La relation médicale est en permanente mutation du fait des évolutions techniques ou des changements de mentalité. La charte des droits de la personne hospitalisée a reconnu des droits aux patients qui deviennent alors des partenaires incontournables de la relation médicale prenant un rôle de plus en plus actif. Ces droits ont profondément marqué les esprits des professionnels de santé qui se sentent stigmatisés par une société de consommation et de preuve. La relation de confiance perd de son intérêt au profit de l'information, du recueil du consentement, du respect de la dignité et de la confidentialité. Parler d'obligations et de devoirs n'est pas anodin. Ce concept a un double intérêt vu le contexte et les enjeux de notre société et il pourrait trouver tout naturellement une application dans le domaine sanitaire, notamment lors d'une hospitalisation. La réelle question est de savoir s'il existe, dans ce dernier cas, des obligations et des devoirs à la charge de la personne hospitalisée. Une première approche permettra de rechercher des éléments de réponse alors qu'une seconde approche aura pour but de recenser les obligations avec leurs sanctions éventuelles. Mettre en parallèle les droits et les obligations des personnes hospitalisées devrait permettre de relier enfin le praticien au patient, d'équilibrer la relation et reconnaître ainsi un contre poids aux droits, un complément et non un opposant à la Charte. Faut-il encore que ces obligations soient connues… / Medical relation is in permanent mutation due to technical evolutions or mentality changes. Patients have been awarded rights by the Charter of hospitalized people's rights that make them major partners in the medical relation taking a more and more active role. These rights have profoundly marked the minds of health professionals who feel stigmatized by a consumption and proof society. The trust relation loses its interest for the benefit of information, obtaining consent, dignity's respect and confidentiality. Talking about obligations and duties is not insignificant. This concept has a dual interest in view of the context and the stakes of our society and it could naturally find a scope in the sanitarian field, especially during hospitalization. The real question is to know if, in the latter case, obligations and duties dependent on the hospitalized people exist. A first approach will permit to search for answers, while a second approach will try to list obligations and their possible penalties. To draw a parallel between the rights and obligations of hospitalized people should finally permit to link practitioner and patient, to balance the relation and so to acknowledge a counterbalance to the rights, a complement not an opponent to the Charter. Still, these obligations have to be known...

The Alternatives to Unconditional Prison Sentence Goal of this diploma thesis is to give a list of alternative punishments which are meant to be alternatives to unconditional prison sentence. These alternative forms in substantial criminal law are the forms which present specific reaction on crime and are not compound with imprisonment. First chapter contains a historical development of alternative forms of punishments. It deals with origins of penalty in law and in public life. There is mentioned a ground-breaking work of Italian philosopher Cessare Beccaria, the starting of alternatives in the second half of 19th century, theirs crisis during the Second World War and also reborn associated with a movement of restorative justice from the seventies of 20th century. Next chapter which is the main part of this diploma thesis is concerned with alternative punishments. There were chosen to be described these punishments: Suspended sentence based on suspension of imprisonment under the condition of living a proper life. Next one is house arrest which places a convict in his home in the specific time which is set in the judgement. Third alternative punishment included in my thesis is called a Compulsory work and it forces a convict to work without being entitled to a payment. Pecuniary penalty means that...

