Durante as décadas de 70 e 80, desenvolveram-se métodos baseados em penalidades exatas diferenciáveis para resolver problemas de otimização não linear com restrições. Uma desvantagem dessas penalidades é que seus gradientes contêm termos de segunda ordem em suas fórmulas, o que impede a utilização de métodos do tipo Newton para resolver o problema. Para contornar essa dificuldade, utilizamos uma ideia de construção de penalidade exata para desigualdades variacionais, introduzida recentemente por André e Silva. Essa construção consiste em incorporar um estimador de multiplicadores, proposto por Glad e Polak, no lagrangiano aumentado para desigualdades variacionais. Nesse trabalho, estendemos o estimador de multiplicadores para restrições gerais de igualdade e desigualdade, e enfraquecemos a hipótese de regularidade. Como resultado, obtemos uma função penalidade exata continuamente diferenciável e uma nova reformulação do sistema KKT associado a problemas não lineares. A estrutura dessa reformulação permite a utilização do método de Newton semi-suave, e a taxa de convergência local superlinear pode ser provada. Além disso, verificamos que a penalidade exata construída pode ser usada para globalizar o método, levando a uma abordagem do tipo Gauss-Newton. Por fim, realizamos experimentos numéricos baseando-se na coleção CUTE de problemas de teste. / During the 1970\'s and 1980\'s, methods based on differentiable exact penalty functions were developed to solve constrained optimization problems. One drawback of these functions is that they contain second-order terms in their gradient\'s formula, which do not allow the use of Newton-type methods. To overcome such difficulty, we use an idea for construction of exact penalties for variational inequalities, introduced recently by André and Silva. This construction consists on incorporating a multipliers estimate, proposed by Glad and Polak, in the augmented Lagrangian function for variational inequalities. In this work, we extend the multipliers estimate to deal with both equality and inequality constraints and we weaken the regularity assumption. As a result, we obtain a continuous differentiable exact penalty function and a new equation reformulation of the KKT system associated to nonlinear problems. The formula of such reformulation allows the use of semismooth Newton method, and the local superlinear convergence rate can be also proved. Besides, we note that the exact penalty function can be used to globalize the method, resulting in a Gauss-Newton-type approach. We conclude with some numerical experiments using the collection of test problems CUTE.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-05-26T18:00:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Sarmento Rolim.pdf: 1716189 bytes, checksum: 6d3d9012f041bcec97058059093d731b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T18:00:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Sarmento Rolim.pdf: 1716189 bytes, checksum: 6d3d9012f041bcec97058059093d731b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-06 / This paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of criminal law within the scope of environmental law, in the search for a true environmental criminal law, demonstrating that it acts not only in a symbolic way, which would relieve public authorities of rethinking A policy of protection and especially of effective prevention of the environment. It was a research whose methodological procedure is of the type combined with observance of the qualitative, descriptive, explanatory and also exploratory type being directed to two strands, one of them focused on the criminal responsibility of legal entities in the ambit of environmental crimes; In the second place, directed to the complex structure imposed by the legislation regarding the application of penalties to legal entities. The dialectical method (dialectical materialism) should be observed taking into account the very contradictory aspects of the present research, where the reality will have to be analyzed from the confrontation of theories and hypotheses, as well as concepts taken as "truth" in order to of a new solution in its historical, cultural and social aspects. The central problem of this research emphasizes the regime of application of penalties of legal persons in crimes committed against the environment, where several other related problems are unfolded in view of the mutual dependence between them. The dosimetry of the sentence presupposes the admissibility of criminal liability of legal persons, as well as the recognition of the effectiveness of criminal law in the area of environmental law, taking into account that this is a deeply preventive nature, leaving to criminal law the difficult task of tightening the Legislation as a way to try to make "environmental criminal law" more effective. The main aspects related to the systematic application of penalties to collective bodies were analyzed, using, therefore, the system of penalties provided for in the Penal Code, taking into account the omissions of the Environmental Crimes Law, which despite To constitute until the present day the object of controversies and severe criticisms constitutes central theme of our research. / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de buscar demonstrar a viabilidade e a efetividade do Direito Penal no âmbito do Direito Ambiental, na busca de um verdadeiro Direito Penal Ambiental, demonstrando que o mesmo atua não apenas de forma simbólica, o que desobrigaria os poderes públicos de repensarem uma política de proteção e, principalmente, de prevenção ao meio ambiente realmente eficaz. