This thesis explores the use of language in J.D. Salinger’s “For Esmé—With Love and Squalor,” “A Perfect Day for Bananafish,” and Raise High the Roofbeam, Carpenters. It establishes a narrative pattern in which sensitive individuals such as Seymour Glass and Sergeant X are isolated by the insensitivity of the superficial modern world, attempt to communicate their concerns to others through an exchange of language in material forms, and ultimately find relief in silence. By analyzing various examples of linguistic artifacts and the impact they have on both sender and receiver, this thesis identifies criteria for successful communication as well as reasons for the failure of language which may be useful for the study of these and other works by Salinger. This thesis also considers the intersection of binaries such as silence and noise, and the ways Salinger presents them both thematically and formally.

Climate change must deal with two market failures: global warming and learning by doing in renewable energy production. The first-best policy consists of an aggressive renewables subsidy in the near term and a gradually rising and falling carbon tax. Given that global carbon taxes remain elusive, policy makers might have to rely on a second-best subsidy only. With credible commitment the second-best subsidy is higher than the social benefit of learning to cut the transition time and peak warming close to first-best levels at the cost of higher fossil fuel use in the short run (weak Green Paradox). Without commitment the second-best subsidy is set to the social benefit of learning. It generates smaller weak Green Paradox effects, but the transition to the carbon-free takes longer and cumulative carbon emissions are higher. Under first best and second best with pre-commitment peak warming is 2.1-2.3 °C, under second best without commitment 3.5 °C, and without any policy 5.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. Not being able to commit yields a welfare loss of 95% of initial GDP compared to first best. Being able to commit brings this figure down to 7%.

Os modelos de sistemas reparáveis usuais são os de reparo mínimo, perfeito e imperfeito, sendo que, na literatura, o modelo de reparo mínimo é o mais explorado. Em sistemas reparáveis é comum que componentes do mesmo tipo sejam estudados e nestes casos é relevante verificar a heterogeneidade entre eles. Segundo Vaupel et al. (1979), os métodos padrões em análise de dados de sistemas reparáveis ignoram a heterogeneidade não observada e em alguns casos esta deveria ser considerada. Tal variabilidade pode ser estimada a partir dos modelos de fragilidade, caracterizados pela utilização de um efeito aleatório. Propõe-se o modelo de reparo mínimo com fragilidade, afim de estimar a heterogeneidade não observada entre sistemas. Para este modelo foi realizado um estudo e simulação como objetivo de analisar as propriedades frequentistas do processo de estimação. A aplicação em um conjunto de dados reais mostrou a aplicabilidade do modelo proposto, em que a estimação dos parâmetros foram determinadas a partir das abordagens de máxima verossimilhança e Bayesiana. / The usual models in repair able systems are minimal, perfect and imperfect repair, and, in the literature, the minimum repair model is the most explored. In repair able systems it is common that the same type of components are studied and in these cases is relevant to verify the heterogeneity between them. According to Vaupel et al. (1979), the standard methods for analysis of repair able systems data ignore the heterogeneity not observed and in some cases this should be considered. Such variability can be estimated from frailty models, characterized by using a random effect. It is proposed that the minimum repair model with frailty in order to estimate the heterogeneity not observed between systems. For this model it was conducted a simulation study in order to analyze the frequentist properties of the estimation process. The application of a real data set showed the applicability of the proposed model, in which the estimation of the parameters were determined from maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches.

Dados um espaço de medida (X;A;m) e números reais p,q>1 com 1/p+1/q=1, o Teorema de Representação de Riesz afirma que Lq(X;A;m) é o dual topológico de Lp(X;A;m) e que Loo(X;A; m) é o dual topológico de L1(X;A;m) se o espaço (X;A;m) for sigma-finito. Observamos que a sigma-finitude de (X;A;m) é condição suficiente mas não necessária para que Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m). Os contra-exemplos tipicamente apresentados para essa última identificação são \"triviais\", no sentido de que desaparecem se \"consertarmos\" a medida , transformando-a numa medida perfeita. Neste trabalho apresentamos condições sufcientes mais fracas que sigma-finitude a fim de que Loo(X;A;m) e o dual de L1(X;A;m) possam ser isometricamente identificados. Além disso, introduzimos um invariante cardinal para espaços de medida que chamaremos a dimensão do espaço e mostramos que se o espaço (X;A;m) for de medida perfeita e tiver dimensão menor ou igual à cardinalidade do continuum então uma condição necessária e suficiente para Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m) é que X admita uma decomposição. / Given a measure space (X;A;m) and real numbers p,q>1 with 1/p+1/q=1, the Riesz Representation Theorem states that Lq(X;A;m) is the topological dual space of Lp(X;A;m) and that Loo(X;A; m) is the topological dual space of L1(X;A;m) if (X;A; m) is sigma-finite. We observe that the sigma-finiteness of (X;A;m) is a suficient but not necessary condition for Loo(X;A;m) to be the dual of L1(X;A;m). The counter-examples that are typically presented for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* are \"trivial\", in the sense that they vanish if we fix the measure , making it into a perfect measure. In this work we present suficient conditions weaker than sigma-finiteness in order that Loo(X;A; m) and L1(X;A;m)* can be isometrically identified. Moreover, we introduce a cardinal invariant for measure spaces which we call the dimension of the space and we show that if the space (X;A;m) has perfect measure and dimension less than or equal to the cardinal of the continuum then a necessary and suficient condition for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* is that X admits a decomposition.

