O pretérito perfeito composto (também conhecido como passado composto) português tem uma interpretação que diverge de praticamente todos os tempos análogos nas línguas românicas e germânicas. A caracterização desse tempo, bem como a determinação da sua relação com os tempos cognatos das outras línguas é uma questão ainda em aberto. Na sua investigação, cruzam-se temáticas atinentes às áreas temáticas de aspecto, accionalidade, temporalidade, modalidade. / The meaning of pretérito perfeito composto, the Portuguese verb form analogous to the English present perfect, is markedly distinct from the corresponding tenses in Romance and Germanic languages. Its description and the nature of its relationship to the corresponding tenses in other languages is still a question open to debate. The enquiry into this verb form is at the crossroads of the areas of aspect, actionality, tense, modality. This dissertation is aimed at trying to pinning down the characteristic features of this verb form more precisely, and pointing at possible explanatory hypotheses about its functioning.

O pretérito perfeito composto (também conhecido como passado composto) português tem uma interpretação que diverge de praticamente todos os tempos análogos nas línguas românicas e germânicas. A caracterização desse tempo, bem como a determinação da sua relação com os tempos cognatos das outras línguas é uma questão ainda em aberto. Na sua investigação, cruzam-se temáticas atinentes às áreas temáticas de aspecto, accionalidade, temporalidade, modalidade. / The meaning of pretérito perfeito composto, the Portuguese verb form analogous to the English present perfect, is markedly distinct from the corresponding tenses in Romance and Germanic languages. Its description and the nature of its relationship to the corresponding tenses in other languages is still a question open to debate. The enquiry into this verb form is at the crossroads of the areas of aspect, actionality, tense, modality. This dissertation is aimed at trying to pinning down the characteristic features of this verb form more precisely, and pointing at possible explanatory hypotheses about its functioning.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcioni Galdino Vieira.pdf: 1327346 bytes, checksum: e929f3ff8e27516b5cc4c376b3628d48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research had as the main objective to verify the relation between the cyber culture and the myth of the perfect and universal language. From the hypothesis that the cyber culture, mainly its phenomenon of biggest visibility, Web, is included in a movement named by Gérard Genette as cratylism or secondary mimologism . A tradition made by idealists that through times searched to repair the mistake of the natural language through a supposed adamic and divine language or by projects of artificial languages, universal grammars or poetical languages. It is about a long journey which starts on a mythical area with the Biblical narratives, particularly with the history of the world‟s origin and the Tower of Babel, and in rational area with the dialog Cratyle by Plato. It was used as methodology the bibliographical research, by a secondary order observation . The thesis brings initially the relation between myth and language, with approach especially to the concept of myth developed by Roland Barthes. Then it goes to the delineation of a cyber culture mythology. Later it is done an analysis of the dialog Cratyle by Plato, based on the particular interpretation of this work made by Gérard Genette in his book Mimologiques. Following the genettian concept of secondary cratylism, the work includes in its theoretical construction the philosophical and literary reflection of the language, oriented by works of authors like Stephane Mallarmé, Paul Valéry, Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva, Jorge Luis Borges, Haroldo de Campos, among others. In what Umberto Eco names as research of the perfect language‟, the airtight chain, from the memory art by Ramon Llull to the binary codes by Leibniz, theories considered as the origin of the contemporary computer language. The aspects of the alphabetical language were also verified and the passage to the digital culture, looking for a relation with the thesis object. In the end, theories were analyzed to explain the digital culture phenomena / Esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo verificar a relação entre a cibercultura e o mito da língua perfeita e universal. Partiu-se da hipótese de que a cibercultura, principalmente seu fenômeno de maior visibilidade, a Web, inclui-se em um movimento denominado por Gérard Genette como cratilismo ou mimologismo secundário . Uma tradição percorrida por idealistas que ao longo dos tempos buscaram reparar a falha da língua natural por meio da busca de uma suposta língua adâmica e divina ou por intermédio de projetos de línguas artificiais, gramáticas universais ou linguagens poéticas. Trata-se de uma longa trajetória que se inicia em plano mítico com as narrativas bíblicas, particularmente com os relatos da origem do mundo e da Torre de Babel, e em plano racional com o diálogo Crátilo de Platão. Utilizou-se como metodologia a pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio de uma observação de segunda ordem . A tese traz inicialmente a relação entre mito e linguagem, com enfoque especialmente para o conceito de mito desenvolvido por Roland Barthes. Parte-se, então, para o delineamento de uma mitologia da cibercultura. Depois é feita uma análise do diálogo Crátilo de Platão com base na interpretação particular dessa obra realizada por Gérard Genette em seu livro Mimologiques. Seguindo o conceito genettiano de cratilismo secundário, o trabalho inclui em seu corpo teórico a reflexão filosófica e literária da linguagem, orientada por obras de autores como Stephane Mallarmé, Paul Valéry, Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva, Jorge Luis Borges, Haroldo de Campos, entre outros. Dentro do que Umberto Eco denomina como busca da língua perfeita , estudou-se a corrente hermética, desde a arte da memória de Ramon Llull até os códigos binários de Leibniz, teorias consideradas como os primórdios da linguagem da informática contemporânea. Também foram verificados os aspectos da cultura alfabética e a passagem para a cultura digital, buscando uma relação com o objeto da tese. Foram analisadas, por fim, teorias que visam explicar os fenômenos da cultura digital