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa cujo procedimento metodológico é do tipo combinado com observância do tipo qualitativo, descritivo, explicativo e também exploratório, sendo dirigida para duas vertentes, a primeira delas voltada para a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas no âmbito dos crimes ambientais; a segunda, direcionada para a complexa estrutura posta pela legislação no que concerne à aplicação das penas às pessoas jurídicas. O método dialético (materialismo dialético) foi observado levando-se em consideração os aspectos contraditórios da presente pesquisa, sendo necessário a análise da realidade a partir da confrontação de teorias e hipóteses, além de conceitos tomados como ¿verdade¿, a fim de se obter uma nova solução em seus aspectos históricos, culturais e sociais. O problema central dessa pesquisa salienta o regime de aplicação das penas das pessoas jurídicas nos delitos praticados contra o meio ambiente, para onde se desdobram vários outros problemas conexos, tendo em vista haver uma mútua dependência entre ambos. A dosimetria da pena pressupõe a admissibilidade da responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas, assim como o reconhecimento da efetividade do Direito Penal no âmbito do Direito Ambiental, levando em consideração este apresentar uma natureza profundamente preventiva, restando ao Direito Penal a difícil tarefa de tornar mais rigorosa a legislação como forma de tentar dar uma maior efetividade ao ¿Direito Penal ambiental¿. Foram analisados os principais aspectos relacionados à sistemática de aplicação das penas aos entes coletivos, utilizando-se, para tanto, do sistema de aplicação de penas previsto no Código Penal, levando-se em consideração as omissões da Lei dos Crimes Ambientais, a qual apesar de constituir até os dias atuais objeto de controvérsias e severas críticas, constitui tema central da nossa pesquisa.

<p><strong>Syfte:            </strong></p><p>Denna studie har som syfte att utvärdera påföljdssystemets betydelse för den enskilde fastighetsmäklarens handlande. Vi ska även försöka utveckla det nuvarande påföljdssystemet för att skapa en mer rättvis bedömning av varje enskild fastighetsmäklares handlande.</p><p><strong>Metod:          </strong></p><p>För att kunna uträtta vår studie har vi analyserat Fastighetsmäklarnämndens årsböcker år 2007 – 2009 samt utfört intervjuer med personer inom branschen. Utifrån detta har vi erhålligt vår empiriska data. Dessutom har vi förstärkt vår analysering genom att jämföra systemet med advokatsamfundets påföljdssystem samt använt oss av väsentlig litteratur och lagstiftning.</p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats:           </strong></p><p>Våra slutsatser visar att branschen är i behov av en nyutveckling av sitt påföljdssystem för fastighetsmäklarna. Detta för att både avskräcka samt inför allmänheten verka som moralbildande men främst för att ge fastighetsmäklaren en rättvis bedömning när denne döms. Vi tycker det är viktigt att de disciplinära påföljderna avspeglar brottets art då fastighetsmäklarna hängs ut allt oftare i bland annat media.  </p><p><strong>Vidare forskning:             </strong></p><p>Då tidigare forskning kring påföljdssystem är begränsat finns ett vidare behov av studier i ämnet. Det finns många inriktningar och frågeställningar som vi tror ej ännu har granskats.</p><p>Vi skulle tycka det vore intressant om lagförslaget går igenom till årsskiftet 2011 att man analyserar vilka typ av fall som kommer att hamna under erinran respektive varning samt vilka kriterier som ställs för respektive disciplinär påföljd.</p> / <p><strong>Aim: </strong></p><p>Our aim is to analyze the Swedish penalties and their consequences on real estate agents. The focus of this essay is to discuss how the current system could be changed so that a more fair assessment of each real estate agents conduct could be given.</p><p><strong>Method:       </strong></p><p>The empirical data was based on interviews with various people in the industry, such as Information officers, consumers, and estate agents themselves. We have also analyzed the Estate Agents Board’s yearbooks from 2007 to 2009. Furthermore, we have enhanced our analysis by comparing the system of estate agent penalties to the lawyers system of penalties. We have also used essential literature and legislation for example Estate Agents Act.</p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions:      </strong></p><p>Our conclusions of this essay show that the industry is in need of a development of the current system for real estate agents. This is to discourage and also act as a moral formation to the public. Mainly it’s about giving the estate agents a fair assessment when they are being convicted. We think the most important reason why the penalties should reflect the crime is because that is good justice. Estate agents nowadays have more coverage in the media and therefore we think it is extremely important that the persons whom sees this understand what lies behind the notification.