The probation {--} probare in Latin means to examine and verify. The probation can be understood as an alternative of unconditional sentence. Its principal is not only to protect society but also to re {--} educate criminals and to protect them againts harmful consequences of execution of confinement. The probation is one of the methods of treating criminals whereat both aspects penological and social are combined. It is not perceived only as summary of sanction precautions but also as a number of services, activities and operations which are provided by Probation and Mediation Services. The meaning of probation lies in more various access to a treating of criminals of different delicts, using other, more efficient means as a reaction to less serious criminality then confinement is and creating better conditions and ways of major crime sanctions. Criminals are spare from harmful effects which are connected with execution of confinement and they are not exposed to negative experiences with stay in prison.

The primary aim of my diploma thesis is the definition of the activity of the State Veterinary Administration of the Czech Republic (SVA). It is a public administration body under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic and it was established according to the Veterinary Act No. 166/1999 (the full statutory is Act. No. 286/2003). The main tasks of SVA are: protection of consumers from products of animal origin likely to be harmful to human health; monitoring of animal health situation and maintaining it favourable; veterinary protection of the state territory of the Czech Republic; animal welfare and animal protection. In the first part, the detailed activities on food quality control are analysed. In the next part I targeted the remedial measure, which can be used by inspectors and then discretionary remedies, by which operator can defend against. Finally I have described how heavy the penalties are not only in the whole Czech Republic, but also in particular regions.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta dissertaÃÃo, investigamos como nomes repetidos, pronomes plenos e pronomes nulos sÃo processados quando exercem a funÃÃo de expressÃes correferentes em portuguÃs brasileiro (PB). Gordon, Grosz & Gilliom (1993) comprovaram que os nomes repetidos sÃo mais difÃceis de serem processados quando comparados aos pronomes plenos que disputam a posiÃÃo de sujeito anafÃrico de uma entidade previamente introduzida no discurso, gerando um efeito por eles nomeado de âRepeated Name Penaltyâ (RNP). Por sua vez, Gerlomini-Lezama (2008) testou o mesmo tipo de correferÃncia expandindo a teoria para o uso do pronome nulo em espanhol, que à uma lÃngua pro-drop, diferentemente do inglÃs e, por sua vez, comprovou que, ao menos nesta lÃngua, os pronomes nulos sÃo mais facilmente processados do que nomes repetidos, gerando o efeito por ele nomeado de âOvert Pronoun Penaltyâ (OPP). Em PB, a RNP tem sido objeto de discussÃo entre muitos estudiosos e bastante reafirmada por LeitÃo (2005) e colaboradores (QUEIROZ & LEITÃO, 2008; LEITÃO & SIMÃES, 2011, inter alia). Tomados em conjunto, todos esses estudos tÃm corroborado a aceitaÃÃo do efeito da RNP em PB nÃo somente na posiÃÃo de sujeito, mas tambÃm na posiÃÃo de objeto, sem distanciar o antecedente de sua retomada anafÃrica. Entretanto, Maia e Cunha-Lima (2011, 2012) encontraram evidÃncias contrÃrias aos estudos prÃvios sobre a RNP em PB, indicando a ocorrÃncia da OPP em PB. Trabalhamos com a hipÃtese de que a distÃncia exerce papel significativo durante o processamento, atribuindo ao nome repetido o status de expressÃo referencial em detrimento dos pronomes pleno e/ou nulos, tanto para sujeito simples quanto para sujeitos. A anÃlise conjunta dos resultados do experimento sugere que (i) na regiÃo crÃtica, os pronomes nulos sÃo processados mais facilmente do que pronomes plenos e nomes repetidos, e (ii) que a distÃncia entre o antecedente e sua expressÃo referencial nÃo desempenha papel significativo durante o processamento correferencial. / In this dissertation we investigated how repeated names, overt pronouns and null pronouns are corefentially processed in Brazilian Portuguese (PB). Gordon, Grosz & Gilliom (1993) have shown that repeated names are more difficult to be processed compared to the overt pronouns vying for the subject anaphoric position of an entity previously introduced in discourse, creating an effect that it has appointed of "repeated name penalty "(RNP). In turn, Gerlimini-Lezama (2008) tested the same type coreference to expand the theory for the use of the null pronoun in Spanish, which is a pro-drop language, unlike English, and in turn, has shown that, at least this language, null pronouns are more easily processed than repeated names, creating the effect that he named "overt pronoun penalty" (OPP). In PB, RNP has been the subject of discussion among many scholars and quite reaffirmed by LeitÃo (2005) and colloboraters (Queiroz & LeitÃo, 2008; LeitÃo & SimÃes, 2011, inter alia). Taken together, these studies have corroborated acceptance of the effect of RNP in PB not only in the subject position, but also the object position. However, Maia & Cunha Lima (2011, 2012) presented evidence contradictory to previous studies on the RNP in PB, indicating the occorence of OPP in PB. We work with the hypotheses that the distance has a significant role during processing, giving the name repeated the status of reference expression at the expense of overt and/or null pronouns for both simple subject and composed subjects. The analysis of the experimental results suggest that (i) at the critical region the null pronouns are processed more easily than overt pronouns and repeated names, and (ii) the distance between the antecedent and its referring expression plays no significant role in the coreferential processing.