L’idée centrale de notre paradigme juridique est qu’une peine juste devrait être celle qui régénère les liens sociaux blessés par le crime. Si l’édifice de la justice des hommes a connu de nombreuses transformations, les éclairages historiques et philosophiques demeurent indispensables pour étudier la délicate question du sens de la peine. Les sciences criminelles doivent ainsi prendre en compte les intérêts de la société, de l’auteur de l’infraction ainsi que ceux de la victime. En ce sens, la loi du 15 août 2014 relative à l’individualisation des peines et renforçant l’efficacité des sanctions pénales prévoit, pour la première fois en droit positif, un texte consacré à la justice restaurative. L’objet de celle-ci consiste à permettre de restaurer le lien social rompu par la commission d’une infraction en offrant la possibilité à l’auteur des faits de rencontrer la victime. Réparer le préjudice causé à la victime, réinsérer l’auteur de l’infraction dans la société, rétablir la paix sociale et prévenir la récidive : tels sont les objectifs de la justice restaurative. L’étude particulière de l’article 10-1 du Code de procédure pénale soulève pour autant deux questions essentielles : La justice restaurative est-elle envisageable dans le cadre de toute procédure pénale ? La justice restaurative peut-elle trouver sa place à tous les stades de la procédure ? Pour permettre à la réflexion théorique de se nourrir des réalités concrètes, il convient de s’interroger sur les règles de procédure qui pourraient permettre d’encadrer rigoureusement la justice restaurative afin que, débarrassée de l’image utopique dont elle pourrait être affublée, elle puisse devenir un mécanisme juridique efficace. / The core idea of our legal paradigm is that a fair sentence should be one that regenerates the social links wounded by crime. If the justice built by men has known many transformations, the historical and philosophical enlightenings remain essential to study the tricky question of the « sentence’s meaning ». Thus criminal sciences must take into account the interests of the society, of the offender as much as the victim’s. In this sense, the law of August 15, 2014 on the sentences’ individualization and reinforcing the penal sanctions’ efficiency, provides, for the first time in substantive law, a text dedicated to restorative justice. The purpose of this law consists in allowing to restore the social link broken by the commission of an offense by offering the offender the opportunity to meet the victim. To repair prejudice caused to victims, to reintegrate offenders in the society, to restore social peace and to prevent recidivism : those are the restorative objectives of justice. The particular study of article 10-1 of the Code of criminal proceedings raises two essential issues : is restorative justice possible in any criminal proceedings ? Can restorative justice find its place at each and every stage of the procedure ? In order to allow the theoretical reflexion to feed from practical realities, questions must be asked about the proceedings rules which could help producing a strict framework for restorative justice so that, freed from the utopian image from which restorative justice could be burdened with, it may become an efficient legal mechanism.

English, with some Arabic text / After justifying my rationale for this study, I have briefly propounded anthropological and philosophical perspectives for the institution and development of law in human society. Thereafter I have focused on the criminal law of Islām. With regards to invariable penalties for certain offences and variable penalties for others I have also stressed the oft-neglected issue of rehabilitation. Besides, I have also appraised criminal procedure and then concluded by refuting objections raised against Islāmic criminal law by critics. In sum, the following comes to light: • The Islāmic laws encompass all facets of criminality. • Islām believes in nipping the evil in the bud: treating the wound and then applying the plaster. If it comes to the worst that the wound becomes incurable, then for the betterment of the patient and others, it may as well be amputated. Its aim is not to castigate the criminals; rather to reprimand them and bring reform in the society. • How crucial this topic is and how urgently it should be addressed. • How temperate the Islāmic laws are in weeding out crimes from the societies. • Crime is a crime, whether it is perpetrated by an individual or state. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