Transformation optics, a recently booming area, provides people a new approach to design optical devices for manipulating light. With transformation optics, a lot of novel optical devices are proposed, such as invisibility cloaks, optical wormholes, optical black holes, illusion devices. The present thesis is devoted to investigate transformation optics for manipulating light. Firstly, an introduction to transformation optics is given. This part includes: (1) introducing differential geometry as the mathematical preparation; (2) expressing Maxwell’s equations in an arbitrary coordinate system and introducing the concept of transformation media as the foundation stone of transformation optics; (3) discussing light from the geometry perspective as the essence of transformation optics; (4) showing how to use transformation optics to design optical devices. For our works on invisibility cloaks, we analyze the properties of arbitrary shaped invisibility cloaks, and confirm their invisibility abilities. The geometrical perturbations to cylindrical and spherical shaped cloaks are analyzed in detail. We show that the cylindrical cloak is more sensitive to the perturbation than a spherical cloak. By imposing a PEC (PMC) layer at the interior boundary of the cylindrical cloak shell for TM (TE) wave, the sensitivity can be reduced dramatically. A simplified non-magnetic cylindrical cloak is also designed. We show that the dominant zeroth order scattering term can be eliminated by employing an air gap between the cloak and the cloaked region. We propose a compensated bilayer by a folding coordinate transformation based on transformation optics. It is pointed out that complementary media, perfect negative index lens and perfect bilayer lens made of indefinite media are well unified under the scope of the transformed compensated bilayer. We demonstrate the applications of the compensated bilayer, such as perfect imaging and optical illusion. Arbitrary shaped compensated bilayers are also analyzed. Nihility media known as the media with ε =μ= 0, are generalized from transformation optics as transformation media derived from volumeless geometrical elements. The practical constructions of nihility media by metamaterials are discussed. The eigen fields in the nihility media are derived. The interactions between an external incident wave and a slab of nihility media in the free space background are analyzed. A new type of transformation media called α media is proposed for manipulating light. Light rays in the α media have a simple displacement or rotation relationship with those in another media (seed media). Such relationship is named α relationship. The α media can be designed and simplified to a certain class of diagonal anisotropic media, which are related to certain isotropic media by the α relationship. Several optical devices based on the α transformation media are designed. Invisibility cloaks obtained from the coordinate transformation approach are revisited from a different perspective. / QC 20101102

The aim of the present work is to describe the semantics and the discursive functions from a general cognitivist point of view of the usage of the Present Perfect in the spoken Spanish of Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. It is argued that cross-linguistic values often ascribed to perfect, such as continuity, current relevance and recency to the speech time –ST– do not offer a consistent view of the actual usage. It is assumed that a basic meaning of the perfect operates in the studied dialects and is retrievable in all tokens, which differs significantly from the current descriptions of the perfect of “general” Spanish. The results show that the ST might very well be an inference of the basic meaning of the Perfect but it is not an intrinsic component of the Perfect’s semantics. Based mainly on Dahl & Hedin (2000), as well as on Langacker (1987), the revitalizing of the concepts type and token reference are suggested as key principles for identifying the respective domains of the Spanish Present Perfect and the Simple Past in the studied area. The Perfect, through type reference, makes an assertion of a situation as a representation of the class-type of the verbal semantics. The Simple Past, however, through token reference conceptualizes the situation as having explicit or implicit anchoring in the chronological axis of time. Three main kinds of contexts occur typically with the Perfect in the samples: detemporalized ascertainment, summary (in a broad sense of the word) and aspectual complexity. Summary scanning (Langacker, 1987), i.e. the schematic and holistic detemporalized conceptualization of the development of a given situation, is claimed to be used by informants for discursive purposes, granting a greater rhetorical weight to the Perfect. The results founded in this thesis indicate that the perfect tenses in Spanish have followed (and are following) different developmental paths that are not necessarily restricted to the same sequences and mode of grammaticalization.

