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La thèse s’inscrit dans un axe de recherche visant à améliorer l’analyse par éléments finis (EF) des structures aéronautiques soumises au crash et à l’impact. L’étude s’intéresse, en particulier, à la modélisation des assemblages rivetés dans les calculs de structures, qui sont des zones de concentrations de contraintes propices à l’initiation de ruptures. Si la rupture de la fixation est maîtrisée, les modes de rupture dus aux perforations sont, quant à eux, difficiles à simuler dans un calcul sur structure complète. Afin de prendre en compte avec précision l’influence des perforations sur la réponse mécanique de telles structures, un super-élément perforé à 8 nœuds a été formulé lors d’une précédente thèse. Cependant, sa frontière interne est analytique et libre de chargement, ce qui rend difficile la connexion avec un élément rivet, et donc la modélisation de l’assemblage. L’étude proposée ici consiste donc à développer un super-élément perforé qui soit capable de tenir compte de l’influence de la perforation sur les champs mécaniques, d’une part, et qui soit formulé de façon à rendre possible l’interaction avec un macro-élément rivet, d’autre part. / The thesis is made in a context which consists in improving the finite element (FE) analysis of full-scale aircraft structures subjected to crash and impact loadings. The study is focused, in particular, on the rivetedassemblies modeling in structural computations, which are stress concentrations areas where ruptures initiation can occur. If the fastener rupture is mastered, the rupture modes due to perforations are, however, difficult to simulate in a complete structure computation. In order to accurately take into account the perforations influence on the mechanical response of such structures, a perforated super-element featuring 8 nodes have been formulated in a previous thesis. Nevertheless, its internal boundary is analytic and free of loads, which makes difficult the connection with a rivet element, and consequently the assembly modeling. The study proposed here consists in the developement of a perforated super-element which is, on the one hand, able to take into account the perforation influence on the mechanical fields, and which is, on the other hand, formulated such as the interaction with a rivet macro-element is possible.

There is a strong competition among automotive manufacturers to reduce the radiated noise levels. One important source is the engine exhaust where the main noise control strategy is by using efficient mufflers. Stricter vehicle noise regulations combined with various exhaust gas cleaning devices, removing space for traditional mufflers, are also creating new challenges. Thus, it is crucial to have efficient models and tools to design vehicle exhaust systems. In addition the need to reduce CO2 emissions puts requirements on the losses and pressure drop in exhaust systems. In this thesis a number of problems relevant for the design of modern exhaust systems for vehicles are addressed. First the modelling of perforated mufflers is investigated. Fifteen different configurations were modeled and compared to measurements using 1D models. The limitations of using 1D models due to 3D or non-plane wave effects are investigated. It is found that for all the cases investigated the 1D model is valid at least up to half the plane wave region. But with flow present, i.e., as in the real application the 3D effects are much less important and then normally a 1D model works well. Another interesting area that is investigated is the acoustic performance of after treatment devices. Diesel engines produce harmful exhaust emissions and high exhaust noise levels. One way of mitigating both exhaust emissions and noise is via the use of after treatment devices such as Catalytic Converters (CC), Selective Catalytic Reducers (SCR), Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC), and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF). The objective of this investigation is to characterize and simulate the acoustic performance of different types of filters so that maximum benefit can be achieved. A number of after treatment device configurations for trucks were selected and investigated. Finally, addressing the muffler design constraints, i.e., concerning space and pressure drop, a muffler optimization problem is formulated achieving the optimum muffler design through calculating the acoustic properties using an optimization technique. A shape optimization approach is presented for different muffler configurations, and the acoustic results are compared against optimum designs from the literature obtained using different optimization methods as well as design targets. / <p>QC 20121016</p>