Esse trabalho teve como ponto de partida as raízes históricas dos Direitos Humanos com análise das vertentes ignoradas nos dias atuais. Apesar da moderna concepção e função entendida dos Direitos Humanos, ao observamos os efeitos das implementações de determinadas políticas públicas de Direitos Humanos em uma realidade Estruturalmente racializada, a exemplo da Brasileira, podemos constatar que os resultados dessas intervenções não interferem na segregação racial histórica que foi construída e ainda experimentamos no país, mas os perpetuam e até acentuam. A pergunta que se pretende responder é como se situam os Direitos Humanos na correlação de forças entre uma idéia de criação elitista, de origem burguesa para proteção de determinados grupos, e a necessidade atual, de utilização desses direitos como instrumento de uso efetivo das classes oprimidas.A análise dessa correlação de forças será feita sobre a observação da realidade brasileira através da análise crítica da literatura disponível sobre o assunto. Buscaremos uniformizar os conceitos sobre raça, racismo, preconceito, discriminação e outros mecanismos que explicam as dinâmicas das relações raciais no Brasil e no mundo. Apresenta-se a raiz da idéia de Direitos Humanos como eles foram inicialmente concebidos e como o são hoje em dia. Identifica-se essa raiz no conceito de Dignidade da Pessoa Humana e apresentamos como o racismo em suas diversas formas de manifestação nega esse direito, tornando-se, assim, uma ameaça para o Estado democrático de Direito, que tem como elemento fundador e legitimador a dignidade humana. E feito um levantamento histórico de formação da idéia de controle social no Brasil, as origens teóricas da idéia que estruturou o nosso sistema criminal, as suas bases racistas e como esses elementos de origem refletem-se nos dados de desigual acesso ao sistema de justiça criminal até os dias atuais. A seletividade é tratada como um elemento constituinte e pouco considerado do sistema de controle social moderno. A Dissertação é finalizada com uma análise dos dados referentes à política penitenciária do Estado de São Paulo e os reflexos que uma estrutural racializada, do sistema de controle social brasileiro, implica na implementação desigual, racialmente falando, do programa de penas alternativas. / This paper had as point of departure the historical roots of Human Rights, with the analysis of aspects still ignored at present days. Despite the understanding of the modern conception and function of Human Rights, when one observes the effects of the implementation of certain public policies in a society racially structured, as the Brazilian society, it is possible to note that the results of these public policies do not intervene in the historical racial segregation that was developed and still experimented in the country. The question to be answered is how Human Rights, having its roots based on the elites and conceived to protect certain groups, can really be effective as an instrument to serve the oppressed groups. The analysis of this correlation of forces on Human Rights will be made over the observation of the Brazilian reality and through the critical analysis of the available literature on the subject. We will seek to standardize the concepts about race, racism, prejudice, discrimination and other mechanisms that explain the dynamics of the racial relations in Brazil and in the World. The root of the Human Rights idea is presented, as it was initially conceived and as it is now. Within the concept of Human Dignity we present how racism in its various forms denies this right, becoming then, a menace to the Democratic State of Rights, which has as founding element the human dignity. A historical research is made, about the formation of social control in Brazil, and the theoretical origins of the ideas that structured our criminal system and its racist bases and how these elements of origin reflect on the unequal access to the criminal justice system, nowadays. The selectivity is treated as a constitutive element and less regarded in the modern social control system. The paper is finished with an analysis of the data concerning the penitentiary policy of the State of São Paulo and the reflexes that a racially structured society can have on the Brazilian system of social control, precisely on the program of alternative penalties.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Fernanda de Lima Esteves.pdf: 476045 bytes, checksum: 8528067e4fd77373a305d169db516186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-26 / The present work has as objective to analyze the effectiveness of the alternative penalties in the reduction of criminality. The subject justifies because the penalty is the measure of social control used by the State in reaction to the practice of a delict. Ahead of this situation, the penalty must be the most efficient and adjusted as possible, respecting the legal system and the effective principles, which does not happen, in the present time, with the privative of freedom penalty, therefore, in reason of its serious imperfections, it does not obtain to fulfill the correction objective, contributing for the increase of the relapse and criminality. Moreover, measures as penalty increase, privatization of criminal establishments and even the extinguishing of the Criminal Law do not seem viable for the reduction of criminality either. The alternative system of penalty reveals efficient in the reduction of crime, in special in relation to the classic system of penalty, therefore, among other factors, it fits in the principles, the structure of individual guarantees and the purposes of the penalty established in the effective legal system. The application of the alternative penalties neither does bring to the convict the malefic effects resultant of the application of the punishment by confinement, as, for example, the stigma and the rupture of his familiar, social and professional bows. It is certain that there are criticals to the alternative system of penalty, but it cannot be rejected in reason of them. In this way, if the adjustments will be carried through in the system, mainly in which concerns to its structure and fiscalization, it will have conditions of being extended for all the cases where its application is considered positive, even if the delict does not fit in the conditions that make possible the substitution of the punishment by confinement for an alternative penalty. The analysis of statistical data concerning the relapse in delinquents to whom were imposed a privative of freedom penalty and the relapse in delinquents to whom were imposed alternative