In this thesis the position of parties under a fixed-term agreement under section 14 of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 is analysed critically. The purpose of this thesis is first to establish whether parties to a fixed-term agreement are better protected in terms of section 14 of the CPA when the consumer needs to terminate the contract based on the material failure to perform by the supplier, than under the common law. Second, this thesis explores whether the maximum duration of fixed-term agreements should be limited by statute. Various aspects affecting parties to these agreements, for instance the freedom to contract, pacta servanda sunt, and standard-form agreements, are considered. The South African position is then compared to the position in Singapore under the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act, and to the United Kingdom under the Consumer Rights Act, to gain perspective and objectively evaluate the provisions of section 14 of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 to establish whether South Africa can benefit from lessons learnt from these jurisdictions. Finally, principle-based amendments to the provisions of the CPA are recommended to improve the position of the consumer under fixed-term agreements to effect best practice solutions and ensure adherence to the aims and purposes of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 and international guidelines. This thesis is based on the law as at 18 June 2020, found in sources available in South Africa, and Singaporean law available in the database of the National University of Singapore. / Hierdie proefskrif is ’n kritiese analise van die posisie van partye tot vastetermynkontrakte ingevolge artikel 14 van die Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikersbeskermingswetgewing, die Consumer Protection Act 68 van 2008 (CPA). Die doel van die analise is eerstens om vas te stel of partye tot ’n vastetermynkontrak ingevolge artikel 14 van die CPA beter beskerming geniet ingevolge die CPA wanneer die verbruiker die vastetermynkontrak moet beëindig weens die wesenlike wanprestasie deur die verskaffer, as ingevolge die gemenereg. Tweedens ondersoek die proefskrif of dit wenslik is dat die maksimum duur van vastetermynkontrakte deur wetgewing beperk word. Verskeie aspekte wat die posisie van partye tot vastetermynkontrakte beïnvloed word ondersoek, onder andere kontrakteervryheid, die leerstuk pacta servanda sunt en standaardkontrakte. Die Suid-Afrikaanse posisie word dan vergelyk met dié in Singapoer, ingevolge die Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act (CPFTA), en die Verenigde Koninkryk, ingevolge die Consumer Rights Act (CRA) om perspektief te kry op die studie, en ten einde die bepalings van artikel 14 objektief te oorweeg om vas te stel of Suid-Afrika kan kersopsteek by hierdie jurisdiksies. Laastens word voorstelle gemaak om die posisie van die verbruiker tot vastetermynkontrakte ingevolge die CPA te verbeter om beste gebruikspraktyke te implementeer, en te verseker dat die doelwitte van die CPA en internasionale verbruikersriglyne bereik word. Hierdie studie weerspieël die regsposisie soos op 18 Junie 2020 in bronne wat plaaslik beskikbaar is, asook in bronne aan my beskikbaar gestel deur die Nasionale Universiteit van Singapoer tydens ’n navorsingsbesoek daar. / Kule thesisi isimo sezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwesivumelwano sesikhathi esinqunyiwe, ngaphansi kwesigaba 14 koMthetho 68 ka 2008, uMthetho weZokuvikelwa koMthengi uhlaziywa ngendlela egxekayo. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukusungula ukuthi mhlawumbe lezi zinhlangano ezingaphansi kwesivumelwano sesikhathi esinqunyiwe sivikeleke kangcono ngaphansi kwesigaba 14 se-CPA uma kunesidingo sabathengi sokuqedwa kwesivumelwano esencike phezu kokwehluleka ukwenza umsebenzi waloyo ongumthumeli wempahla, okwehlukile emthethweni owejwayelekile. Okwesibili, le thesis iphenya ukuthi mhlawumbe isikhathi isikhathi esinde sesivumelwano sesikhathi esinqunyiwe kufanele sincishiswe ngokomthetho oshayiwe. Izinto ezahlukahlukene ezithinta lezi zivumelwano, njengesibonelo, inkululeko yokungena esivumelwaneni pacta servanda sunt, kanye nesivumelwano ezingaguquki, kuyizinto ezibhekwayo. Isimo seNingizimu Afrika siqhathaniswa nesimo sezwe laseSingapore ngaphansi koMthetho wezokuVikelwa kwabaThengi (Fair Trading), kanye nasezweni laseUnited Kingdom ngaphansi koMthetho owaMalungelo abaThengi, ukuthola umqondo kanye nokuhlola izimiso ngaphansi kwesigaba 14 soMthetho 68 ka 2008, uMthetho oVikela abaThengi ukuthola ukuthi ngabe iNingizimu Afrika kukhona ekuzuzile kwizifundo ezifundwe kulezi zakhiwo zemithetho. Okokugcina, izichibiyelo ezisuselwe kwimigomo mayelana nalokho okushiwo yi-CPA inconywe ukuthi yenze ngcono isimo sezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwezivumelwano zesikhathi esinqunyiwe ukuletha izisombululo ezingcono kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulandelwa izinhloso kanye nemisebenzi yoMthetho 68 ka 2008, okunguMthetho oVikela abaThengi kanye nemihlahlandlela yezizwe zomhlaba. Lolu cwaningo lususelwe phezu komthetho kusukela mhla zi 18 uNhlangulana 2020, luyatholakala emithonjeni yaseNingizimu Afrika, kanye nomthetho waseSingapore uyatholakala emthonjeni yedatha yaseNational University of Singapore. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.

