Due to the broad spectrum of physical characteristics necessary for success in field sports, numerous training modalities have been used develop physical preparedness. Sports like rugby, basketball, lacrosse, and others require athletes to be not only strong and powerful but also aerobically fit and able to recover from high-intensity intermittent exercise. This provides coaches and sport scientists with a complex range of variables to consider when developing training programs. This can often lead to confusion and the misuse of training modalities, particularly in the development of aerobic and anaerobic conditioning. This review outlines the benefits and general adaptations to 3 commonly used and effective conditioning methods: high-intensity interval training, repeated-sprint training, and small-sided games. The goals and outcomes of these training methods are discussed, and practical implementations strategies for coaches and sport scientists are provided.

The aims of the present study were to characterize the typical volume (total distance) and intensities (high-speed distance > 75% of maximum speed for weekday practices, Monday through Friday and competitive games on Saturday; compare the daily practice volume and intensities to competitive games to determine if the targeted volume and intensities are achieved as part of the periodized strategies using GPS software; and examine the relationship among total distance, high-speed distance in the prediction of player-load . Thirty NCAA Division I Football players (187.9 ± 5.5 cm; 107.4 ± 24.6 kg) were monitored using GPS receivers with integrated accelerometers during the 13-week regular season during the 2016 season. Separate one-way repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrated that competitive game loads and intensity were significantly different than weekday practices (p-value ≤ 0.05). There were significant differences among weekday practices in terms of overall volume and intensities, however the overall training goals were not met. Stepwise linear regression revealed that total distance is a significant predictor of player load. The results of the present study indicated that total distance, but not high-speed distance, could best be used to describe and track the development of a periodization model for training in Division I Collegiate Football using GPS technologies.

Two centuries after the printing press was invented, the first scholarly journal appeared in 1665. Less than two decades after the journal went online, the digital format is reshaping scholarly communication rapidly. We are moving quickly towards an open system of scholarship, and from a Western heritage of print scholarship to a future of global knowledge, a shift driven by the communications revolution. This thesis provides data describing the size and growth of the universe of scholarship, its global reach, how much of it is accessible free of charge on the internet and the rate at which that share is growing. Open Access together with development programs aimed at reducing price barriers to subscription journals have vastly increased the possibilities for accessing research in the South. The relevance to globalization and development is explored conceptually and revealed in the results.

Two centuries after the printing press was invented, the first scholarly journal appeared in 1665. Less than two decades after the journal went online, the digital format is reshaping scholarly communication rapidly. We are moving quickly towards an open system of scholarship, and from a Western heritage of print scholarship to a future of global knowledge, a shift driven by the communications revolution. This thesis provides data describing the size and growth of the universe of scholarship, its global reach, how much of it is accessible free of charge on the internet and the rate at which that share is growing. Open Access together with development programs aimed at reducing price barriers to subscription journals have vastly increased the possibilities for accessing research in the South. The relevance to globalization and development is explored conceptually and revealed in the results.

Two centuries after the printing press was invented, the first scholarly journal appeared in 1665. Less than two decades after the journal went online, the digital format is reshaping scholarly communication rapidly. We are moving quickly towards an open system of scholarship, and from a Western heritage of print scholarship to a future of global knowledge, a shift driven by the communications revolution. This thesis provides data describing the size and growth of the universe of scholarship, its global reach, how much of it is accessible free of charge on the internet and the rate at which that share is growing. Open Access together with development programs aimed at reducing price barriers to subscription journals have vastly increased the possibilities for accessing research in the South. The relevance to globalization and development is explored conceptually and revealed in the results.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2006.