</p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research: </strong></p><p>We can see that previous research about the system of penalties is limited and we truly think the industry is in need of continued studies about this subject. There are still many questions and directions about this that have not been reviewed before. This essay could be complemented in further studies if the measure will be adopted in 2011. Then it would be interesting if you analyze which case will get an admonitory remark or otherwise a warning and which criteria are required for each penalty.</p>

Syfte:            Denna studie har som syfte att utvärdera påföljdssystemets betydelse för den enskilde fastighetsmäklarens handlande. Vi ska även försöka utveckla det nuvarande påföljdssystemet för att skapa en mer rättvis bedömning av varje enskild fastighetsmäklares handlande. Metod:          För att kunna uträtta vår studie har vi analyserat Fastighetsmäklarnämndens årsböcker år 2007 – 2009 samt utfört intervjuer med personer inom branschen. Utifrån detta har vi erhålligt vår empiriska data. Dessutom har vi förstärkt vår analysering genom att jämföra systemet med advokatsamfundets påföljdssystem samt använt oss av väsentlig litteratur och lagstiftning. Resultat &amp; slutsats:           Våra slutsatser visar att branschen är i behov av en nyutveckling av sitt påföljdssystem för fastighetsmäklarna. Detta för att både avskräcka samt inför allmänheten verka som moralbildande men främst för att ge fastighetsmäklaren en rättvis bedömning när denne döms. Vi tycker det är viktigt att de disciplinära påföljderna avspeglar brottets art då fastighetsmäklarna hängs ut allt oftare i bland annat media.   Vidare forskning:             Då tidigare forskning kring påföljdssystem är begränsat finns ett vidare behov av studier i ämnet. Det finns många inriktningar och frågeställningar som vi tror ej ännu har granskats. Vi skulle tycka det vore intressant om lagförslaget går igenom till årsskiftet 2011 att man analyserar vilka typ av fall som kommer att hamna under erinran respektive varning samt vilka kriterier som ställs för respektive disciplinär påföljd. / Aim: Our aim is to analyze the Swedish penalties and their consequences on real estate agents. The focus of this essay is to discuss how the current system could be changed so that a more fair assessment of each real estate agents conduct could be given. Method:       The empirical data was based on interviews with various people in the industry, such as Information officers, consumers, and estate agents themselves. We have also analyzed the Estate Agents Board’s yearbooks from 2007 to 2009. Furthermore, we have enhanced our analysis by comparing the system of estate agent penalties to the lawyers system of penalties. We have also used essential literature and legislation for example Estate Agents Act. Result &amp; Conclusions:      Our conclusions of this essay show that the industry is in need of a development of the current system for real estate agents. This is to discourage and also act as a moral formation to the public. Mainly it’s about giving the estate agents a fair assessment when they are being convicted. We think the most important reason why the penalties should reflect the crime is because that is good justice. Estate agents nowadays have more coverage in the media and therefore we think it is extremely important that the persons whom sees this understand what lies behind the notification. Suggestions for future research: We can see that previous research about the system of penalties is limited and we truly think the industry is in need of continued studies about this subject. There are still many questions and directions about this that have not been reviewed before. This essay could be complemented in further studies if the measure will be adopted in 2011. Then it would be interesting if you analyze which case will get an admonitory remark or otherwise a warning and which criteria are required for each penalty.

In this Thesis, we first deploy Gittins index theory to establish the indexability of inter-alia general families of restless bandits that arise in problems of stochastic scheduling with switching penalties and machine maintenance. We also give formulae for the resulting indices. Numerical investigations testify the strong performance of the index heuristics.The second class of problems concerns two families of Markov decision problems. The spinning plates problem concerns the optimal management of a portfolio of assets whose yields grow with investment but otherwise decline. In the model of asset exploitation called the squad system, the yield from an asset declines when it is utilised but will recover when the asset is at rest. Simply stated conditions are given which guarantee general indexability of the problem together with necessary and sufficient conditions for strict indexability. The index heuristics, which emerge from the analysis, are assessed numerically and found to perform strongly.

