in the MEEM, Verbal Fluency Test, RAVLT, and in the Attention Test, and also Major Depression Disorder and lower quality of sleep when compared to the non-pain individuals. The Verbal Fluency, DSI and Attention scores were lower in patients with moderate to severe pain. Major Depression Disorder seems to interfere with Verbal Fluency, Attention and Memory. The cognitive function evaluated with DSD, DSI, Concentrated Attention, Verbal Fluency and MEEM tests score lower in individuals with low-quality sleep, and the difference was statistically significant to the normal population

Orientador: Wilter Ricardo Russiano Vicente / Coorientador: Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro / Banca: Rodrigo del Rio do Valle / Banca: Marcus Antonio Rossi Feliciano / Resumo: Realizou-se o exame ultrassonográfico de macacos-da-noite para avaliar os volumes uterino e ovariano e analisar a interação entre diferentes faixas etárias e número de partos. Foram realizados exames ultrassonográficos da região pélvica, a fim de comparar as dimensões uterinas com o peso, idade (infantil, juvenil, subadulta, adulta jovem e adulta) e número de partos (nulípara, primípara e multípara) e comparar as dimensões ovarianas com o peso e a idade. O volume uterino (VU) foi diretamente proporcional ao número de partos, fator mais importante no crescimento uterino das fêmeas adultas (p < 0,05). O peso e a idade demonstraram uma correlação positiva com o VU (r = 0.5354, r = 0.6489, p < 0.01), respectivamente. O volume dos ovários cresceu proporcionalmente a idade das fêmeas (p < 0,05). A puberdade foi o período de maior crescimento tanto do útero como do ovário / Abstract: We aimed to evaluate the uterine and ovarian volumes of owl monkeys in different age groups with different numbers of live births and to analyze the interaction between both. We performed pelvic ultrasound exams to compare the uterine measurements with weight, age (infant, juvenile, subadult, young adults, and adults) and the number of live births (nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous) and to compare the ovarian measurements with weight and age. The uterine volume (UV) was directly proportional to the number of parturitions, which was the most important factor in the uterine growth of adult females (P < 0.05). The body weight and age of the animals showed a high positive correlation with UV (r = 0.5354, r = 0.6489, P < 0.01), respectively. The volume of the ovaries grew in proportion to the age of the females (P < 0.05). Puberty was the period of greatest uterine and ovarian growth / Mestre

Heavy backpacks have been suggested to have a pathogenic role in experience of low back pain among children. We have conducted a repeated-measure study to investigate the backpack-induced changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination of forty gender-balanced college age students when they walked and jogged on a treadmill with two different types of backpacks: normal and ergonomically modified. The backpack-induced changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination were larger when carrying an ergonomically modified vs. a normal backpack as well as when jogging versus walking. The larger changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination when carrying an ergonomically modified backpack were likely due to kinematic restraints imposed by rigidity and enhanced attachments devised in the backpack for increased comfort. Given the role of lower back biomechanics in low back pain, the effects of such larger mechanical abnormalities in the lower back when carrying an ergonomically-modified backpack on risk of low back pain among children requires further investigation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-158).