Submitted by Jailda Nascimento (jmnascimento@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-21T15:12:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kátia Alvarenga Franza Gatti.pdf: 663272 bytes, checksum: 7cd17fbe97b4fae02d6d2794de52e59f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T15:12:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kátia Alvarenga Franza Gatti.pdf: 663272 bytes, checksum: 7cd17fbe97b4fae02d6d2794de52e59f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to investigate the legal business under private law with the implications and effects that come to the tax law, embodied in the obligation to tax collection. At the same time, it seeks to demonstrate the legitimacy of the institution of elision tax law, leaving the issue of tax evasion the issues related to any wrongfulness. Therefore, with the study of the legal business was demonstrated possibility of imperfections that regularly cause the unwinding of illicit legal business by the tax authorities, with consequent tax impact being sought to prevent illicitly. In other cases, that is, the situation of tax avoidance as treated here, there is no need to admit the unwinding by the tax authorities of the perfect legal transactions, so only because the taxpayer sought to lower tax incidence, with justifications nothing deeply grounded. We tried to explain the theoretical context of philosophy of language, explaining the theory of tax incidence, was made notes about the theory of the system, as well as on the theory of evidence and its importance to support the possibility of taxation / O presente trabalho objetiva investigar o negócio jurídico no âmbito do direito privado com as implicações e efeitos que surgem para o ramo do direito tributário, consubstanciados na obrigação ao recolhimento de tributos. Ao mesmo tempo, busca-se demonstrar com isso a legitimidade do instituto da elisão fiscal, deixando para o tema da evasão fiscal as questões correlatas a qualquer ilicitude. Para tanto, com o estudo do negócio jurídico demonstrou-se possibilidade de imperfeições que ocasionam regularmente o desfazimento do negócio jurídico ilícito pelo fisco, com consequente incidência tributária que se buscou evitar ilicitamente. Nos demais casos, ou seja, na situação de elisão fiscal como aqui tratada, não há que se admitir o desfazimento pelo fisco dos negócios jurídicos perfeitos, tão somente porque o contribuinte buscou menor incidência tributária, com justificativas nada profundamente fundamentadas. Tratou-se de explicar o contexto teórico da filosofia da linguagem, explicando a teoria da incidência tributária, fez-se apontamentos acerca da teoria do ordenamento, bem como, sobre a teoria das provas e sua importância para fundamentar as possibilidade de tributação

Nesta tese consideramos cadeias de alcance variável não limitado. São cadeias de alcance infinito cuja família de probabilidades de transição é representada por uma árvore de contextos probabilística. Dado uma árvore de contextos probabilística não limitada, as questões que nos interessam são as seguintes: existe ou não uma cadeia estacionária compatível com esta árvore? Se existir, esta cadeia é única? Podemos fazer uma simulação perfeita desta cadeia? Nesta tese, apresentamos novos critérios sucientes que garantem a existência e a unicidade da cadeia estacionária e, sob restrições mais fortes, a possibilidade de fazer uma simulação perfeita. Uma caraterística interessante do nosso trabalho é o fato de não utilizarmos a condição de continuidade. / We present a new perfect simulation algorithm for stationary chains (indexed by Z) having unbounded variable length memory. This is the class of innite memory chains for which the family of transition probabilities is given by probabilistic context tree. Our condition is expressed in terms of the structure of the context tree. In particular, we do not assume the continuity of the family of transition probabilities. We give an explicit construction of the chain using a sequence of i.i.d. random variables uniformly distributed in [0,1[.