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T14:02:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rainer.pdf: 3537323 bytes, checksum: 46bd81628ce774393ea9334f7287a55f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation presents a study on scheduling problems with earliness and tardiness penalties on identical parallel machines, considering independent and weighted jobs with arbitrary processing times. An analysis of the major mathematical formulations in integer programming is given, and presented the main results from the literature. An integer mathematical formulation based on network flow model was also proposed for the problem, which can be applied on single and parallel machines without idle time. Exact methods of implicit enumeration were studied and applied for the problem through the integer linear programming solver CPLEX and the UFFLP library and, mainly, algorithmic strategies of global optimization based on local search heuristic and path-relinking technique were developed. The computational experiments shows that the proposed algorithmic strategies are competitive in relation to existing results from the literature for single-machine scheduling, involving instances based on OR-Library benchmark for 40, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 jobs, where all the optimal values were found, and, mainly, being the best algorithmic strategy for multiprocessor environments, involving 2, 4 and 10 identical parallel machines. / Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre problemas de escalonamento com penalidades de antecipação e atraso em máquinas paralelas, considerando tarefas independentes, ponderadas e de tempos de execução arbitrários. Uma análise sobre as principais formulações matemáticas em programação inteira é dada, bem como apresentados os principais resultados da literatura. Uma formulação matemática de programação inteira baseada no modelo de fluxo em redes também foi proposta para o problema, que pode ser aplicada em ambientes mono e multiprocessado sem tempo ocioso. Métodos de enumeração implícita foram estudados e aplicados aos problemas em questão através do resolvedor de programação linear inteira CPLEX e da biblioteca UFFLP, principalmente, estratégias algorítmicas aproximadas de otimização global baseadas em heurísticas de busca local e técnica de reconexão de caminhos foram desenvolvidas. Os experimentos computacionais mostram que as estratégias propostas são competitivas em relação aos resultados existentes na literatura para ambientes de escalonamento monoprocessados, envolvendo instâncias baseadas no benchmark da OR-Library para 40, 50, 100, 150, 200 e 300 tarefas, onde todos os ótimos foram encontrados, e, principalmente, sendo a melhor estratégia apresentada para ambientes multiprocessados, envolvendo 2, 4 e 10 máquinas paralelas idênticas.

Dissertação sobre o regime jurídico das infrações e sanções administrativas aplicadas pelo Conselho Monetário Nacional e o Banco Central do Brasil em conformidade com a legislação do Sistema Financeiro Nacional, especialmente a Lei 4.595/64. Apresenta o regime de distribuição da função legislativa a partir da Constituição Federal de 1998, o sistema jurídico das infrações e sanções administrativas e a diferenciação destas em relação a outros atos derivados do denominado poder de polícia. Em seguida, analisa a recepção pela Constituição Federal de 1988 do modelo normativo trazido pela Lei 4.595/64 e os limites da discricionariedade administrativa para aplicação de infrações e sanções administrativas à luz dos princípios da legalidade e da tipicidade apresentados pela doutrina. / Dissertation on the legal regime of the administrative infractions and penalties imposed by the National Monetary Council and the Central Bank of Brazil in accordance with the rules of the Financial System, especially the Law 4.595/64. Displays the distribution scheme of the legislative function from the Federal Constitution of 1998, the system of legal administrative infractions and penalties and differentiation of these acts in relation to others derived from the so called police powers. It then goes through the reception by the Constitution of 1988 of the normative model issued by Law 4.595/64 and the limits of the administrative authorities discretion for application of administrative infractions and sanctions in the light of the principles of legality and typicality as presented by the doctrine.