penalties, as well the analysis of the arguments of authors and the effective legal system currently in the country are the sources of research of the work, and assist its development / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a eficácia das penas alternativas na redução da criminalidade. O tema justifica-se porque a pena é a medida de controle social utilizada pelo Estado em reação à prática de um delito. Diante desta situação, a pena deve ser a mais eficaz e adequada possível, respeitando o ordenamento jurídico e os princípios vigentes, o que não acontece, na atualidade, com a pena privativa de liberdade, pois, em razão das suas graves falhas, ela não consegue cumprir o objetivo ressocializador, contribuindo para o aumento da reincidência e da criminalidade. Além disso, medidas como o aumento de penas, a privatização de estabelecimentos penais e até a extinção do Direito Penal também não parecem viáveis para a redução da criminalidade. O sistema alternativo de pena mostra-se eficaz na redução da criminalidade, em especial em relação ao sistema clássico de pena, pois, dentre outros fatores, enquadra-se nos princípios, na estrutura de garantias individuais e nas finalidades da pena estabelecidos no ordenamento jurídico vigente. A aplicação das penas alternativas também não traz ao condenado os efeitos maléficos oriundos da aplicação da pena de prisão, como, por exemplo, o estigma e a quebra dos laços familiares, sociais e profissionais do condenado. É certo que existem críticas ao sistema alternativo de pena, mas ele não pode ser desprezado em razão delas. Desta maneira, se os ajustes forem realizados no sistema, principalmente no que concerne a sua estrutura e fiscalização, ele terá condições de ser ampliado para todos os casos em que seja considerada positiva a sua aplicação, mesmo que o delito não se enquadre nas condições que possibilitam a substituição da pena de prisão por uma pena alternativa. A análise de dados estatísticos acerca da reincidência em delinqüentes apenados com pena privativa de liberdade e da reincidência em delinqüentes apenados com penas alternativas, bem como a análise dos argumentos de doutrinadores e do ordenamento jurídico vigente atualmente no país são as fontes de pesquisa do trabalho, e auxiliam o seu desenvolvimento

Esse trabalho teve como ponto de partida as raízes históricas dos Direitos Humanos com análise das vertentes ignoradas nos dias atuais. Apesar da moderna concepção e função entendida dos Direitos Humanos, ao observamos os efeitos das implementações de determinadas políticas públicas de Direitos Humanos em uma realidade Estruturalmente racializada, a exemplo da Brasileira, podemos constatar que os resultados dessas intervenções não interferem na segregação racial histórica que foi construída e ainda experimentamos no país, mas os perpetuam e até acentuam. A pergunta que se pretende responder é como se situam os Direitos Humanos na correlação de forças entre uma idéia de criação elitista, de origem burguesa para proteção de determinados grupos, e a necessidade atual, de utilização desses direitos como instrumento de uso efetivo das classes oprimidas.A análise dessa correlação de forças será feita sobre a observação da realidade brasileira através da análise crítica da literatura disponível sobre o assunto. Buscaremos uniformizar os conceitos sobre raça, racismo, preconceito, discriminação e outros mecanismos que explicam as dinâmicas das relações raciais no Brasil e no mundo. Apresenta-se a raiz da idéia de Direitos Humanos como eles foram inicialmente concebidos e como o são hoje em dia. Identifica-se essa raiz no conceito de Dignidade da Pessoa Humana e apresentamos como o racismo em suas diversas formas de manifestação nega esse direito, tornando-se, assim, uma ameaça para o Estado democrático de Direito, que tem como elemento fundador e legitimador a dignidade humana. E feito um levantamento histórico de formação da idéia de controle social no Brasil, as origens teóricas da idéia que estruturou o nosso sistema criminal, as suas bases racistas e como esses elementos de origem refletem-se nos dados de desigual acesso ao sistema de justiça criminal até os dias atuais. A seletividade é tratada como um elemento constituinte e pouco considerado do sistema de controle social moderno. A Dissertação é finalizada com uma análise dos dados referentes à política penitenciária do Estado de São Paulo e os reflexos que uma estrutural racializada, do sistema de controle social brasileiro, implica na implementação desigual, racialmente falando, do programa de penas alternativas. / This paper had as point of departure the historical roots of Human Rights, with the analysis of aspects still ignored at present days. Despite the understanding of the modern conception and function of Human Rights, when one observes the effects of the implementation of certain public policies in a society racially structured, as the Brazilian society, it is possible to note that the results of these public policies do not intervene in the historical racial segregation that was developed and still experimented in the country. The question to be answered is how Human Rights, having its roots based on the elites and conceived to protect certain groups, can really be effective as an instrument to serve the oppressed groups. The analysis of this correlation of forces on Human Rights will be made over the observation of the Brazilian reality and through the critical analysis of the available literature on the subject. We will seek to standardize the concepts about race, racism, prejudice, discrimination and other mechanisms that explain the dynamics of the racial relations in Brazil and in the World. The root of the Human Rights idea is presented, as it was initially conceived and as it is now. Within the concept of Human Dignity we present how racism in its various forms denies this right, becoming then, a menace to the Democratic State of Rights, which has as founding element the human dignity. A historical research is made, about the formation of social control in Brazil, and the theoretical origins of the ideas that structured our criminal system and its racist bases and how these elements of origin reflect on the unequal access to the criminal justice system, nowadays. The selectivity is treated as a constitutive element and less regarded in the modern social control system. The paper is finished with an analysis of the data concerning the penitentiary policy of the State of São Paulo and the reflexes that a racially structured society can have on the Brazilian system of social control, precisely on the program of alternative penalties.