Nesta tese consideramos cadeias de alcance variável não limitado. São cadeias de alcance infinito cuja família de probabilidades de transição é representada por uma árvore de contextos probabilística. Dado uma árvore de contextos probabilística não limitada, as questões que nos interessam são as seguintes: existe ou não uma cadeia estacionária compatível com esta árvore? Se existir, esta cadeia é única? Podemos fazer uma simulação perfeita desta cadeia? Nesta tese, apresentamos novos critérios sucientes que garantem a existência e a unicidade da cadeia estacionária e, sob restrições mais fortes, a possibilidade de fazer uma simulação perfeita. Uma caraterística interessante do nosso trabalho é o fato de não utilizarmos a condição de continuidade. / We present a new perfect simulation algorithm for stationary chains (indexed by Z) having unbounded variable length memory. This is the class of innite memory chains for which the family of transition probabilities is given by probabilistic context tree. Our condition is expressed in terms of the structure of the context tree. In particular, we do not assume the continuity of the family of transition probabilities. We give an explicit construction of the chain using a sequence of i.i.d. random variables uniformly distributed in [0,1[.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions un métamatériau inspiré de la paille de blé pour l'absorption parfaite du son. Une botte de paille estidéalisée comme un milieu poreux anisotrope, composé d’un arrangement périodique très concentré de tubes creux cylindriques. L’approche théorique de ce métamatériau repose sur l'homogénéisation asymptotique à deux échelles d'un réseau perméable de résonateursparfaitement rigides dont la physique est enrichi par des résonances internes. Les principales caractéristiques de ce milieu poreux sont lacompressibilité effective négative autour de la résonance du tube et la réduction drastique de la vitesse de propagation du son (slowsound) à très basse fréquence. Une configuration optimale est conçue, basée sur la condition de couplage critique, pour laquelle la fuited’énergie du système résonnant ouvert est parfaitement compensée par les pertes intrinsèques induites par les pertes viscothermiques.Des mesures en tube à impédance sont effectuées sur des échantillons fabriqués par impression additive pour valider les résultatsthéoriques. Nous montrons que ce métamatériau est un absorbeur sub-longueur d'onde capable d’une absorption parfaite à très bassefréquence et d'introduire une quasi-bande interdite autour de la résonance du tube. De plus, la nature anisotrope de ce matériau conduit àune absorption globalement élevée à basse fréquence et ce pour toutes les incidences. Cette étude offre la possibilité de concevoir unabsorbeur acoustique sélectif en angle et en fréquence. Pour conclure, les résultats de cette thèse montrent que la paille est un boncandidat pour une absorption acoustique parfaite. / Straw-inspired metamaterials for sound absorption are investigated in this Thesis. A straw stack is idealized as a highly concentratedresonant anisotropic porous medium constituted of a periodic arrangement of densely packed cylindrical hollow tubes. The approach tothis metamaterial relies on the two-scale asymptotic homogenization of a permeable array of perfectly rigid resonators, where the physicsis further enriched by tailoring inner resonances. The main features of such sound absorbing medium are the possibility for the effectivecompressibility to become negative around the tube resonance and the drastic reduction of the effective sound speed (slow sound) at verylow frequency in the system. Moreover, an optimal configuration for sound absorption is designed, based on the critical couplingcondition, in which the energy leakage out of the open resonant system is perfectly compensated by the intrinsic losses induced by thevisco-thermal losses both in the anisotropic matrix and in the resonators. Impedance tube measurements are performed on 3-D printedsamples with controlled parameters to validate the theoretical results. This metamaterial is a sub-wavelength absorber that can achievetotal absorption at a very low frequency and possesses a quasi-band-gap around the tube resonance. Furthermore, the anisotropic nature ofthe configuration gives rise to high absorption at low-frequency range for all incidences and diffuse field excitation. It paves the way tothe design of angular and frequency selective sound absorber. To conclude, the results of this Thesis show that straw is a good candidatefor perfect sound absorption.

Pour cette thèse, notre matériel clinique est principalement constitué des retranscriptions de séances de travail — que nous avons enregistrées — auxquelles nous avons participé deux ans durant avec l’accord d’un collectif d’enseignants élaborant un projet de collège alternatif au sein de l’Éducation nationale. Nous avons aussi pu écouter et recueillir des témoignages de quelques membres d’une autre équipe de professeurs travaillant dans un microlycée, selon des modalités coopératives de fonctionnement, depuis une dizaine d’années pour les plus anciens. Notre objectif étant de nous intéresser à des pratiques coopératives, au désir du faire équipe avec d’autres, aux valeurs qui les sous-tendent, ainsi qu’aux idéaux comme aux fantasmes qui sont actifs à l’insu des sujets. Lors du travail d’écoute de certaines verbalisations, se révélait un fantasme inconscient d’égalité parfaite, chez nombre de membres, ce qui nous a conduites vers l’idée d’un désir particulier soutenu par ce fantasme : le désir-totalité. Or, lorsque ce fantasme et ce désir ne sont pas aperçus, reconnus, élaborés, puis dépassés, ils font entrave, dans la pratique, au plaisir d’être et de coopérer avec les autres. Pour les surmonter, une distanciation avec soi-même est nécessaire, c’est-à-dire, un décentrement d’avec ses propres objets de pensée. Ceci s’est produit pour tous les membres qui sont restés et les nouveaux venus aux fils du temps. / For this thesis, our clinical material consists mainly of audio-transcripts of working sessions - that we recorded - in which we participated for two years with the agreement of a collective of teachers developing an alternative junior high school project within the National Education. We have also been able to listen to and collect testimonials from some members of another team of teachers working in a micro-high school, according to co-operative modalities of functioning, since ten years for older ones. Our goal was to focus on cooperative practices, the desire to team up with others, the values that underlie them, ideals and fantasies that are active without the knowledge of the subjects. During the work of listening to certain verbalizations, an unconscious fantasy of perfect equality was revealed in many members, which led us to the idea of a particular desire supported by this fantasy: desire-totality. Now, when this fantasy and desire are not perceived, recognized, elaborated and then exceeded, they hinder, in practice, the pleasure of being and of cooperating with others. To overcome them, a distancing with oneself is necessary that is to say, a decentering from one's own objects of thought. Over the times, this has happened to all members who have stayed as well as to newcomers.

Cette thèse est composée de deux parties : l’une traite des propriétés combinatoires de mots infinis et l’autre des problèmes de colorations des graphes.La première partie du manuscrit concerne les structures régulières dans les mots apériodiques infinis, à savoir les sous-séquences arithmétiques et les premiers retours complets.Nous étudions la fonction qui donne la longueur maximale d’une sous-séquence arithmétique monochromatique (une progression arithmétique) en fonction de la différence commune d pour une famille de mots morphiques uniformes, qui inclut le mot de Thue-Morse. Nous obtenons la limite supérieure explicite du taux de croissance de la fonction et des emplacements des progressions arithmétiques de longueurs maximales et de différences d. Pour étudier des sous-séquences arithmétiques périodiques dans des mots infinis, nous définissons la notion d'indice arithmétique et obtenons des bornes supérieures et inférieures sur le taux de croissance de la fonction donnant l’indice arithmétique dans la même famille de mots.Dans la même veine, une autre question concerne l’étude de deux nouvelles fonctions de complexité de mots infinis basées sur les notions de mots ouverts et fermés. Nous dérivons des formules explicites pour les fonctions de complexité ouverte et fermée pour un mot d'Arnoux-Rauzy sur un alphabet de cardinalité finie.La seconde partie de la thèse traite des colorations parfaites (des partitions équitables) de graphes infinis de degré borné. Nous étudions les graphes de Caley de groupes additifs infinis avec un ensemble de générateurs fixé. Nous considérons le cas où l'ensemble des générateurs est composé d'entiers de l'intervalle [-n, n], et le cas où les générateurs sont des entiers impairs de [-2n-1, 2n+1], où n est un entier positif. Pour les deux familles de graphes, nous obtenons une caractérisation complète des colorations parfaites à deux couleurs / The content of the thesis is comprised of two parts: one deals with combinatorial properties of infinite words and the other with graph coloring problems.The first main part of the manuscript concerns regular structures in infinite aperiodic words, such as arithmetic subsequences and complete first returns.We study the function that outputs the maximal length of a monochromatic arithmetic subsequence (an arithmetic progression) as a function of the common difference d for a family of uniform morphic words, which includes the Thue-Morse word. We obtain the explicit upper bound on the rate of growth of the function and locations of arithmetic progressions of maximal lengths and difference d. To study periodic arithmetic subsequences in infinite words we define the notion of an arithmetic index and obtain upper and lower bounds on the rate of growth of the function of arithmetic index in the same family of words.Another topic in this direction involves the study of two new complexity functions of infinite words based on the notions of open and closed words. We derive explicit formulae for the open and closed complexity functions for an Arnoux-Rauzy word over an alphabet of finite cardinality.The second main part of the thesis deals with perfect colorings (a.k.a. equitable partitions) of infinite graphs of bounded degree. We study Caley graphs of infinite additive groups with a prescribed set of generators. We consider the case when the set of generators is composed of integers from the interval [-n,n], and the case when the generators are odd integers from [-2n-1,2n+1], where n is a positive integer. For both families of graphs, we obtain a complete characterization of perfect 2-colorings