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-06T11:57:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 grasielereginaduarte.pdf: 2553018 bytes, checksum: e0b9afbcc0b18965321f8db8ea7d38b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T20:19:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 grasielereginaduarte.pdf: 2553018 bytes, checksum: e0b9afbcc0b18965321f8db8ea7d38b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T20:19:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 grasielereginaduarte.pdf: 2553018 bytes, checksum: e0b9afbcc0b18965321f8db8ea7d38b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os problemas de otimização estão presentes em diversas áreas de atuação da sociedade e o uso de algoritmos bio-inspirados para a resolução de problemas complexos deste tipo vem crescendo constantemente. O Algoritmo Colônia de Abelhas Artificiais (ABC – do inglês Artificial Bee Colony) é um algoritmo bio-inspirado proposto em 2005 para a resolução de problemas de otimização multimodais e multidimensionais. O fenômeno natural que inspirou o desenvolvimento do ABC foi o comportamento inteligente observado em colônias de abelhas, mais especificamente no forrageamento. O ABC foi proposto inicialmente para ser aplicado na resolução de problemas sem restrições. Este trabalho avalia o desempenho do ABC quando aplicado na resolução de problemas de otimização com restrições. Para o tratamento das restrições, métodos de penalização serão incorporados ao ABC. São analisados diversos métodos de penalização, de diferentes tipos, com o objetivo de identificar com qual deles o algoritmo apresenta melhor desempenho. Além disto, são avaliadas possíveis limitações e cuidados que devem ser tomados ao combinar métodos de penalização ao ABC. O algoritmo proposto é avaliado através da resolução de problemas de otimização encontrados na literatura. Vários experimentos computacionais são realizados e gráficos e tabelas são gerados para demonstração dos resultados obtidos que também são discutidos. / Optimization problems are present in several areas of society and the use of bio-inspired algorithms to solve complex problems of this type has been growing constantly. The Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC) is a bio-inspired algorithm proposed in 2005 for solving multimodal and multidimensional optimization problems. The natural phenomenon that inspired the development of the ABC was intelligent behavior observed in bee colonies, more specifically in foraging. The ABC was initially proposed to be applied to solve unconstrained problems. This study evaluates the performance of ABC when applied in solving constrained optimization problems. For the treatment of constraints, penalty methods will be incorporated into the ABC. Several penalty methods, of different types, are analyzed with the goal of identifying which of these penalty methods offers better performance. Furthermore, possible limitations and care that should be taken when combining penalty methods to ABC are evaluated. The proposed algorithm is evaluated by solving optimization problems found in the literature. Several computational experiments are performed and graphs and tables are generated for demonstration of the obtained results which are also discussed.

La finalidad de la presente investigación es señalar el impacto de la determinación tributaria por los servicios de estimulación temprana en Instituciones Privadas de Educación Inicial en Los Olivos. Por ende, el objetivo general que persigue este trabajo es establecer las contingencias tributarias en el desarrollo de las actividades de una institución privada, lo cual se ha aplicado mediante técnicas de recojo de datos, como el uso de un cuestionario, elaborado con preguntas vinculadas al Tratamiento Tributario y Sanciones Tributarias, y unas entrevistas a dos abogadas tributaristas, quienes con sus respuestas permitieron la justificación de este trabajo de investigación. Esta investigación es explicativa con enfoque mixto porque busca encontrar la relación causal entre la evasión tributaria y el impacto de la determinación tributaria. En consecuencia, se propone la presente tesis a fin de obtener el reconocimiento y determinación del impuesto a declarar ante la Superintendencia Nacional de Aduanas y de Administración Tributaria- SUNAT. Por tal motivo, se analizaron diversos aspectos tributarios vinculados por servicios de estimulación temprana, como la ley del impuesto a la renta y los comprobantes de pago. Asimismo, se describió la informalidad y cultura tributaria en el país, además del impacto y las medidas contra la evasión tributaria y la falta de orientación que existe por parte de estas instituciones. La conclusión que se ha llegado es que la cultura tributaria debe convertirse en un tema con importancia, donde se comuniquen las razones fundamentales de la tributación y se adquieran responsabilidades para el cumplimiento de las obligaciones. / The purpose of this research is to indicate the impact of tax determination by services of early stimulation in Private Institutions of Early Childhood Education in Los Olivos. Thus, the general objective pursued by this paper is to establish the tax contingencies in the development of the activities in a private institution, which have been applied by data collection techniques, such as the use of a survey elaborated with questions related to Tax Treatment and Tax Sanctions, and an interview to two tax attorneys who allowed the justification of this research paper with their answers. This is an explanatory research with a mixed approach because it looks for the causality between tax evasion and the impact of tax determination. Consequently, this thesis is proposed to obtain recognition and determination of the tax to be declared before the National Superintendency of Customs and Tax Administration – SUNAT. Therefore, various tax aspects associated with early stimulation services were analyzed, as for example, income tax law and proofs of payment. Additionally, informality and tax culture in the country were described, besides the impact and the actions against tax evasion and the lack of existing orientation by these institutions. In conclusion, it was found that tax culture needs to become an important matter where the fundamental reasons of taxation could be communicated and responsibilities could be acquired for the compliance of obligations. / Tesis