Univ., Diss.-2002--Würzburg, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. 177 - 195.

Les actes juridiques sont définis par la loi comme des manifestations de volonté destinées à produire des effets de droit. Certaines de ces manifestations de volonté sont contraires à une règle qui s’imposait à leurs auteurs et produisent néanmoins tout ou partie de leurs effets de droit : la rétractation d’une offre de contracter par le pollicitant avant le délai prévu ; le contrat conclu sans pouvoir par un mandataire apparent ; les actes de procédure entachés d’une irrégularité de forme, mais qui ne causent aucun grief ; les actes affectés d’une cause d’invalidité pour lesquels l’action en nullité et l’exception de nullité sont définitivement neutralisées ; les actes irréguliers sanctionnés par une nullité partielle ou non rétroactive, comme le contrat de société ou le mariage putatif, etc. La présente étude propose de saisir ces phénomènes de façon unitaire par un nouveau concept : l’acte juridique irrégulier efficace. L’objet étudié met en lumière les insuffisances de la théorie civiliste de l’acte juridique, qui peut être utilement précisée à l’aide de la théorie normativiste du droit. En recourant à un autre concept, celui de norme habilitante, une théorie de l’efficacité et du contrôle de régularité des actes juridiques est ainsi proposée. Les motifs politiques pour lesquels certains actes irréguliers ne sont pas sanctionnés par l’inefficacité et les sanctions alternatives du droit positif sont ensuite analysés. Enfin, le pouvoir de décider d’écarter la sanction de l’inefficacité et les techniques juridiques par lesquelles il s’exerce formellement sont étudiés à la lumière de la théorie réaliste de l’interprétation et de la théorie des contraintes juridiques. / Legal acts (or juristic acts) can be defined as acts of will intended to produce legal effects. This concept includes legislative acts, judicial acts, contracts, etc. Some of these acts of will are not in accordance with a legal norm but nevertheless produce the legal effects intended by their authors. For instance, a voidable contract is legally binding until it has been voided. Furthermore, the right to demand voidance of a defective contract can be barred by a statute of limitations. Such a contract is invalid (i.e. irregular, illegal, unlawful) because it violates a legal rule, but still produces all the legal effects intended by the parties thanks to the extinctive prescription. French Law, both private and public, contains many acts which are illegal and somehow entirely or partly efficacious. The present study undertakes a unitary analysis of these phenomena, with a focus on private law, through a new concept: the “acte juridique irrégulier efficace” (illegal and efficacious juristic act). First, a theory of the illegal and efficacious juristic acts is proposed in the light of the Normative Theory of Legal Science. Using a concept of “empowering norm” or “power-conferring rule,” a theoretical model of the validity and the efficaciousness of legal acts is proposed. Then, the political reasons why some unlawful acts are not declared inefficacious and the alternative penalties are analyzed. Finally, the power to decide to maintain the efficaciousness of an invalid legal act and the legal technics by which this power is formally exercised are examined in the light of the Realist Theory of Interpretation and the Theory of Legal Constraints (French legal realism).