195f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-24T14:24:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Graca Rossetto.pdf: 1065530 bytes, checksum: b9a4467b5e9de16f09352ab1e055a67e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-24T14:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Graca Rossetto.pdf: 1065530 bytes, checksum: b9a4467b5e9de16f09352ab1e055a67e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Este trabalho apresenta uma periodização da cabodifusão brasileira, fundamentada em aspectos conceituais da História e baseada em estudos semelhantes da Comunicação. O relato histórico aqui apresentado oferece visões sobre as circunstâncias políticas, econômicas e tecnológicas que cercavam o objeto desta pesquisa, durante o período analisado. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em levantamento histórico, bibliográfico e documental, além de entrevistas e da formulação de um modelo sistemático de análise para o recorte dos acontecimentos e formação dos períodos. As razões que justificam esta pesquisa vão desde a importância da tecnologia até as mudanças por ela proporcionadas nas Comunicações e na contemporaneidade. Sua contribuição pretende estar na criação da própria periodização, através da utilização das bases históricas para compreensão do fenômeno. O tempo de desenvolvimento da cabodifusão foi medido através de acontecimentos e, por fim, dividido em quatro fases. As conclusões dão conta de um serviço baseado num modelo de negócio convergente e repleto de possibilidades que devem se concretizar a partir da definição de seu novo marco regulatório. / Salvador

The popularity of soccer throughout the world has led to the demand for a scientific approach to the preparation of players for competitive matches. Although previous researchers have attempted to understand the training demands undertaken by soccer players, limited information is known regarding the structure of training in soccer. At present research has focused on the frequency and duration of soccer training without using both objective and subjective measures of training load to systematically evaluate training practices in elite teams. Little is also known regarding the periodisation strategies employed by elite soccer teams across a competitive season and whether they follow traditional models of periodisation. With this in mind, the primary aim of this thesis is to therefore characterise the current training periodisation practices that exist in elite soccer using applied methods of training load assessment. The aim of the first study (Chapter 3) was to evaluate the use of Global Positioning Devices (GPS) for the measurement of soccer-specific activities to provide objective data for training load assessment. Findings from this study were applied to study 3 (Chapter 5) of the thesis. Firstly, a soccer-specific movement course was designed based on the movements exhibited by an elite soccer player during a competitive match using a multi-camera tracking system (ProZone®). Two moderately trained males performed 10 bouts of the soccer-specific track following familiarisation and a 10 minute standardised warm up. Both subjects wore two 10Hz GPS units inside a custom-made vest during all bouts of the track to determine both reliability and inter-unit reliability of the GPS devices. Data analysis revealed the reliability of the GPS devices was good for distance covered at lower velocities (0 – 4 m/s; CV% = 0.6 – 3.6%). However when the velocity of movement increased (> 4 m/s), the reliability of the units decreased (mean change from 13.8 to 33.6 CV%). Both total distance (mean CV% = 1.1%) and max speed (mean CV% = 2.7%) were both found to be highly reliable variables. However the devices demonstrated high levels of inter-unit reliability error due to an increase in systematic error with random distribution of data points between both devices for all variables measured. The data suggested that 10Hz GPS devices are reliable for the measurement of lower velocity (0 – 4 m/s) running. However, care must be taken when analysing data in higher velocity bands (> 4 m/s) due to the high ii error rates observed. The high inter-unit reliability error also suggests that 10Hz GPS devices cannot be used interchangeably between players in order to minimise the associated error. The aim of the second study (Chapter 4) was to quantify the reliability and validity of a portable vertical jump assessment tool (Optojump®) for use in the applied setting. Vertical jump assessment was utilised as a measurement tool to analyse the effect of training load on the neuromuscular system that was evaluated in study 4 (Chapter 6) of the thesis. Eleven healthy male subjects were familiarised to perform four separate common types of vertical