Face à la "mondialisation" du fléau de la contrefaçon, les États ont édicté l'Accord ADPIC pour harmoniser, à l'échelle internationale, les règles de protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle et les moyens de les faire respecter contre la contrefaçon. L'Accord ADPIC est le premier traité multilatéral qui prévoit de véritables "moyens de faire respecter les droits de propriété intellectuelle". Sa partie III consacre un important volet aux prescriptions spéciales aux frontières, aux procédures et mesures correctives, civiles et pénales destinées à lutter contre la contrefaçon. Signataires de l'Accord ADPIC, les seize États membres de l'Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) ont révisé le 24 février 1999, leur législation commune l'Accord de Bangui afin de se conformer à leurs engagements internationaux. Cette étude consacrée aux marques, catégorie des droits de propriété intellectuelle la plus connue mais aussi la plus contrefaite de l'espace OAPI, démontre que les exigences de l'Accord ADPIC ne sont pas respectées plusieurs années après sa ratification. La première partie de cette étude consiste en une analyse critique des règles de protection de la marque. La seconde partie met en exergue le non respect des droits des détenteurs de marques contre la contrefaçon. Après avoir souligné les nombreuses contingences qui entament l'efficacité des moyens de lutte contre la contrefaçon, une série de mesures est proposée afin d'améliorer le respect des droits de marques en particulier et de propriété intellectuelle en général. / Faced with the "globalization" of the scourge of counterfeiting, states have enacted the TRIPS Agreement to harmonize on an international scale the rules of protection of intellectual property rights and means to enforce them against counterfeiting. The TRIPS Agreement is the first multilateral treaty that provides real "means of enforcing intellectual property rights." Part III devotes an important part on special border requirements, procedures and remedies, civil and criminal measures to fight against counterfeiting. As signatories of the TRIPS Agreement, the sixteen members of the African Intellectual Property Organization (AIPO) revised on the 24th February 1999, their common law the Bangui Agreement in order to comply with their international commitments. This study on trademarks, the best known category of intellectual property but also the most counterfeited in the AIPO space, demonstrates that the requirements of the TRIPS Agreement are not met several years after its ratification. The first part of this study is a critical analysis of the rules of trademarks protection. The second part highlights the disregard for the rights of trademarks owners against counterfeiting. Having underlined the many contingencies that cut into the effectiveness of the fight against counterfeiting, a serie of measures is proposed to improve the rights of particular trademarks and intellectual property in general.

<p>This thesis contains two parts. In the first part, which contains Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, we consider scheduling problems with learning effect and time-dependent processing time on a single machine. In Chapter 2, we investigate the earliness-tardiness objective, as well as the objective without due date assignment consideration. By reducing them to a special linear assignment problem, we solve them in near-linear time. As a consequence, we improve the time complexity for some previous algorithms for scheduling problems with learning effect and/or time-dependent processing time. In Chapter 3, we investigate the total number of tardy jobs objective. By reducing them to a linear assignment problem, we solve them in polynomial time. For some important special cases, where there is only learning effect OR time-dependent processing time, we reduce the time complexity to quadratic time. In the second part, which contains Chapter 4 and Chapter 5, we investigate the bicriteria scheduling problems in a supply chain. We separate the objectives in two parts, where the delivery cost is one of them. We present efficient algorithms to identify all the Pareto-optimal solutions for various scenarios. In Chapter 4, we study the cases without due date assignment; while in Chapter 5 we study the cases with due date assignment consideration.</p>

Healthcare fraud is a major problem within the healthcare industry. The study examined medical fraud, its laws, and punishments on federal and state levels. It compared medical fraud to non-fraud crimes done in the healthcare industry. This comparison will be done on a state level. The study attempted to analyze the severity of fraud against non-fraud and that doctors would commit fraud offenses more often than non-fraud offenses.