Two centuries after the printing press was invented, the first scholarly journal appeared in 1665. Less than two decades after the journal went online, the digital format is reshaping scholarly communication rapidly. We are moving quickly towards an open system of scholarship, and from a Western heritage of print scholarship to a future of global knowledge, a shift driven by the communications revolution. This thesis provides data describing the size and growth of the universe of scholarship, its global reach, how much of it is accessible free of charge on the internet and the rate at which that share is growing. Open Access together with development programs aimed at reducing price barriers to subscription journals have vastly increased the possibilities for accessing research in the South. The relevance to globalization and development is explored conceptually and revealed in the results.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:55:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_Alexandre_D.pdf: 2867917 bytes, checksum: 55a841d1db06bfd904ccac3ba7311075 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: o presente estudo buscou investigar o efeito de três diferentes modelos de estruturação da carga de treinamento e competição em basquetebolistas. A amostra foi composta por 32 atletas, adultos, do sexo masculino, da divisão principal (AI), que foram divididos em três grupos (Modelos) com média e desvio padrão para idade de: Modelo de cargas seletivas (MS) (N = 9); 25,22:!:3,56 anos; Modelo de cargas concentradas (MCON) (N=IO); 23,90:!:3.90anos e Modelo de cargas complexas (MCX) (N=13); 23,85:!:3,29 anos. O macrociclo de treinamento foi composto por uma etapa preparatória (EP) e uma etapa de competição (EC), com 6 (seis) semanas para EP nos três Modelos, 18 semanas para EC no MS e MCX e 16 para o MCON. Os testes de controle foram realizados no início da etapa preparatória (TO), ao final da etapa preparatória (TI), ao final da primeira metade da etapa de competição (T2) e ao final da segunda metade da etapa de competição (T3). Os marcadores funcionais externos foram observados a partir dos seguintes testes de controle: salto vertical com contramovimento (SV), salto horizontal saindo parado (SHP), salto horizontal triplo consecutivo lado direito (STCD) e lado esquerdo (STCE), teste T adaptado (C40) e Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test (YO-YO). Utilizou-se da ANOVA para medidas repetidas a fim de testar a hipótese de que os três modelos apresentavam a mesma distribuição nos quatro momentos, bem como analisar a hipótese de igualdade nos quatro momentos para cada modelo. O teste post-hoc HSD de Tukey foi utilizado quando necessário. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Em caso de violação do pressuposto de esfericidade, a significância foi estabelecida utilizando-se do procedimento de Greenhouse- Geisser. No momento TO e T3 se aceitou a HO de que não existiu diferença para nenhum marcador funcional externo (teste de controle) entre os modelos (P > 0.05), no tocante aos valores brutos. Para TI e T2, diferenças estatisticamente significantes (P < 0.05) somente para C40. O resultado do teste HSD de Tukey mostrou que o MS se diferenciava em TI, tanto do MCON quanto do MCX (P < 0.05). Não foi identificada diferença entre MCON e MCX neste instante. Em T2, diferentemente do resultado encontrado para TI, o MCX se diferenciou de MCON e MS (P < 0.05). Quanto ao efeito do tratamento (magnitude de alteração percentual), verificou-se dinâmica diversa entre os modelos estudados, o que parece refletir a distribuição do conteúdo de treinamento para cada etapa. Os resultados demonstram a eficácia de utilização dos três modelos investigados, entretanto, sugerem também, que diferentes respostas de adaptação podem ser esperadas, tanto no tipo (positiva e negativa), quanto em magnitude, em função da característica de distribuição das cargas. O MCX parece induzir magnitudes de alteração superiores aos demais modelos, com exceção do STCD, quando comparados os momentos TOe T3 / Abstract: The present study had as objective to investigate the effect ofthree different structuring load training and competition models in basketball players. The sample was composed of 32 male adult athletes ITommain league (AI), and divided into three groups (Models): selective loads Model (MS) (N = 9); 25,22i: 3,56 years; concentrated loads Model (MCON) (N=1O);23,90i:3.90 years and complex loads Model (MCX) (N=13); 23,85i:3,29 years. The macrocycle was composed of a preparatory stage (EP) and a competition stage (EC), with 6 (six) weeks to EP at all models, 18 weeks to EC at MS and MCX and 16 at MCON. The tests were applied in the beginning ofEP (TO),in the end ofEP (TI), end of first half ofEC (T2) and end ofEC (T3). The external functional markers were observed by the following tests: countermovement vertical jump (SV), horizontal jump (SHP), horizontal consecutive triple jump - right side (STCD) and left side (STCE), T test (C40) and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test (YO-YO). eatedmeasures ANOVA was used. The post-hoc HSD Tukey test was used when necessary. The 0.05 leveI adopted for statistical significance. For those cases violating the assumption of equal variance, significance was established using the Greenhouse-Geisser procedure. At moments TO and T3 the HOof no significant difference between Models for alI tests was accepted (P > 0.05). At TI and T2, there was significant difference (P < 0.05) only for C40. Pairwise comparisons (HSD Tukey) indicated that the differences were between MS and MCON, MS and MCX (P < 0.05). At T2, the differences were between MCX and MCON, MCX and MS (P < 0.05). There were differences in the effect of the treatment (magnitude of alteration); distinct dynamics between models was showed, what seems to reflect the distribution of load training at each stage. The results also showed the effectiveness of the three investigated Models, however, it also suggests that different adaptation responses could be expected, for type (positive and negative) and magnitude, and these responses would be model-dependent. The MCX showed greatest magnitudes of alteration between TO-T3, except for STCD / Doutorado / Ciencia do Desporto / Doutor em Educação Física

In this editorial, we focus on recent problematic developments in sport science, and more specifically, problems related to periodization research. Primary areas discussed are (1) appreciation of history, (2) considerations for training studies, (3) the development of concepts, and (4) programming-driven training models.