jump test: countermovement with arm swing (CMJ-W), countermovement without arm swing (CMJ-WO), squat jump (SJ) and drop jump (DJ). Contact time, flight time and jump height were selected as variables for the study. For reliability assessment, all subjects performed 3 efforts of each jump type across 5 identical testing sessions (separated by minimum of 2 days). For validity assessment, subjects were asked to perform the same jump modalities as the previous investigation on one occasion while data was simultaneously collected from both a force plate (criterion instrument) and the Optojump photocells. The data revealed the Optojump device was highly reliable for the assessment of jump flight and height for CMJ-W, CMJ-WO, SJ and DJ (all CV% = 3.2 and 5.6%). However reliability of the device was reduced for the measurement of contact time with the DJ (CV% = 13.9%). Validity data revealed that all jump types and variables were highly valid in comparison to the force plate criterion measure (SEE% = < 1%, Pearsons correlation = r > 0.99). This study revealed that the Optojump device is highly reliable and valid for all jump types and variables, with the exception of contact time for DJ. Therefore the Optojump system may be used with confidence to detect within-group changes in applied assessments of vertical jump performance. Due to the high cost and lack of portability of laboratory-based force plates, the Optojump system is a viable alternative for accurate jump measurement and neuromuscular assessment. The CMJ-WO jump assessment was chosen for study 4 for comparison with previous research. The aim of the third study (Chapter 5) was to quantify the periodisation strategies employed by an elite professional soccer team throughout a competitive season. Training load data was collected from 37 elite outfield soccer players at one professional English soccer team over a 45 week period during the 2011-2012 domestic season. All players wore iii global positioning system (GPS) devices, heart rate (HR) belts and were asked to provide a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for each training session to generate training load data. Players were assigned to one of 5 positional groups: central defender (CD), wide defender (WD), central midfielder (CM), wide midfielder (WM) and attacker (AT). The data was separated into the pre-season (6 weeks duration) and in-season (39 weeks duration) phases in order to investigate specific training periods recognised within the annual plan. The pre-season phase was further separated into weekly blocks for analysis of the structure employed in each specific microcycle. The in-season phase was divided into 6 x 6 week blocks for analysis of mesocycle structure. Within the in-season data, three separate microcycles (weeks 7, 24 and 39) were selected consisting of the same weekly training schedules to determine whether differences in microcycle training load pattern existed. In addition, the training data within a given microcycle was analysed to investigate the loading patterns in relation to number of days away from the competitive match fixture. Linear mixed modelling analysis revealed significant differences for total distance and average HR (P < 0.05) between period 1 with periods 3 and 6 during training mesocycles. However no differences were found for the remaining training variables during both pre-season and in-season microcycles (P > 0.05). Training load variables were significantly reduced on match day (MD) -1 (P < 0.05) but remained similar across MD-2, MD-3 and MD-5 (P > 0.05) during in-season microcycles. CM players generally covered the most total distance compared to other positions. Defenders reported higher internal load values (average HR and RPE) compared to attackers during in-season training phases but such differences were not evident during pre-season. This study revealed that training load doesn’t appear to be systematically periodised across a competitive season in an elite soccer team. This may have practical implications for training planning, as monotonous training load prescription may lead to maladaptation in soccer players during a competitive season. This was the first study to systematically evaluate periodisation strategies in an elite soccer team, but further work is required to determine such practices at different soccer teams. The aim of the fourth study (Chapter 6) was to determine the neuromuscular response to a microcycle of soccer training in elite soccer players using vertical jump assessment via the Optojump device. Nine elite level youth soccer players from an U18 soccer academy team were recruited for the study. The players underwent four separate on-field soccer training sessions following familiarisation of all testing procedures.