Au siècle dernier, la Turquie moderne a adopté les principes de démocratie et de laïcité. Parvenue à la stabilité politique, elle connaît aujourd’hui une croissance économique stable et pérenne qui lui permet de jouer sa partition au niveau international. La Turquie est passée du modernisme inhérent à l’idéologie ataturkienne à un modernisme qui s’inspire aujourd’hui des principes occidentaux en les adaptant à sa conjoncture économique et à ses valeurs sociales. En matière d’imposition des bénéfices des entreprises, la législation fiscale joue un rôle essentiel. L’accroissement des échanges économiques de la Turquie avec les pays étrangers, notamment ceux de l’Union européenne, amène le législateur fiscal turc à donner une dimension internationale à la fiscalité d’entreprise. Il témoigne de sa volonté de modernisme et de ses préoccupations internationales en accordant, depuis le début des années 2000, une importance toute particulière aux exigences de l’OCDE et de l’Union européenne. Il s’applique à faire de la fiscalité d’entreprise une fiscalité compétitive au service du développement économique et à garantir les droits des entreprises afin qu’elles bénéficient d’une sécurité juridique réelle. Par voie de conséquence, la perception du contribuable turc à l’égard de l’État évolue, passant d’une conception ad nominam – qui accorde la primauté à ceux qui dirigent le pays – à une conception ad valorem – qui accorde la primauté à la valeur des dispositions fiscales. / Last century, Turkey adopted the principles of democracy and secularism. It has reached political stability and is now experiencing a stable and durable economic growth that enables it to play a role on an international scale. Turkey has gone from a modernism inherent to the Ataturk ideology to a modernism inspired by Western principles, adapting them to its economic situation and its social values. As regards taxation on firm profits, fiscal legislation plays an essential part. The increase of economic exchanges between Turkey and foreign countries, especially those belonging to the European Union, leads Turkish fiscal laws to give an international standing to the firm tax system. It has shown its will of modernism and its international preoccupations by attaching a specific importance to the requirements of the OECD and the European Union since the beginning of the 2000s. It makes every effort to turn firm taxation into a competitive tax system serving the economic development and to guarantee the rights of the firms so that they have a real juridical security. As a result, the collection of Turkish taxpayers to the state is evolving, going from a conception ad nominam – prioritizing the leaders of the country – to a conception ad valorem – prioritizing the value of fiscal measures.

The aim of diploma thesis "Probation and mediation as a form of work with juvenile offenders" is to elaborate the social pedagogic aspects of probation and mediation activities. It is intended to be a theoretic study and is divided into five chapters. The opening chapter is concerned for causes of delinquent beaviour and offers an enumeration of factors causing the uprise of this kind of behaviour among youth. The second chapter aims at possibilities of juvenile criminality prevention. The third chapter is employed with an institution of Probation and Mediation Services, which plays an important role on the field of terciary prevention of juvenile criminality. Fourth chapter treats with concrete ways of work of probation officers with their clients. Their work is analysed in the last chapter emphasising the social pedagogic potential of probation and mediation activities. It also mentions a possibility of social support in the work of probation officers.

Environ vingt milliards d’euros, tel est le coût de la délinquance économique et financière en France. Phénomène proche de la criminalité organisée et pourtant toujours mal défini, délinquance atypique aux caractères spécifiques, elle demeure un espace où seuls quelques initiés parviennent à déjouer les malversations commises par des criminels précurseurs quant à leur modes opératoires. Gangrène du système socio-économique, elle tend à être appréhendée aujourd’hui dans l’hexagone, mais les réformes successives et novatrices ne sont pas synonymes d’une répression adaptée. Si le système judiciaire s’est doté de dispositifs de lutte fondés sur la spécialisation de plusieurs juridictions pénales, l’enquête judiciaire, berceau de toute répression, demeure majoritairement soumise aux règles de procédures du droit commun. Comme l’attestent les retours d’expériences, à une criminalité d’exception s’opposent des pouvoirs d’investigations basiques pourtant susceptibles d’être améliorés par l’adaptation de dispositifs éprouvés. / Twenty billions : that is the cost of financial and economic crime in France. This is close to organised crime, but it still remains an ill-defined phenomenon, an atypical delinquency with specific features, an area where only few initiate persons succeed in twarthing misbehaviours committed by pioneer criminals in regard to the modus operandi they use. Financial and economic crime plagues the social and economic system, and although this tends to be contained in France, successive and innovative reforms haven’t ensured a more appropriate criminal justice response. Judicial system has been provided with specialized penal courts, but judicial inquiry, the cradle of fight against crime, still remains subject to ordinary criminal procedural rules. As feedbacks show, basic investigation powers contrast with exceptional delinquency, whereas they could be improved by the adaptation of the tested investigation devices.

Le transport maritime par conteneurs est devenu universel compte tenu de son caractère multimodal. Le succès de ce mode de transport est aussi lié à l’implication de plusieurs professionnels tant du monde privé que du monde public. Cependant, le transport de conteneurs constitue un univers de contentieux parfois inconnus. L’usage de ces boîtes fait l’objet de contentieux de nature privé, mais également des contentieux de nature administrative. Bien que des Conventions internationales règlementent le transport maritime en général, l’inadaptation de certaines de ces normes ne facilite pas la résolution de ces contentieux. Et, comme l’administration des douanes est en amont et en aval dans l’exécution du contrat de transport, son intervention ne reste pas sans soulever des contentieux dont la résolution implique deux ordres de juridictions. / The container shipping has become universal because of its multimodal nature. The success of this mean of transport is also linked to the involvement of many professionals from both private and public sectors. However, the container shipping constitutes a field of litigation sometime ignored. The use of these boxes involves not only litigations of private nature but also of administrative nature. Although some international conventions regulate shipping in general, the unsuitability of some of these norms does not help the settlement of these litigations. And, as the customs administration is upstream and downstream involved in the execution of the contract of carriage, its involvement is a source of disputes whose settlement implies two different kinds of courts.

Dentro de las penas de libertad se han distinguido tradicionalmente aquéllas que privan de ella en su mayor parte de aquéllas que sólo intervienen la facultad locomotiva o ambulatoria, con frecuencia referidas científica o legislativamente a la libertad de residencia, pero de concepto en realidad mucho más amplio, por prohibir la permanencia y aun el mero acceso al territorio vedado. En España, con atención tanto a los textos legales como a los proyectos legislativos, cabe reconocer ese componente restrictivo de la libertad ambulatoria en las penas de deportación o relegación, de extrañamiento, de confinamiento y de destierro; otra figura penal, la sujeción a la vigilancia de la autoridad, ha sido inicialmente medio punitivo y después medida de seguridad; por fin, la expulsión de extranjeros, que apenas ha tenido consideración de pena, completa el cuadro de consecuencias jurídicas del delito encuadrables en esta categoría. / Within the ambit of the penalisation of liberty there have traditionally been those penalties that remove liberty almost entirely and those that only restrict freedom of movement. These latter are frequently referred to, technically or legally, as concerning right of residence, but which are in fact of far greater compass, since they prohibit the possibility of staying in, or even entry to, the proscribed territory. In Spain, in both legal texts and in proposed legislation, one may notice this component of restriction of movement in the penalties of deportation, banishments and exile. Another penal measure, that of subjection to surveillance by the authorities, was initially a punitive measure and then became a matter of security. Finally, the expulsion of foreigners, which has scarcely been regarded as a punishment, completes the stock of legal measures used against the offences brought together in this category.

Barnamordsplakatet (a Infanticide Proclamation) of 1778 was a circular allowing unmarried mothers to give birth at an undisclosed location without giving up the name of the father. The proclamation was supposed to ease the situation for the unwed mother in Sweden. The aim was to investigate whether women in Assembly of Hällefors, far from government and close to remote forest Finnskogen, was affected by the Infanticide Proclamation, between 1771 and 1830. Case studies has been done on people who had illegitimate children, if they were convicted, what the crime was and what the punishment was. The investigation is made at a local level and compared against national analyzes on the same theme. A lot of illegitimate children were born in Grythyttan nearby and slightly less in Hällefors, compared to other places of Sweden. Mothers and fathers were convicted in the district court for crimes, including, sexual intercourse between unmarried persons. More women than men were convicted. The cases in court with convicted for the second time, was culminating between 1800 and 1810. Infanticide Proclamation is immediately adapted in court. People's behavior changed before the law took effect when the amount of born illegitimate children outnumbered the amount of convicted mothers.

This dissertation investigates the advantages of procuring capital-intensive infrastructure services via Public-Private Partnerships (P3s or PPPs) – cost and time savings and; innovation and high levels of efficiency – accounting for these advantages by reference to the underlying legal provisions and principles that facilitate them; and in this process highlights two significant directions in which Canadian P3 law, policy and practice has evolved – the enactment of P3 legislation and/or the formulation of non-statutory P3-related policy; as well as the establishment of legal institutions that promote and/or facilitate P3 procurements. The dissertation also addresses key arguments raised against P3s, by reference to aspects of Canadian law, policy and P3 practice. The research methodology comprises a detailed review of legal and non-legal sources. The implication of the research findings is that, given the foregoing developments in Canadian P3 law, policy and practice, the key arguments canvassed against P3s are overstated and lacking in merit.