Cette recherche articule les concepts de sexisme bienveillant et de rôle de sexe pour tenter d’expliquer pourquoi les hommes se montrent sexistes bienveillants envers les femmes et surtout pourquoi les femmes l’approuvent. Nous poursuivrons trois objectifs principaux. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous ferons l’hypothèse que le sexisme bienveillant est en fait une composante du rôle de sexe des femmes et des hommes, avec des attentes différentes selon le sexe. La deuxième partie sera centrée sur les femmes. D’après la littérature, le sexisme bienveillant a des conséquences négatives pour elles. Nous chercherons à savoir si les femmes peuvent simplement le rejeter sans être jugées négativement. Nous postulerons que l'attitude d’une femme quant au sexisme bienveillant détermine si elle sera acceptée ou rejetée. Si elle ne l’approuve pas, alors elle perdra en féminité perçue parce qu’elle déviera de son rôle. Puis, nous établirons que réaffirmer son adhésion à son rôle de sexe lui permettra de rejeter le sexisme bienveillant sans être perçue comme déviante. Enfin, nous nous tournerons vers les hommes. Nous identifierons les circonstances dans lesquelles les femmes peuvent préférer les hommes anti-sexisme bienveillant et où les hommes perçoivent le sexisme bienveillant comme un désavantage. Neuf expériences réalisées sur un total de 684 personnes viendront valider ces hypothèses. Cette thèse propose une explication à l’acceptation et l’expression des attitudes et comportements de sexisme bienveillant observés dans la littérature et attire l'attention sur la difficulté pour les femmes de repousser cette forme spécifique de sexisme. / This research connects the concepts of benevolent sexism and sex roles to try to explain why men are benevolent sexists towards women and most importantly why women approve it. We will pursue three main goals. In the first part of this work, we will hypothesize that benevolent sexism is in fact a component of women’s and men’s sex role, with different expectations depending on one’s sex. The second part will be centered on women. According to the literature, benevolent sexism has negative consequences on them. We will seek to know if women can simply reject it without being judged negatively. We will hypothesize that a woman’s attitude regarding benevolent sexism determines whether she is accepted or rejected. If she does not approve of it, then she will be perceived as less feminine because she will be deviating from her role. Then, we will show that reaffirming her adhesion to her sex role will allow her to reject benevolent sexism without being perceived as a deviant. Lastly, we will turn to men. We will identify the circumstances in which women can prefer men rejecting benevolent sexism and where men perceive benevolent sexism as a disadvantage. Nine experiments made on a total of 684 people will confirm these hypothesizes. This thesis offers an explanation to the acceptance and the expression of benevolent sexist attitudes and behaviors observed in the literature and attracts reader’s attention to how difficult it is for women to reject this specific form of sexism.

Le principe de nécessité constitue incontestablement un des piliers de l’action pénale moderne. Ce principe fut essentiellement développé au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, sous l’impulsion notamment de Cesare Beccaria dont la pensée fut influencée par celle des philosophes des Lumières. Ces auteurs, animés par l’idée de modération voire d’abolition des châtiments corporels, prescrivaient un recours mesuré au droit pénal. Ces développements philosophico-juridiques étaient précurseurs d’une reprise ultérieure du principe de nécessité en droit positif, au lendemain de la révolution de 1789. Inséré au sein de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, ce dernier y a acquis le statut de principe fondamental et irrigue l’ensemble du droit pénal tant en ce qui concerne les incriminations (article 5) et les peines (articles 8) que la procédure (article 9). La présente thèse situe la réflexion quant au principe de nécessité dans le domaine bien défini du droit pénal des affaires. La question de la place du droit pénal dans la sphère économique et financière est une problématique constante pour le législateur. Elle requiert de ne pas s’arrêter au seul aspect traditionnel du principe de nécessité en tant que modérateur de l’action pénale, mais de dépasser cette vision pour étudier son côté positif et engager une réflexion globale sur les raisons d’un recours au droit pénal en matière économique et financière / The necessity principle undeniably represents one of the pillars of modern criminal law. This principle was essentially developed during the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, in particular by Cesare Beccaria, whose thought was influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers. Driven by ideas of moderation and corporal punishment abolition, they prescribed a restrained application of criminal law. These philosophical and legal developments reappeared in substantive law after the 1789 revolution. Embedded in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the necessity principle acquired the fundamental principle status and shapes incriminations (Article 5), punishments (Article 8) and criminal law procedure (Article 9). This work analyses the necessity principle within the area of criminal business law. The influence of criminal law in the economic and financial realm is a constant issue for the legislator. As the necessity principle involves more than the traditional aspect of moderation, its positive aspect will also be analysed in order to reflect on the rationale of its application in the economic and financial sphere