O envelhecimento é um processo inexorável, porém a redução gradativa da capacidade do organismo está bastante ligada com os hábitos do estilo de vida e a fatores genéticos. Polimorfismos nos genes que codificam a enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) e a proteína alfa-actinina 3 (ACTN3) podem resultar em mudanças na aptidão física. Já o treinamento físico tem sido utilizado como uma ferramenta não farmacológica na prevenção primária em saúde. Por fim, a periodização deste treinamento busca ser um meio sistemático de planejar e organizar o treinamento de modo a torná-lo mais eficiente. Não há na literatura estudos com a periodização ou com os genótipos da ECA e ACT3 associados ao treinamento combinado. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes modelos de periodização do treinamento no exercício físico combinado em variáveis de saúde e comparar a magnitude da resposta em indivíduos com diferentes características genéticas em relação aos genes ECA e ACTN3. Após três semanas de adaptação, 54 mulheres com idade entre 50-75 anos foram randomicamente divididas nos modelos de treinamento a) não periodizado (NP), b) periodização não linear (NL) ou c) periodização não linear flexível (NLF). Para os valores pré e pós 12 semanas de treinamento, aptidão aeróbia (consumo máximo de oxigênio [VO2 pico] e teste de caminhada de seis minutos) e força muscular (1 RM no supino e leg press) foram medidas. A genotipagem da ECA foi feita por PCR convencional e a ACTN3 por PCR em tempo real. Os resultados mostraram que a força máxima foi aumentada estatisticamente no supino (effect size [ES] de 1,18 em PNL e 1,22 em PNLF] e leg press (ES de 0,92 em PNL e 0,98 em PNLF) nos grupos PNL e PNLF. No teste de caminhada de seis minutos, a magnitude da aptidão aeróbica melhorou em todos os grupos (ES de 1,02 em NP, 1,33 em PNL e 0,54 em PNLF). Para o gene da ECA, houve uma diferença estatística entre os grupos do pré para o pós no supino (ID/DD: 18,6%; II: 8,3%). Para o gene da ACTN3, houve diferença estatística do pré para o pós dentro do grupo no supino (CC/CT: 17,4%; TT: 6,9%) e leg press (CC/CT: 12,3%; TT: 7,5%) apenas no grupo CC/CT. Em conclusão, o presente estudo mostrou que os modelos periodizados foram capazes de induzir melhorias significativas na força muscular em mulheres pós menopausa fisicamente ativas. Além disso, os genótipos ID/DD do gene da ECA e CC/CT do gene da ACTN3 melhor efeito na força muscular no treinamento combinado. / The aging is an inexorable process, but the gradual reduction of the capacity in the organism is related with lifestyle habits and genetic factors. Polymorphisms in genes encoding both angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and alpha-actinin 3 protein (ACTN3) may result in changes in physical fitness. Physical training has been used as a non-pharmacological tool in primary health prevention. Finally, the periodization training is a systematic means of planning and organizing training to do it more efficient. There are no studies in the literature with periodization or with ACT and ACT3 genotypes associated to combined training. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate different models of periodization training in combined exercise training in health variables and to compare the magnitude of the response in individuals with different genetic characteristics in relation to the ACE and ACTN3 genes. After three weeks of adaptation, 54 women aged 50-75 years were randomly assigned to a) nonperiodization (NP), b) non-linear periodization (NLP) or c) flexible non-linear periodization (FNLP). At baseline and after 12 weeks, aerobic fitness (peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] and six-minute walk test) and maximal muscle strength (1 RM bench press and leg press) were measured. The ACE genotyping was performed trough conventional PCR and ACTN3 by real-time PCR. The results showed that the magnitude of the maximal strength statistically increased in the bench press [effect size (ES) of 1.18 in NLP and 1.22 in FNLP] and leg press (ES of 0.92 in NLP and 0.98 in FNLP) only in the periodized groups. In six-minute walk test, the magnitude of the aerobic fitness improved in all groups (ES of 1.02 in NP, 1.33 in UP and 0.54 in FNLP). In conclusion, the present study showed that periodized models could induce significant improvements on muscle strength in active postmenopausal women. In the ACE gene, there was a statistical difference between the groups from pre to post supine (ID / DD: 18.6%, II: 8.3%). For the ACTN3 gene, there was a statistical difference between the pre and post within the group in the bench press (CC/CT: 17,4%; TT: 6,9%) and leg press (CC/CT: 12,3%; TT: 7,5%) only in the CC/CT group. In conclusion, the present study showed that periodized models could induce significant improvements on muscle strength in active postmenopausal women. In addition, the genotypes ID / DD of the ECA and CC / CT gene of ACTN3 gene had a better effect to muscle strength.

Orientador: Paulo Cesar Montagner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T17:09:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fachina_RafaelJuliodeFreitasGuina_M.pdf: 1892049 bytes, checksum: 729f875e88f9760a66fb8987d2f0e2e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O resumo, na íntegra poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Biodinamica do Movimento Humano / Mestre em Educação Física