Doctor Legum - LLD / Competition law and its enforcement have become necessary tools in the face of trade liberalisation. Nowhere is this more evident than in the area of cross-border cartels. The global South is steadily becoming aware of this. With the advent of globalisation and trade liberalisation, individual economies have become intrinsically linked. Anti-competitive conduct in one territory may have an impact in another territory. Therefore, an effective regional competition law framework complements trade liberalisation, especially in light of the principal objective of the South-South regional economic communities: the deepening of regional integration, in order to realise economic development and alleviate poverty. Cartel practices, such as, market allocation cartels, are in direct contradiction to this primary objective. This is when enforcement collaborations in South-South regional economic communities becomes crucial. The regional legal instruments of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community, the Southern African Customs Union and the Southern African Development Community make provision for enforcement collaborations among Member States. To facilitate collaboration, regional competition authorities have been created to investigate, among other things, cross-border cartels. Within these economic communities, there is a strong case for enforcement collaborations, as evidence shows that the majority of the firms engaging in cartels are the so-called Regional Multinational Corporations. They operate throughout the territories of Member States. Additionally, the international nature of cartels, such as, private international cartels and export cartels, provide an opportunity for South-South co-operation to be utilised. However, this co-operation has not been utilised to the fullest extent, especially with reference to cross-border cartel activities. This has been attributed to various factors, such as, institutional incapacities, resource austerity, the absence of common procedural rules, the lack of adequate investigatory tools, and political ineptitude. As a solution, this current study makes specific recommendations that are directed at enhancing the effectiveness of South-South collaborations pertaining to cross-border cartel activities.

Au-delà des différences tenant aux spécificités respectives du contrôle de constitutionnalité a posteriori des lois en France et au Canada, l’un étant un contrôle institutionnel, l’autre juridictionnel, la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité jette un véritable « pont juridique » entre le système français et canadien. Des rapprochements majeurs apparaissent quant au mode de protection des droits des justiciables pénaux. En effet, au-delà, de la divergence de conception des deux contrôles de constitutionnalité des lois a posteriori, l’un étant un contrôle concret a posteriori, l’autre abstrait a posteriori et, mises à part les différentes histoires conduisant à l’avènement du contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois a posteriori dans les deux pays respectifs, l’émergence d’un fond commun apparaît. En ce sens, il peut être dégagé aussi bien un rapprochement des droits pénaux procéduraux français et canadiens tenant au mécanisme même du contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois a posteriori, qu’une convergence des droits pénaux substantiels français et canadien résultant des effets du mécanisme sur la protection des droits des justiciables franco-canadiens au sein du procès pénal. Ces ressemblances témoignent de la perméabilité du système français à l’égard de son homologue canadien. En définitive, le droit comparé ouvre ici la voie à des pistes de réflexions pour l’amélioration de la jeune question prioritaire de constitutionnalité dans une optique de renforcement de la protection des droits des justiciables français au sein du procès pénal / Beyond the differences in the specificity of the ex post constitutionality review laws in France and in Canada, one being an institutional control, the other a jurisdictional one, the priority issue of constitutionality (QPC) established a "legal bridge" between the French and Canadian systems. Moreover, major similarities appear of the way in which the rights of criminal offenders are protected. Indeed, beyond the divergence of conceptions of the two ex post constitutionality reviews of laws, one being a concrete ex post control, the other an abstract one and, apart from the various histories leading to the advent of the constitutional review of the laws a posteriori in the two respective countries, the emergence of a common background appears. In this sense, a comparison of French and Canadian procedural penalties relating to the mechanism of the ex post constitutionality review of laws can be found, as well as a convergence of substantial French and Canadian criminal rights resulting from the effects of the mechanism on the protection of the rights of Franco-Canadian litigants in the criminal trial. These resemblances demonstrate the permeability of the French system and the influence applied by the Canadian system. Finally, comparative law paves the way to suggestions for the improvement of the new problematic of the priority issue of constitutionality in order to strengthen the protection of the French litigants rights in criminal proceedings

An issue that has always caused controversy, both in the theory and in the practice, is the application of the law over time, which becomes more complex in terms of its non-retroactivity or retroactivity. In the present article, the author develops theretroactivity of the most favorable rule principle. First, the author describes the concept and fundamentals of retroactivity. Then, he reports its normative support and its delimitation. Finally, the author exposes the most discussed and controversial assumptions on its application and non-application, making parallels with its regulation in Spain. / Un tema que siempre ha causado controversia, tanto en la teoría como en la práctica, es la aplicación de la norma jurídica en el tiempo, la cual se complejiza en cuanto a su irretroactividad o retroactividad. En el presente artículo, el autor desarrolla el principio de la retroactividad de la norma más favorable. En primer lugar, describe el concepto y fundamentos de la retroactividad. A continuación, informa sobre su sustento normativo y su delimitación. Finalmente, expone los supuestos discutidos sobre su aplicación e inaplicación, haciendo un paralelismo con su regulación en España.