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetiva-se reconstruir o sentido e o alcance do princípio do ne bis in idem, estudando-se as interferências recíprocas do direito penal e do direito administrativo sancionador, com ênfase na concorrência normativa entre tais manifestações do ius puniendi do Estado, seus desdobramentos e os riscos que representam para a liberdade humana, especificamente em face da interdição de duplicidade ou multiplicidade punitiva encartada no princípio em comento. Estrutura-se o texto em três pilares: a primeira parte cuida dos aspectos mais universais do princípio do ne bis in idem, percorrendo tanto seu traçado histórico como seu reconhecimento internacional; a segunda parte examina a consistente experiência jurídica europeia, analisando os marcos teóricos e práticos relacionados à matéria; finalmente, a terceira parte atinge o âmago da investigação, enfocando teoricamente o princípio do ne bis in idem, de modo a renovar sua interpretação no plano nacional, redimensionando as convergências entre o direito penal e o direito administrativo sancionador, a unicidade da (re)ação repressiva do Estado e as possibilidades de enfrentamento das disfunções desse princípio no direito brasileiro. Demonstra-se que a acumulação de sanções de caráter punitivo, de natureza penal e/ou administrativa sancionadora, quando presentes os pressupostos de identidade de sujeito, de fatos e de fundamentos, é vedada pelo espectro de proteção do princípio do ne bis in idem. Postula-se, ainda, esclarecer se, nas situações de exacerbação punitiva com fins semelhantes ou confluentes, deverá sempre prevalecer a aplicação da lei penal. Espera-se, ademais, formular propostas para a regulamentação de conflitos nos casos de concorrência normativa entre o direito penal e o direito administrativo sancionador. Evidencia-se, enfim, que o objetivo principal da investigação é a plena compreensão do princípio do ne bis in idem, refletindo-se a respeito da ilegitimidade da acumulação de sanções penais e sanções administrativas, tão somente pelo fundamento de que não é possível a desvinculação das regras de independência entre a competência jurisdicional e a atribuição sancionadora da administração ou em razão de supostas indiferenças ontológicas entre os ilícitos penal e administrativo. / The purpose of this work is to reconstruct the meaning and scope of the principle of ne bis in idem, with the study of reciprocal interference of criminal law and sanctioning of administrative law, with an emphasis on competition rules between these manifestations of the penalizing authority of the State, its consequences and the risks posed to human freedom, especially in the face of prohibition of double or multiple punitive inset in principle under discussion.The text is structured on three pillars: the first part takes care of the most universal principle of ne bis in idem, covering both your track record as its international recognition; the second part examines the consistent European legal experience, analyzing the theoretical frameworks and related to practical matters; finally, the third part goes to the heart of research, focusing theoretically the principle of ne bis in idem in order to renew their interpretation at the national level, resizing the convergence between the criminal law and administrative law sanctioning the uniqueness the (re)action repressive state and the possibilities of coping with dysfunction of this principle in Brazilian law. It shows that the accumulation of punitive sanctions, criminal and/or administrative sanctions, if present assumptions identity of subject, facts and fundamentals, is forbidden by the specter of protection of the principle of ne bis in idem. It also intends to clarify whether, in cases of exacerbation punitive or confluent with similar purposes, shall always prevail criminal law enforcement. It is expected, moreover, to formulate proposals for the regulation of conflicts in cases of competition rules between the criminal law and administrative law sanctioning. It shows, finally, that the main objective of the investigation is fully understanding the principle of ne bis in idem, reflecting about the ilegitimacy accumulation of criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, especially with the fundament that it is not possible untying the rules of independence between the jurisdiction and the award of punitive or administration due to ontological indifferences between the illicit criminal and administrative.