This is the second part of a 2-part discussion (the first, "Weightlifting: A Brief Overview," appeared 28(1):50-66, 2006) on weightlifting and will describe the best methods of designing a weightlifting program.

ABSTRACT: Stone, MH, Hornsby, WG, Haff, GG, Fry, AC, Suarez, DG, Liu, J, Gonzalez-Rave, JM, and Pierce, KC. Periodization and block periodization in sports: emphasis on strength-power training-a provocative and challenging narrative. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2351-2371, 2021-Periodization can be defined as a logical sequential, phasic method of manipulating fitness and recovery phases to increase the potential for achieving specific performance goals while minimizing the potential for nonfunctional over-reaching, overtraining, and injury. Periodization deals with the micromanagement of timelines and fitness phases and is cyclic in nature. On the other hand, programming deals with the micromanagement of the training process and deals with exercise selection, volume, intensity, etc. Evidence indicates that a periodized training process coupled with appropriate programming can produce superior athletic enhancement compared with nonperiodized process. There are 2 models of periodization, traditional and block. Traditional can take different forms (i.e., reverse). Block periodization has 2 subtypes, single goal or factor (individual sports) and multiple goals or factors (team sports). Both models have strengths and weaknesses but can be "tailored" through creative programming to produce excellent results for specific sports.

The primary aim of this study was to examine the time course of change in muscle morphology and vertical jump performance in weightlifters preparing for a national competition. The secondary aim of this study is to examine how perceived recovery and stress state corresponds with alterations in training load leading up to competition. Eleven Olympic Training Site weightlifters completed a 4-week peaking phase for a national competition. Body mass, stress and recovery psychometric measures, and unloaded/loaded (20kg) squat jump height (SJH) were measured weekly and at the competition site. Vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle thickness (MT) and pennation angle (PA) ultrasound measurements were taken prior to and following the training protocol. In competition, 6 athletes set a personal best in snatch, clean and jerk and/or total. These results suggest that improvements in the loaded SJ and psychometric measures correspond to successful competition performance in some weightlifters. Notably, most weightlifters appeared to be peaked within 3 days of competition.

No description available.

Purpose: The purpose of this training, monitoring study was to investigate how alterations in training variables affect changes among underlying mechanisms of performance and weightlifting performance and whether certain variables are better suited for monitoring the training process than others. Additionally, the importance of including barbell displacement in volume load (VL) calculations was investigated. Subjects: Seven (4 males, 3 females) competitive weightlifters participated in the study dealing with alterations of underlying mechanisms and performance while 8 weightlifters (5 males, 3 females) participated in the investigation of exercise displacement. Methods: The weightlifters participated in a 20-week periodized resistance training plan. Measurements of maximal strength and explosive strength from the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and static jumps (SJ) with 0kg, 11kg, and 20kg were taken toward the end of each training block (weeks 1, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 20). Weightlifting performance was measured at weeks 0, 7, 11, and 20. The detailed monitoring of VL consisted of recording the load, rep count, and with and without displacement for every set for 20 weeks. Results: Very strong correlations were displayed between weightlifting performances and isometric rate of force development (RFD), isometric peak force (PF), and peak power (PP) at 0kg, 11kg, and 20kg. During periods of higher volume loads RFD was depressed to a much greater extent than peak force (PF). For the males, similar to RFD, JH at 20kg responded in a manner fitting an expected fatigue response compared to JH at 0kg and 11kg. VL correlated very strongly to VL with displacement; however, statistically significant differences existed for percent change (4 of the 7 time periods measured) Conclusions: PF is more resistant to volume alterations than RFD and JH at 20kg. Thus RFD and JH at 20kg appear to be superior monitoring metrics. The testing period in which preparedness was the highest happened in concert with a taper. Based on correlations, PF, RFD, and PP are variables on which coaches should focus for enhancing performance. A strong relationship exists between VL and VL with displacement; however, changes from one period to the next are not always the same.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinetic and morphological adaptations that occur during distinct phases of a block periodized training cycle in weightlifters. Monitoring data from nine experienced collegiate weightlifters was examined retrospectively. Isometric mid-thigh pull and ultrasonography results from pre and post three specific training phases within a macrocycle leading up to a competition were compared. Changes in isometric rate of force development and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area reflected the expected adaptations of each training phase.

The purposes of this study were to investigate effects of partial block periodized strength training on physical performance and to examine relationships between initial muscle strength measured with isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and performance changes after 7 weeks of strength training. Seventeen collegiate male soccer players participated. Initial muscle strength was determined using IMTP while physical performance included 10 m and 20 m sprints and static vertical jump with a polyvinyl chloride pipe (SJ0), 20 kg barbell (SJ20), and barbell loaded to 40 kg bar (SJ40). Performance testing was performed at three points: before first week (baseline), fourth week (T1), and seventh week (T2). Statistically small to moderate changes were found from baseline to T2 in peak power (PP; < 0.001, ES = 0.49), net impulse (NI; < 0.001, ES = 0.49), peak velocity (PV; < 0.001, ES = 0.62), allometrically scaled PP (PPa; < 0.001, ES = 0.62) in SJ20 and jump height (JH) in SJ40 ( < 0.001, ES = 0.36). Moderate to large correlations were found between isometric peak force and the changes from baseline to T2 in SJ20 PP ( = 0.04, = -0.49), SJ20 PF ( = 0.03, = -0.52), PPa ( = 0.04, = -0.50), and SJ20 allometrically scaled peak force ( = 0.04, = -0.49). Properly structured strength training maximizes task-specific physical performance. Initial muscle strength negatively affects the magnitudes of adaptations to physical performance.