This thesis consists of three self-contained essays dealing with different aspects of macroeconomics and political Economy. The Relative Price of Investment Goods and Sectoral Contract Dependence I develop a quantitative model to explain the relationship between TFPs at the aggregate and sector levels and contracting institutions across countries. The incomplete contract enforcement induces distortions in the production process which come from the “hold up” problem between a final goods firm and its suppliers. Because investment goods sector is more contract dependent, its productivity suffers more from the distortion. In turn, countries endowed with weaker contract enforcement institutions face higher relative prices of investment goods. A Ricardian Model of the Labor Market with Directed Search I analyze how search friction affects the allocation in a Ricardian model of the labor market. The equilibrium shows that the matching pattern is partially mixed: Some tasks are only performed by skilled workers; some are only performed by unskilled workers; the remaining tasks are performed by both skilled and unskilled workers. The mixed matching pattern implies a mismatch in equilibrium. It turns out that the reason for the mismatch has its roots in search friction. In addition, I show labor market institutions have interesting implications for the unemployment rate and mismatch. A Dynamic Analysis of the Free-rider Problem I argue that special interest groups overcome their free-rider problem thanks to distorted government policy. As policy confers monopoly privileges on a group, it can also preserve and promote group’s organization. The key to sustaining the organization of the group is a dynamic incentive: when distorted policy generates rents for a group, each member of the group wish to make contributions not just to raise their rents today; they want to sustain their cooperation so that they will be able to influence policy in the future.

在贓物所有權歸屬問題之下，本文承繼 Rose (2010) 的設定，使用賽局模型分析贓物不適用善意取得 (即無條件歸還原持有者) 及適用善意取得的法律規定，並討論我國實際贓物所有權的制度，並比較三種制度下的參賽者的聯合效用大小。透過本研究可發現，原持有者擁有物品所有權的效用相對較高時，社會上應偏向贓物不適用善意取得較有效率；當潛在買方擁有物品所有權的效用相對較高時，社會上應偏向贓物適用善意取得較有效率。而我國現有制度不管在何種情況之下，皆不是最有效率的，故我國對贓物所有權歸屬的法律從效率面而言有重新檢討之必要。 / This paper which continues the study from Rose (2010) focuses on the question whether a buyer of a stolen good should obtain title to the good if he/she has purchased it in good faith. We use game model to analyze three different regulations - a rule of law where good faith is irrelevant, a rule where good faith may protect an innocent buyer, and the real regulation in Taiwan. Finally, in discussing social utility, we compare efficiency among the three regulations, and reach our conclusion that when the potential buyer’s utilities of having the ownership are higher than the owner’s, a rule of law where good faith is irrelevant is the most efficient. On the contrary, when the potential buyer’s utilities of having the ownership are lower than the original owner’s, a rule where good faith may protect an innocent buyer is the most efficient. Considering efficiency, the regulation in Taiwan is not the best to the society so the government may amend the regulation.

The purpose of this thesis is to gain understanding of the load on flat target surfaces produced by projectile impact. Models are proposed from which upper and lower bounds can be derived for the transition be-tween interface defeat and normal penetration. It is shown that the dominating contribution to the normal load is generally provided by the hydrodynamic pressure due to the effect of inertia. In addition it is shown that the contributions from yield strength and compressibility are also significant. For a cylindrical tungsten alloy projectile at an impact velocity representative of to-day’s ordnance velocities, the contributions to the load intensity on the axis of symmetry from yield strength and compressibility are shown to be 15% and 3.4%, respectively, of that of inertia. Impact tests have shown that for conical projectiles transition from interface defeat to penetration occurs at a significantly lower impact velocity than for cylindrical projectiles. In order to better understand the influence of projectile shape, a conical projectile in axi-symmetric impact is studied by use of an analytical model for self-similar flow, and the results obtained are compared to results of numerical simula-tions. It is shown how the maximum load intensity, and the position of the maximum, depends on the apex angle. For an apex angle of 90º, the maximum load intensity is found to be almost three times that pro-duced by a cylindrical projectile with the same impact velocity. This maximum occurs well off the axis of symmetry and is 20% larger than the load intensity at this axis. Both the self-similar model and the nu-merical simulations show that the contribution to the load intensity from compressibility is positive below and negative above an apex angle of around 80º. The contribution of yield strength to the load in-tensity at centre of impact depends only weakly on the apex angle and is therefore similar to that of a cylindrical projectile.