Uma legislação penal pertinente à aplicação das penas alternativas à privação de liberdade deve aplicada de modo isonômico sem permitir discricionariedade ao magistrado, um padrão de constrangimento rígido, para que se alcance o ideal de aplicação das penas alternativas. O marco teórico que se buscou estabelecer é o do surgimento das teorias penais aplicáveis ao modelo de Estado Democrático de Direito, formal e substancial, tratado por Salo de Carvalho, sob a ótica do garantismo jurídico estruturado por Luigi Ferrajoli. Garantismo democrático este que já florescia na criminologia crítica da América Latina, diante de (contra) uma teoria liberal científica deformadora e de uma criminologia positivista inaugurada na Itália moderna racionalista, que não demorou a encontrar tradutores nacionais, e em devolver a ciência e o direito penais escuros semelhantes às trevas pré-modernas. Assim, o discurso jurídico punitivista-retributivo da ideologia da defesa social instalada pela seletividade penal, mesmo com os nascimentos das democracias constitucionais latino americanas, sempre ganha corpo e/ou retrocede. Simultaneamente. Na medida em que princípios tomam forma e força normativa ao gosto de quem detém o poder estatal de fazê-los sentir mais ou menos, este ou aquele princípio. A alternativa à privação de liberdade exsurge, como foi a seu tempo a própria privação de liberdade em face dos suplícios corporais e penas expiatórias do pecado, sob o discurso oficial ou declarado de um direito penal alternativo ou mesmo uma alternativa ao direito penal, especialmente o encarcerador, falido e opressor. São as políticas despenalizadoras da segunda metade do Século XX, contidas nos discursos, primeiro o reformador da parte geral do Código Penal Brasileiro; depois o contido na exposição de motivos da Lei das Execuções Penais Brasileira. É, pois, no contexto não oficial de ser o Direito Penal Punitivo moderno constritor de liberdade, a maneira de o Estado fazer retornar a paz contratada, remediando e prevenindo com um só ato o crime (com a pena), que surgem as medidas alternativas à privação de liberdade, especialmente no Brasil. Assim, as novas penas poderiam ser alternativas à essa evidentemente fracassada forma de gestão das ofensas individuais à paz social, e que repetia a ideia de alternatividade presente na gênese da pena privativa de liberdade. Mas, com esse problema em mãos, não foi o que se verificou. Pesquisando sentenças penais condenatórias concessórias ou não da pena alternativa, procurou-se verificar se, a forma sob a qual se escolhe a pena, se reforça ou não o caráter seletivo e não-acusatório do processo penal brasileiro. Buscou-se desvelar ou desmentir o papel expansionista das penas ou medidas alternativas. Se é o instituto reforçador do discurso declarado de alternativa penal, mascarando o verdadeiro papel expansionista do Direito Penal retribucionista, se a seletividade e o expansionismo penal se reacendem quando descobrimos que o procedimento regulatório da decisão que define a sua aplicação. / Criminal legislation relevant to the application of alternative penalties to imprisonment should applied isonomic so without allowing discretion to the magistrate, a standard hard constraint to the achievement of the ideal application of alternative sanctions. The theoretical framework that sought to establish is the emergence of criminal theories applicable to the model democratic state of law, formal and substantial, treated by Salo de Carvalho, from the perspective of legal guaranteeism structured by Luigi Ferrajoli. Democratic guaranteeism this already flourishing in critical criminology in Latin America before (against) one deforming scientific liberal theory and a positivist criminology inaugurated in Italy modern rationalist, which was not long in finding national translators, and in return the science and law criminal similar to dark premodern darkness. Thus, the punitive retributive legal discourse of the ideology of social defense installed by criminal selectivity, even with the birth of Latin American constitutional democracies always gains body and / or kicks. Simultaneously. To the extent that principles take shape and normative force to the taste of those who hold state power to make them feel more or less this or that principle. The alternative to imprisonment comes up, as it was his time to own deprivation of liberty in the face of physical torture and expiatory penalties of sin, under the official or declared address of an alternative criminal law or even an alternative to criminal law, especially jailer, bankrupt and oppressive. Not penalizing are the policies of the second half of the twentieth century, contained in the speeches, first reformer of the general part of the Brazilian Penal Code; then contained in the explanatory memorandum of the Brazilian Penal Executions Law. It is therefore in unofficial context of being the Criminal Law modern Punitive constrictor of freedom, the way to the State to return the contracted peace, remediating and preventing with one act crime (with pen), that arise alternative measures the deprivation of liberty, especially in Brazil. Thus, the new penalties could be alternatives to this course failed form of management of individual offenses to social peace, and repeated the idea alternativity present in the genesis of deprivation of liberty. But with this problem in hand, it was not what was found. Searching criminal sentences condemnatory concessional or not of alternative penalty, sought to determine whether the way in which you choose the pen, is reinforced or not selective and non-adversarial character of the Brazilian criminal proceedings. He sought to uncover or deny the expansionist role of penalties or alternative measures. If it is the reinforcer Institute declared speech penal alternative, masking the true expansionist role of criminal law in return mode, the selectivity and the criminal expansionism if rekindle when we found out that the regulatory procedure Decision defining your application.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetiva-se reconstruir o sentido e o alcance do princípio do ne bis in idem, estudando-se as interferências recíprocas do direito penal e do direito administrativo sancionador, com ênfase na concorrência normativa entre tais manifestações do ius puniendi do Estado, seus desdobramentos e os riscos que representam para a liberdade humana, especificamente em face da interdição de duplicidade ou multiplicidade punitiva encartada no princípio em comento. Estrutura-se o texto em três pilares: a primeira parte cuida dos aspectos mais universais do princípio do ne bis in idem, percorrendo tanto seu traçado histórico como seu reconhecimento internacional; a segunda parte examina a consistente experiência jurídica europeia, analisando os marcos teóricos e práticos relacionados à matéria; finalmente, a terceira parte atinge o âmago da investigação, enfocando teoricamente o princípio do ne bis in idem, de modo a renovar sua interpretação no plano nacional, redimensionando as convergências entre o direito penal e o direito administrativo sancionador, a unicidade da (re)ação repressiva do Estado e as possibilidades de enfrentamento das disfunções desse princípio no direito brasileiro. Demonstra-se que a acumulação de sanções de caráter punitivo, de natureza penal e/ou administrativa sancionadora, quando presentes os pressupostos de identidade de sujeito, de fatos e de fundamentos, é vedada pelo espectro de proteção do princípio do ne bis in idem. Postula-se, ainda, esclarecer se, nas situações de exacerbação punitiva com fins semelhantes ou confluentes, deverá sempre prevalecer a aplicação da lei penal. Espera-se, ademais, formular propostas para a regulamentação de conflitos nos casos de concorrência normativa entre o direito penal e o direito administrativo sancionador. Evidencia-se, enfim, que o objetivo principal da investigação é a plena compreensão do princípio do ne bis in idem, refletindo-se a respeito da ilegitimidade da acumulação de sanções penais e sanções administrativas, tão somente pelo fundamento de que não é possível a desvinculação das regras de independência entre a competência jurisdicional e a atribuição sancionadora da administração ou em razão de supostas indiferenças ontológicas entre os ilícitos penal e administrativo. / The purpose of this work is to reconstruct the meaning and scope of the principle of ne bis in idem, with the study of reciprocal interference of criminal law and sanctioning of administrative law, with an emphasis on competition rules between these manifestations of the penalizing authority of the State, its consequences and the risks posed to human freedom, especially in the face of prohibition of double or multiple punitive inset in principle under discussion.The text is structured on three pillars: the first part takes care of the most universal principle of ne bis in idem, covering both your track record as its international recognition; the second part examines the consistent European legal experience, analyzing the theoretical frameworks and related to practical matters; finally, the third part goes to the heart of research, focusing theoretically the principle of ne bis in idem in order to renew their interpretation at the national level, resizing the convergence between the criminal law and administrative law sanctioning the uniqueness the (re)action repressive state and the possibilities of coping with dysfunction of this principle in Brazilian law. It shows that the accumulation of punitive sanctions, criminal and/or administrative sanctions, if present assumptions identity of subject, facts and fundamentals, is forbidden by the specter of protection of the principle of ne bis in idem. It also intends to clarify whether, in cases of exacerbation punitive or confluent with similar purposes, shall always prevail criminal law enforcement. It is expected, moreover, to formulate proposals for the regulation of conflicts in cases of competition rules between the criminal law and administrative law sanctioning. It shows, finally, that the main objective of the investigation is fully understanding the principle of ne bis in idem, reflecting about the ilegitimacy accumulation of criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, especially with the fundament that it is not possible untying the rules of independence between the jurisdiction and the award of punitive or administration due to ontological indifferences between the illicit criminal and administrative.