Catanoinic systems spontaneously form micelles and vesicles, which are self-assembled spherical structures made up by surfactants. In the core of the micelle a drug, or other organic substance, can be kept to stabilize it when placed in an aqueous environment. The micelle-to-vesicle transition corresponds to the moment when the drug is releases, and understanding which factors that trigger this transition is thus of great interest for the pharmaceutical industry. In this study the micelle-to-vesicle transition in water and the effect of salt were studied for the systems 95 mol% SDS/DDAB and 95 mol% SDeS/DDAB with different total concentrations. The static light scattering measurements showed that the micelle-to-vesicle transition for the system 95 mol% SDS/DDAB was shifted to lower total concentrations both when 50 mM NaBr and 100 mM NaBr were added, and that the transition was unaffected by changing the anionic surfactant from SDS to SDeS when no salt had been added. A phase separation was observed when 50 mM NaBr was added to 95 mol% SDeS/DDAB (the Krafft point was probably reached), and when 100 mM NaBr was added to the same system the sample remained opaque one week after mixing the sample and also after heating it to 40°C in a water bath. The curve for sample 95 mol% SDS/DDAB 1/8192 mM + 100 mM NaBr was oscillating implying possible defects in the vesicle membrane. The cryo-TEM images confirmed the light scattering results and additionally showed that at higher total concentrations agglomeration occurred, while whenever salt was added less vesicles seemed to appear, while both discs and broken vesicles were present suggesting that the disc structure is preferred over the spherical structure when salt is present. Also a vesicle inside another vesicle was discovered for the sample 0.95 SDS/DDAB 3.75 mM + 50 mM NaBr. The mole fraction of anionic surfactant in the aggregates (x) was calculated using a MATLAB code based on the Poisson-Boltzmann theory. The results from the calculations showed that a higher amount of SOS was needed for the system 0.95 SOS/CTAB than the amount of SDS and SDeS needed for the systems 0.95 SDS/DDAB and 0.95 SDeS/DDAB when forming aggregates, indicating that a shorter chain of the anion and the higher spontaneous curvature of the cation leads to a higher curvature. Also a larger amount of cation was needed when the tail was single than when it was double in order to form stable spherical structures. Finally, as the total concentration decreased the x value also decreased in all cases, thus the spontaneous curvature was decreased.

Las estructuras periódicas macroscópicas han sido objeto de una intensa investigación durante las dos últimas décadas debido a su capacidad de imitar fenómenos ondulatorios que son inherentes a la escala atómica. Aunque las placas perforadas son estructuras muy comunes en acústica, éstas parecen guardar propiedades de transmisión de sonido inexploradas, cuyo estudio ha sido impulsado por el descubrimiento de la Transmisión Óptica Extraordinaria en láminas de metal perforadas con agujeros distribuidos periódicamente cuando interactúan con la luz. En el presente trabajo se muestra que las placas perforadas no sólo presentan máximos de transmisión total resonante y mínimos de la anomalía de Wood cuando los agujeros están distribuidos de forma periódica, sino también apantallamiento acústico extraordinario debido al cortocircuito hidrodinámico producido por el acoplamiento entre la placa y el fluido. También se detalla el rol de los parámetros geométricos de las placas perforadas en las características de transmisión, ilustrando diferentes estrategias para moldear el espectro de transmisión. La transmisión acústica a través de placas de aluminio con perforaciones regulares sumergidas en agua presenta una alta complejidad tanto a incidencia normal como cuando se varía el ángulo de incidencia del sonido. Aparecen ondas de superficie radiantes provenientes de la vibración de la placa, lo cual es demostrado usando un nuevo modelo teórico que incluye el acoplamiento elastoacústico completo. Gracias al estudio complementario de la transmisión y la propagación en placa de una placa fonónica sólido-sólido se retrata una perspectiva completa del efecto del acoplamiento. Como consecuencia directa, se observan fenómenos de plegamiento y bandas de propagación prohibida en modos tipo Scholte-Stoneley sin necesidad de corrugaciones o de agujeros. Finalmente, se comparan las propiedades de transmisión de agujeros individuales y redes de agujeros para luz, electrones y sonido analizando y comentando sus diferencias. Se ha encontrado que, aunque para la luz la red de agujeros en sí misma lleva a transmisiones del 100% y modos atrapados a la superficie, esto no se produce ni para electrones ni para sonido. En consecuencia, las resonancias del agujero constituyen el mecanismo clave que posibilita la existencia de fenómenos exóticos en sonido. Los resultados principales aquí mencionados son explicados de manera detallada y comentados sobre la base de datos teóricos y experimentales. El objetivo general de esta tesis es dilucidar por medios teóricos y experimentales los fenómenos físicos que se hayan involucrados en la transmisión acústica a través de placas perforadas. En este estudio se usa esencialmente el método de transmisión de ultrasonidos bajo el agua. Los modelos teóricos desarrollados tienen en cuenta la configuración experimental para poder establecer comparaciones precisas entre las medidas y los cálculos. Se toman en cuenta diversos factores que pueden modificar la transmisión de sonido a través de placas perforadas tales como: - La orientación de la onda incidente con respecto a la placa. .- Los parámetros geométricos que definen la placa, es decir, la distancia entre agujeros, el diámetro de los mismos y el espesor de la placa. .- Los parámetros elásticos relacionados con el contraste de impedancia entre el sólido y el fluido. .- El material contenido en los agujeros, de modo que se estudian no sólo placas fonónicas constituidas por un fluido y un sólido sino también aquellas formadas por dos sólidos distintos. Para el caso particular de una placa fonónica constituida por dos sólidos se emplea además una técnica para medir las vibraciones de la placa directamente en su superficie con el fin de complementar las medidas de transmisión de ultrasonidos. Desde una perspectiva teórica, el problema ha sido abordado para estructuras infinitas partiendo de diversas hipótesis. / Estrada Beltrán, HA. (2011). Ultrasonic transmission through periodically perforated plates [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14119

An experimental study of the effects of turbulent flow regime on the flame structure is conducted by using perforated-plate-stabilized hydrogen-piloted lean premixed methane/air turbulent flames. The underlying non-reacting turbulent flow field was investigated using two-dimensional three-components particle imaging velocimetry (2D3C-PIV) with and without three perforated plates. The non-reacting flow data allowed a separation of the turbulent flow regime into axial velocity dominated and vortex dominated flows. A plate with 62\% blockage ratio was used to represent the stream-dominant flow regime and another with 86\% blockage ratio was used to represent the vortex-dominant flow regime. OH laser-induced fluorescence was used to study the effects of the turbulent flow regime on the mean progress variable, flame brush thickness, flame surface density, and global consumption speed. In comparison with the stream-dominant flow, the vortex-dominant flow makes a wider and shorter flame. Also, the vortex-dominant flow has a thicker horizontal flame brush thickness and a thinner longitudinal flame brush thickness. Especially, the horizontal flame brush thickness for the vortex-dominant flow does not follow the turbulence diffusion theory. Then, the vortex-dominant flow shows a relatively constant flame surface density along the stream-wise direction, while the stream-dominant flow shows a decreasing flame surface density. Lastly, the vortex-dominant turbulent flow improves the consumption speed in comparison to the stream-dominant turbulent flow regime with the same velocity fluctuation level.

Elementos estruturais como as placas finas fazem parte de um grande número de aplicações nas mais diversas áreas da engenharia e são de grande importância para a engenharia naval e aeronáutica, na construção de cascos de embarcações e estruturas offshore, e na construção de fuselagens de aviões. Por constituírem-se em um elemento estrutural esbelto, estão sujeitas a um comportamento mecânico diferenciado denominado de flambagem, proveniente de um carregamento de compressão uniaxial. O fenômeno da flambagem pode ser dividido em flambagem elástica e elasto-plástica, sendo dependente de aspectos dimensionais, construtivos e/ou operacionais. A inclusão de perfurações em placas provoca uma redistribuição de suas tensões internas, afetando não apenas a sua resistência, mas também as suas características de flambagem. Neste trabalho, desenvolveu-se a análise do comportamento mecânico de placas finas perfuradas de aço, simplesmente apoiadas em suas bordas, e submetidas à compressão. Serão analisados dois graus de liberdade: H/L e H0/L0. Para H/L, serão analisadas placas com H/L = 1,00 e H/L = 0,50, sendo que H e L representam, respectivamente, a largura e o comprimento da placa. Para H0/L0, serão analisadas infinitas possibilidades, sendo que H0 e L0 representam, respectivamente, a largura e o comprimento da perfuração. As placas utilizadas possuem espessura (h) de 10,00 mm e perfuração centralizada. Quanto às perfurações, estas serão dos tipos: oblonga longitudinal, oblonga transversal, elíptica, retangular, losangular, hexagonal longitudinal e hexagonal transversal. Ainda em relação às perfurações, serão consideradas as seguintes frações ϕ = 0,08; 0,10; 0,15; 0,20 e 0,25, sendo que (ϕ) corresponde ao volume da perfuração. Para a determinação das cargas crítica e última de flambagem, foi utilizada a simulação numérica com o auxílio do software Ansys®, que é baseado no método dos elementos finitos. A aplicação do método Design Construtal, possibilitou a determinação das geometrias ótimas para todos os tipos de perfurações, todos os valores de (ϕ) e para todas as relações de H/L. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há influência do tipo, da forma e do tamanho da perfuração na definição das curvas limites à flambagem e das curvas à flambagem elasto-plástica. Foi possível definir, para cada tipo de perfuração e para todos os valores de (ϕ), os pontos de transição entre a flambagem elástica e à elasto-plástica, assim como os pontos que definem os valores máximos para o fator TLNMáx (tensão limite normalizadora). / Structural elements such as thin plates are part of a large number of applications in various areas of engineering and are of great importance for marine and aerospace engineering, construction and offshore structures hulls, and the construction of airplane fuselages. Being a slender structural element, they are subject to a different mechanical behavior known as buckling, caused by a compressive loading. The phenomenon of buckling can be divided in elastic and elasto-plastic buckling, being dependent dimensional, construction and / or operational aspects. The inclusion of perforations in plates causes a redistribution of its internal stress, affecting not only their resistance but also their buckling characteristics. In this work it was performed the analysis of the mechanical behavior of thin perforated steel plates, simply supported on its edges, and subjected to compression. In the analysis it was considered two degrees of freedom: H/L and H0/L0. For H/L will be analyzed plates with H/L = 1.00 and H/L = 0.50, wherein H and L represent respectively the width and length of the plate. There are endless possibilities for the relation H0/L0. The studied plates have a thickness (h) of 10.00 mm and centralized perforation. The following types of perforation will be used: longitudinal oblong, transverse oblong, elliptical, rectangular, diamond, longitudinal hexagonal and transverse hexagonal. Also in relation to perforations, it will be considered the following fractions (ϕ = 0.08; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20 and 0.25), wherein (ϕ) corresponds to the volume ratio of the perforation. For determining the critical and ultimate buckling loads it was utilized numerical simulation with the assistance of Ansys® software, which is based on the finite element method. The application of the Constructal Design method of this study made it possible to determine the optimal geometries for all types of perforations, for all values of (ϕ) and all the relations H/L. The results show that there is an influence of the perforation type, shape and size, in defining the limit curves of the buckling and the curves of the elasto-plastic buckling. It was also possible to define, for each type of perforation and for all (ϕ) values, the transition points between elastic and elasto-plastic buckling; as well as the points that define the maximum values for the TLNMáx factor (normalized limit stress).

Cette étude s’inscrit dans les efforts faits par l’industrie aéronautique pour la protection environnementale.Pour cela, un des objectifs principaux est de réduire les émissions de polluants et les émissions sonores des aéronefs. Les émissions polluantes sont liées à la qualité de la combustion qui dépend elle même de la conception des chambres de combustion. Les émissions sonores sont réduites grâce à des traitements passifs comme les structures absorbantes placées en paroi des moteurs pour diminuer le bruit de soufflante. Pour ces deux applications différentes, on utilise des matériaux perforés. En effet, les matériaux absorbants sont constitués d’une structure en nid d’abeilles surmontée d’une plaque perforée. Dans les chambres de combustion, les perforations permettent l’injection d’un air froid protégeant les parois des hautes températures, mais leur présence peut modifier la caractérisation acoustique de la chambre. L’objectif de cette thèse est de modéliser la réponse acoustique d’un matériau perforé. La taille des perforations étant petite devant les longueurs d’ondes sonores, des techniques de modélisation asymptotique adaptées à la résolution de problèmes multi-échelle peuvent être mises en œuvre. En effet, ces méthodes permettent de faire le lien entre les effets présents à l’intérieur d’une perforation et la réponse acoustique homogénéisée de la plaque perforée. Dans ces travaux,ce sont les effets visqueux présents dans les perforations qui ont été essentiellement étudiés. Ensuite,des simulations numériques directes ont été réalisées pour vérifier la validité des hypothèses émises lors de la modélisation asymptotique. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis d’améliorer la compréhension de la modélisation de la réponse acoustique des matériaux perforés. De plus, la méthode analytique présentée peut être mise en œuvre pour des perforations de géométrie complexe. / This study is part of the effort made by the aeronautic industry to protect the environment. Thus,one of the main objectives is to reduce aircraft polluting emissions and sound emissions. The pollutinge missions are linked to the combustion quality which depends on the combustion chamber’s design.Noise pollution is reduced thanks to passive treatments such as absorbing structures placed on engine walls. For both applications, perforated plates are used. Indeed, absorbing materials are composed of honey comb structures topped by a perforated plate. In combustion chambers, cold air is injected through perforations to protect the walls from high temperatures, but the perforations can modify the chamber’s acoustic behavior. The objective of this thesis is to model the acoustic response of aperforated material. The perforation size is smaller than the sound wave length, therefore asymptotic modeling techniques adapted to resolving multiscale problems can be implemented. Indeed, thesemethods allow to link the effects inside the perforation with the homogenized acoustic response of theperforated plate. In this study, the viscous effects inside the perforation have been analysed. Moreover,direct numerical simulations have been performed to verify the asymptotic modeling hypotheses. The findings of this thesis allow to understand the acoustic modeling of perforated materials. Furthermore,the developed analytical method can be implemented for perforations with complex shape.

<p>The focus of this thesis has been on the effects of segregation in mixtures of amphiphilic molecules. Two different systems were investigated: fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures and lipid-surfactant mixtures.</p><p>In fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures the repulsive interactions between the chains can lead to a demixing into different types of coexisting micelles, fluorocarbon rich and hydrocarbon rich. From NMR self-diffusion measurements such a demixing was found to occur in the mixture of the partially fluorinated surfactant HFDePC and C₁₆TAC. We furthermore suggested a demixing also within the micelles to explain ¹⁹F-NMR line width data and results from neutron scattering.</p><p>In lipid-surfactant mixtures, a segregation of the molecules may instead be caused by a difference in the preferred curvature of the lipid and the surfactant residing within the same aggregate. Using a surfactant selective electrode, binding isoterms of four different cationic surfactants (C₁₂TAC, C₁₄TAC, C₁₆TAC and HFDePC) to preformed lipid (GMO) vesicles were determined. Perforated vesicles were observed by cryo-TEM in the mixture with C₁₆TAC. To explain the results from the binding isoterms, the formation of pores in the bilayer was regarded as a cooperative process, similar to micelle formation. The surfactant accumulates at the edges of the pores, and increasing the surfactant concentration results in an increased number of pores with a constant surfactant/lipid ratio at the edges.</p><p>The lipid-surfactant mixtures were also studied at the solid/solution interface using AFM. An adsorbed mesh structure, a counterpart to the bulk perforated lamellar phase, was observed for the first time.</p>

The focus of this thesis has been on the effects of segregation in mixtures of amphiphilic molecules. Two different systems were investigated: fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures and lipid-surfactant mixtures. In fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures the repulsive interactions between the chains can lead to a demixing into different types of coexisting micelles, fluorocarbon rich and hydrocarbon rich. From NMR self-diffusion measurements such a demixing was found to occur in the mixture of the partially fluorinated surfactant HFDePC and C16TAC. We furthermore suggested a demixing also within the micelles to explain 19F-NMR line width data and results from neutron scattering. In lipid-surfactant mixtures, a segregation of the molecules may instead be caused by a difference in the preferred curvature of the lipid and the surfactant residing within the same aggregate. Using a surfactant selective electrode, binding isoterms of four different cationic surfactants (C12TAC, C14TAC, C16TAC and HFDePC) to preformed lipid (GMO) vesicles were determined. Perforated vesicles were observed by cryo-TEM in the mixture with C16TAC. To explain the results from the binding isoterms, the formation of pores in the bilayer was regarded as a cooperative process, similar to micelle formation. The surfactant accumulates at the edges of the pores, and increasing the surfactant concentration results in an increased number of pores with a constant surfactant/lipid ratio at the edges. The lipid-surfactant mixtures were also studied at the solid/solution interface using AFM. An adsorbed mesh structure, a counterpart to the bulk perforated lamellar phase, was observed for the first time.