Συγκριτική συντακτική ανάλυση του Παρακειμένου της Νέας Ελληνικής και των κυριοτέρων ρωμανικών και γερμανικών γλωσσών. / The present thesis is an analysis concerning the periphrases of the present perfect in Modern Greek, and in the main Romance and Germanic languages, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German and Dutch. It consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, I present the data concerning the formation and the uses of the present perfect in the aforementioned languages. I particularly insist on the fact that in some languages there is auxiliary selection. French, Italian, German and Dutch, on one hand, generally select the auxiliary verb “have” to form the periphrases of the present perfect of transitive verbs, whereas, they select the verb “be” to form the present perfect of unaccusative verbs. Moreover, two of these languages, French and Italian have participle agreement. The participle used in the formations of these periphrases agrees in gender and number with the subject of the phrase if the auxiliary verb “be” is used, whereas, it agrees with the object if the verb “have” is used, but only on condition that the object precedes the participle. This can occur mainly when the object is a pronoun. In the second chapter, I proceed to the syntactic analysis of the data. I look into Kayne’s (1993) analysis on auxiliary selection. Kayne, following Freeze (1992), supports that the syntactic analysis of the possessive “have” should be adopted for the auxiliary “have” as well. He believes that the only difference between the two constructions is the fact that the complement of the auxiliary “have” should be one appropriate for a participle. Moreover, Kayne (1993) supports that the two auxiliary verbs “have” and “be” are basically the same. “Have” is “be” with a locative. In this chapter I also present some additional, more recent views concerning the constructions of the periphrases of the present perfect, the ones of Iatridou (2007) and D’Alessandro (2010). In the third chapter, I look into participle agreement. I suggest that this kind of agreement is related to, and depends on the position of adjectives in each language. In languages like French and Italian the adjective is usually put after the substantive. As a result, participles only agree with the argument they characterize/determine, depending on the construction, if they are in a structural position which is compatible with the position of the adjective. In languages like German and Dutch, adjectives always precede substantives. However, participles never do so when they are part of a periphrasis of the present perfect. German and Dutch never show participle agreement. In Greek, on the other hand, the adjective can either precede or follow the verb. This seems to be the reason why participles in Greek always show agreement. Finally, in English, adjectives and consequently participles never show any kind of agreement due to the fact that they lack clitic morphology. Following Wasow (1977) and his analysis on verbal and adjectival participles, but also Kibort (2005), I support that past participles that show agreement constitute an intermediate participial category between the verbal and the adjectival ones. They seem to be “resultative” participles which act as verbs but bear adjectival features. I propose that it is possible that the function of these participles in the periphrases of the present perfect is either to produce or to reinforce the perfect of result. I conclude that Modern Greek is the only language, among the ones examined, that has unconditional participial agreement, and can produce two different kinds of the present perfect with most verbs, the perfect of experience, on one hand, and the perfect of result, on the other.

A (convex) polytope P is said to be 2-level if every hyperplane H that is facet-defining for P has a parallel hyperplane H' that contains all the vertices of P which are not contained in H.Two level polytopes appear in different areas of mathematics, in particular in contexts related to discrete geometry and optimization. We study the problem of enumerating all combinatorial types of 2-level polytopes of a fixed dimension d. We describe the first algorithm to achieve this. We ran it to produce the complete database for d <= 8. Our results show that the number of combinatorial types of 2-level d-polytopes is surprisingly small for low dimensions d.We provide an upper bound for the number of combinatorially inequivalent 2-level d-polytopes. We phrase this counting problem in terms of counting some objects called 2-level configurations, that capture the class of "maximal" rank d 0/1-matrices, including (maximal) slack matrices of 2-level cones and 2-level polytopes. We provide a proof that the number of d-dimensional 2-level configurations coming from cones and polytopes, up to linear equivalence, is at most 2^{O(d^2 log d)}.Finally, we prove that the extension complexity of every stable set polytope of a bipartite graph with n nodes is O(n^2 log n) and that there exists an infinite class of bipartite graphs such that, for every n-node graph in this class, its stable set polytope has extension complexity equal to Omega(n log n). / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished