The way in which humanity’s past is categorized has a considerable impact on people’s perceptions of history. Hence, it is crucial for history professors to reflect on and be aware of how various periodizations may affect their teaching. This paper comprises an overview of research concerning periodization and its potential influence on history teaching. Our aspiration is that professional educators will greatly benefit from the information presented. The majority of the research has been found by utilizing the databases ERC, ERIC and SwePub. Remaining material have either been introduced to us during previous courses at Malmö University or been encountered as cited sources in previously chosen research articles. All relevant information has been utilized in the construction of this overview, and there has been no valuation regarding researchers’ potential standpoints on the matter. Our investigation has made visible that periodizations, regardless of their design, tend to be exclusionary and misleading. The eurocentric periodization in particular has been repeatedly criticized by historians due to its evident glorification of the Occident. The eurocentrism frequently tied to periodization often impinges on history teaching materials; something which is bound to affect pupils’ perceptions of the past. In an increasingly globalized world,diverse ideas of history have come to collide in heterogeneous classrooms. Therefore, it is imperative for teachers to discuss various understandings of bygone days with their students. In spite of its apparent flaws, research indicates that periodization is a necessity after all. The division of the past into manageable chunks constitutes a vital foundation most requisite for pupils’ learning. Surprisingly, a deficient amount of research has been conducted regarding periodization and its relation to history teaching. Needless to say, the subject deserves further recognition, as periodization is a historiographical tool used almost everywhere.

The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the changes in preparedness over the course of training for a marathon in two well-trained runners. The athletes completed periodized strength training or a periodized concurrent training. This dissertation consisted of two separate investigations: Study 1 – The purpose of this study was to monitor changes in force production ability and running performance in one sub-elite marathon runner before, during, and after undertaking a short-term block periodized strength training program. The athlete ceased strength training during the off-seasons and resumed testing after 10. The athlete experienced likely true, meaningful changes in force production characteristics during the taper after the training program. Improvements in force production characteristics coincided with improvements in running economy. Both force production characteristics and running economy reversed after the withdraw from strength training. However, both measures remained improved from initial baseline. The improvement in running economy and force production likely coincided with a cardiovascular de-training period, due to a reduction in aerobic training during the off-season. Therefore, strength training may have independent effects on running economy and running performance. These results indicate that endurance runners may better optimize performance by improving force production characteristics via periodized strength training program, and should avoid prolonged periods without strength training. Study 2 – The purpose of this study was to monitor the concurrent and divergent changes in athlete preparedness and performance over a competitive training cycle in two marathon athletes. One athlete added a block periodized strength training program to a non-periodized endurance training program (NBP Athlete). The other athlete (BP Athlete) completed an integrated, concurrent block periodized program using HIT over-reach endurance training. Both athlete displayed improvements in running performance and running economy over the duration of the monitoring program. The BP Athlete displayed earlier and greater magnitudes of performance improvements. These results indicate that strength training can enhance running economy in marathon athletes, performance may be better optimized through periodized integration of strength and endurance training, and the use of HIT over-reach blocks may improve marathon relevant fitness characteristic within the ecologically valid context of an athlete’s training cycle.

Nós investigamos os efeitos do modelo de periodização de cargas seletivas (MPCS) sobre a modulação autonômica da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC) e marcadores de estresse endógenos, antes e após um período de competição, em jogadores de voleibol (N=32). O protocolo experimental para a avaliação da VFC consistiu do uso da análise espectral das séries temporais compostas dos intervalos R-R derivados do eletrocardiograma obtidos na posição supina e durante o teste de inclinação (tilt test). Os níveis dos marcadores de estresse foram determinados pela quantificação da concentração plasmática de catecolaminas endógenas, cortisol e testosterona livre. Os resultados não demonstraram alterações na VFC antes e após o período de competição. Em contraste, a quantificação da concentração plasmática dos marcadores de estresse endógenos revelou reduções nos níveis de catecolaminas totais, noradrenalina e cortisol. Estas mudanças foram acompanhadas por aumentos na concentração de testosterona livre e na razão testosterona/cortisol. Em conclusão, nossos resultados demonstraram que o MPCS não alterou a modulação autonômica da VFC, mas promoveu adaptações benéficas aos atletas, incluindo mudanças positivas na concentração plasmática dos marcadores de estresse endógenos analisados. A ausência de alterações na VFC indica que não houve relação direta entre modulação autonômica cardíaca e marcadores de estresse endógenos no presente estudo. / We investigated the effects of selective loads of periodization model (SLPM) on autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV) and endogenous stress markers before and after a competition period in volleyball players (N=32). The experimental protocol for the evaluation of HRV consisted of using spectral analysis of time series composed of the R-R intervals derived from electrocardiogram obtained in the supine position and during the tilt test. Stress marker levels were determined by quantifying the plasma concentration of endogenous catecholamines, cortisol and free testosterone. The results showed no changes between the levels of HRV before and after a competition period. In contrast, the quantification of the plasma concentration of endogenous stress markers revealed reductions in the levels of total catecholamines, noradrenaline and cortisol. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the SLPM did not change the cardiac autonomic modulation of HRV, but promoted beneficial adaptations in athletes, including positive changes in the plasma concentration of the endogenous stress markers. The absence of changes in HRV indicates that there is no direct relationship between cardiac autonomic modulation and endogenous stress markers in the present study.

Tem sido sugerido que a periodização do treinamento de força (TF) é uma forma de se otimizar as adaptações induzidas pelo TF. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito de diferentes modelos de TF periodizados (PER) e não periodizado (NPER) nas adaptações funcionais, morfológicas e moleculares da musculatura esquelética. Trinta e quatro indivíduos fisicamente ativos (idade= 24,6 ±5,4 anos) foram divididos aleatoriamente aos grupos controle (C), não periodizado (GNP), periodizado linear (GPL) e periodizado ondulado (GPO) e submetidos a 12 semanas de treinamento. As medidas de força dinâmica máxima (1RM) e área de secção transversa muscular (ASTM) foram feitas nos momentos pré-treinamento, pós seis-semanas e pós 12-semanas. Biópsias musculares foram realizadas em quatro momentos diferentes, pré-treinamento, 24-horas após a primeira sessão de treinamento, 24-horas e 168-horas após a última sessão de treinamento. Após as seis semanas, os grupos GNP e GPO aumentaram os valores de 1RM, (17,0 ± 8,7%, p<0,0001 e 12,9 ± 9,9%, p< 0,01, respectivamente). Após as 12 semanas, os grupos GNP, GPL e o GPO aumentaram os valores de 1RM com relação aos valores pré-teste, (19,5 ± 13,2%, p<0,0001; 17,9 ± 13,7%, p<0,0001; e 20,4 ± 9,0%, p < 0,0001, respectivamente). Todos os grupos experimentais demonstraram ganhos significantes na hipertrofia muscular após seis (5,1 ± 2,7%, p < 0,0001) e doze semanas (9,5 ± 4,5% p < 0,0001) quando comparados aos valores iniciais. Adicionalmente, o grupo GPL foi o único que demonstrou aumentos na hipertrofia muscular entre as semanas seis e doze foi o GPL (6,4%, p<0,0001). Com relação a expressão proteica conteúdo total e fosoforilada, nenhuma das proteínas selecionadas apresentou diferença significante com relação aos valores pré-treinamento. Esses dados sugerem que quando o volume total é equalizado, os modelos PER e NPER empregados em TF são eficientes em promover ganhos na força e na hipertrofia muscular / It has been suggested that periodized regimens in strength training (ST) might optmize the training-induced adaptations. The purpose of current study was investigate the effects of different periodized (PER) and non-periodized (NPER) regimens on functional, morphological and molecular adaptations of skeletal muscle. Thirty four participants (age=24,6 ±5,4 years) were random allocated into four groups: control (C), non-periodized (GNP), linear periodized (GPL) and undulating periodized (GPO) and underwent 12 weeks of training, twice a week. Maximum dynamic strength (1RM) and quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) were evaluated at baseline and after six and 12 weeks. Muscle samples were obtained before, 24 hours after first ST session and 24 and 168 hours after the last training sessions. Only groups GNP (17.0 ± 8.7%, p<0.0001) and GPO (12.9 ± 9.9%, p< 0.01) increased 1RM after six weeks. After 12 weeks all groups increased their 1RM from pre-to-post test (19.5 ± 13.2%; p<0.0001), (17.9 ± 13.7%; p<0.0001) and (20.4 ± 9.0%; p < 0.0001) for GNP, GPL and GPO, respectively. All experimental groups increased quadriceps CSA after six (5.1 ± 2.7%, p < 0.0001) and 12 weeks (9.5 ± 4.5% p < 0.0001). Furthermore, only GPL significantly increased quadriceps CSA between six and 12 weeks (6.4%, p<0.0001). There were no significant changes in the selected proteins investigated. These results suggest that PER and NPER seem to induce similar muscle strength and hypertrophic responses in the volume load equated condition

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a progressão da carga do treinamento de força (TF) de acordo com a monitoração da percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) pode ser mais eficaz no desenvolvimento da força motora e hipertrofia muscular em relação ao modelo tradicional de prescrição do TF baseado apenas na carga externa do treinamento. Métodos: Vinte sujeitos do sexo masculino com experiência prévia em treinamento de força (5,4± 4,1 anos) foram submetidos a seis semanas de TF no exercício agachamento (2x/sem.). Os sujeitos foram separados em dois grupos: i) grupo progressão linear da carga de treinamento (PL, n=10), que seguiu um modelo pré-determinado de progressão da carga do TF, com incrementos realizados a cada duas semanas de treino, partindo do protocolo A em direção ao protocolo C (protocolo A= 2x12-15RM; protocolo B= 4x8-10RM e protocolo C= 6x4-6RM) e; ii) grupo PSE (PSE, n=10), que progrediu a carga do TF de acordo com os escores da PSE da sessão partindo do protocolo A, na primeira sessão de treino, com incremento de carga (i.e., do protocolo A para protocolo B ou do protocolo B em direção ao protocolo C) quando os escores de PSE da sessão estivessem abaixo de 6 (i.e., <=5). Mantendo o protocolo do próximo treino caso os escores da PSE da sessão estivessem entre 6 e 8 e diminuindo em uma série o protocolo da sessão seguinte caso os escores da PSE da sessão estivessem por duas vezes consecutivas acima de 8 (i.e., >=9) até que a resposta perceptiva voltasse as classificações entre 6 e 8. As avaliações de força máxima dinâmica (1-RM) e de área de secção transversa muscular (ASTM) foram realizadas antes (pré) a pós o período experimental (pós). Resultados: Ambos os grupos aumentaram de forma semelhante os valores de 1-RM (PL: p<0,0001 e PSE: p<0,0001) a ASTM (PL: p<0,0001 e PSE: p=0,0032). Entretanto, o grupo PSE chegou a estes resultados realizando um número menor de sessões nos protocolos com cargas de treinamento mais altas (protocolos B: p=0,0028 e C: p=0,004) ao mesmo tempo em que realizaram um número maior de sessões no protocolo de treinamento com cargas mais baixas (i.e., protocolo A) (p<0,0001) quando comparado ao grupo PL. De forma interessante, o subgrupo composto (a posteriori) pelos indivíduos do grupo PSE que não progrediram a carga do TF além do protocolo A (SubPSE, n =6), obtiveram ganhos de força motora e hipertrofia muscular semelhantes àqueles observados no grupo PL (1-RM p=0,0003; ASTM: p=0,0212 respectivamente) realizando de um volume total menor de treinamento (p=0,0258). Conclusão: O controle da progressão da carga do TF por meio da PSE da sessão proporcionou ajustes mais eficientes da carga de treinamento possibilitando aumentos de força motora e hipertrofia muscular similares aos obtidos através do modelo de progressão tradicional por meio de protocolos de treinamento menos intensos e de menor volume. Adicionalmente, quando considerados os dados do subgrupo SubPSE, observou-se as mesmas adaptações funcionais e morfológicas por meio de um menor volume total de treinamento / The present study aimed to investigate whether the progression of the load in a strength training (ST) protocol, according to the Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (session RPE), may be more effective to the development of motor strength and muscle hypertrophy compared to the traditional model of ST prescription based only on external training load. Methods: Twenty male subjects with previous experience in strength training (5.4 ± 4.1 years) participated in six weeks of ST in the squat exercise (2x/wk.). The subjects were divided into two groups: group i) linear progression of the training load (LP, N = 10) that followed a predetermined model of progression of ST load, where increments were performed every two weeks of training, starting from the A protocol towards the C protocol (protocol A = 2x12-15RM; protocol B= 4x8-10RM and protocol C = 6x4-6RM) and; ii) RPE Group (RPE, n = 10) which progressed ST load according with session RPE scores. All subjects in RPE group started the training period with the A protocol. In short, training load was increased (i.e., the A protocol to protocol B or B protocol into the C protocol) whenever the RPE scores was below 6, maintained for session RPE scores between 6 to 8 and, reduced if session RPE scores was above 8 twice in a row. Maximum dynamic strength (1-RM) and muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) were measured before (pre) and after the intervention period (post). Results: Both groups showed similar increases in 1-RM values (LP: p<0.0001 and RPE: p< 0.0001) and MCSA (LP: p<0.0001 and RPE: p=0.0032). However, the RPE group reached these results with a smaller number of sessions in protocols with higher training loads (B protocols: p=0.028, and C: p=0.004) at the same time that performed a greater number of sessions in training protocol with lower loads (i.e., A protocol) (p<0.0001) when compared with the LP group. Interestingly, the subgroup analyses (a posteriori), composed only by individuals of the RPE group that did not progress the training load beyond the A protocol (SubRPE, n= 6), showed similar increases in motor strength and muscle hypertrophy as compared to the LP group (1-RM p=0.0003; MCSA p=0.0212, respectively) even though have performed a lower total training volume (p=0.0258). Conclusion: The control of ST load progression by session RPE provided more effective adjustment of training load enabling similar increases in motor strength and muscle hypertrophy to traditional progression model even though have performed less intense training protocols and lower volume. Additionally, when the data of the subgroup SubRPE was considered, we observed the same functional and morphological adaptations through a lower total training volume

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_gg_dr_rcla.pdf: 1209295 bytes, checksum: 6b2253b3f887077f0efc0d6e008d593a (MD5) / O objetivo foi avaliar antes, durante e após 4 modelos de treinamento (contínuo aeróbio, anaeróbio intermitente, periodizado linear e periodizado em blocos) as performances aeróbia e anaeróbia bem como as respostas de biomarcadores de overtraining em ratos Wistar. Os ratos (60 dias de idade) foram divididos em grupos: Controle/Sedentário, treinamento periodizado linear, periodizado em blocos, contínuo aeróbio e anaeróbio intermitente. Todos os animais foram avaliados por meio do teste de lactato mínimo para determinação da performance aeróbia (limiar anaeróbio – % do peso corporal- PC) e anaeróbia (Tempo de Exaustão a 13% do PC - seg – Tlim). Os protocolos de treinamento tiveram duração de 12 semanas e freqüência de 6 dias/semana. O treinamento periodizado linear foi dividido em período Básico (6 semanas), Específico (4,5 semanas) e Polimento (1,5 semanas), tendo como estímulos intensidades equivalentes ao peso corporal dos animais (% do PC) variando entre 80 e 240% do limiar anaeróbio individual. O treinamento periodizado em blocos também foi dividido em três períodos com duração de 6 semanas (Bloco 1), 4,5 semanas (Bloco 2) e 1,5 semanas (Bloco 3) sendo que em cada bloco conteve os períodos básico, específico e polimento com intensidades equivalentes ao peso corporal dos animais (% do PC) variando entre 80 e 240% do limiar anaeróbio individual. O treinamento aeróbio realizou natação contínua com duração de 60 min/dia em intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio (100% do limiar anaeróbio) e abaixo do limiar anaeróbio (80 e 90%). O treinamento anaeróbio intermitente realizou 4 séries x 10 saltos com sobrecarga equivalente a 50% do PC. As análises bioquímicas, enzimáticas e hormonais bem como as variáveis de performance aeróbia e anaeróbia e supercompensação dos substratos energéticos (glicogênio muscular e hepático) foram... / The objective of this study was to determine in rats the effects of 4 training models (endurance monotonous training, anaerobic intermittent training, linear periodization training and block periodization training) on anaerobic and aerobic performance, creatine kinase, muscle and liver glycogen, antioxidants and hormones. The rats (60 days old) were separated in: sedentary, endurance monotonous training, anaerobic intermittent training, linear periodization training and block periodization training groups. The aerobic and anaerobic performance was evaluated by lactate minimum test. The exercise groups were submitted to 6 day/wk, 12 wk. The endurance monotonous training was constant and equivalent to 100%, 90% and 80% of aerobic capacity determined by minimum lactate test. The anaerobic intermittent training had 4 sets x 10 jumps with a load corresponding to 50% of the body weight (bw). The linear periodized training was divided into Basic (6 weeks), specific (4.5 weeks) and taper (1.5 weeks), with intensities (% bw) ranging between 80 and 240 % of individual anaerobic threshold. The block training was divided into three periods lasting from 6 weeks (Block 1), 4.5 weeks (Block 2) and 1.5 weeks (Block 3) and in each block contained the basic periods, specific and taper with intensities (% bw) ranging between 80 and 240% of individual anaerobic threshold. The results in all tests were expressed as mean ± standard error and had the statistical procedure tests: Three Way ANOVA, with significance levels prefixed at P <0.05. The anaerobic performance improved after linear periodization training while aerobic capacity increased after anaerobic intermittent training. The endurance monotonous training did not affect aerobic performance, but reduced the anaerobic performance after 12 weeks. The aerobic and anaerobic decadence in the sedentary group was attenuated with linear periodization... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência do modelo tradicional de periodização (com picos múltiplos) sobre a aptidão física em testes de campo, desempenho competitivo e variação técnica em competições de judô. Neste sentido, a amostra foi composta por atletas das classes Juvenil e Júnior que foram monitorados ao longo de duas temporadas anuais de treinamento (12 atletas por temporada), nas quais foram quantificados parâmetros da carga interna (Carga de Treinamento e o Training Strain) de cada período de treinamento, por meio da percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão. O desempenho físico foi avaliado em momentos de alteração dos períodos de treinamento, mensurando a potência de membros inferiores (salto horizontal), a resistência de força dinâmica de membros superiores (teste de barra com o judogi) e a aptidão aeróbia e anaeróbia em situação específica (SJFT - Special Judo Fitness Test). Adicionalmente, nas competições principais, os combates foram filmados para posterior quantificação do desempenho competitivo (percentual de vitórias, pontos conquistados, pontos sofridos, índice de eficiência de ataque e índices de efetividade) e da variação técnica (técnicas de projeção, técnicas de domínio e direções dos ataques efetivos). As variáveis foram comparadas via modelo misto para análise de medidas repetidas, seguido por teste de Bonferroni. As associações entre as variáveis foram testadas via coeficiente de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman. Na temporada 2011, houve diferenças (P < 0,05) na Carga de Treinamento, Training Strain, salto horizontal, teste de barra com o judogi, percentual de vitórias, pontos conquistados, pontos sofridos, índice de eficiência de ataque, direções de ataque, técnicas de projeção e de domínio, bem como correlação entre a Carga de Treinamento três dias antes do Campeonato Paulista Fase Regional e o índice de eficiência de ataque nesta competição (r = - 0,832; P = 0,001; muito grande). Na temporada 2012, verificou-se diferenças (P < 0,05) na Carga de Treinamento, Training Strain, salto horizontal, teste de barra com o judogi, nas variáveis número de projeções, frequência cardíaca após um minuto de repouso e índice do SJFT, pontos conquistados e técnicas de projeção efetivas, além de correlações entre o número de projeções no SJFT com o índice de eficiência de ataque (r = 0,629; P = 0,028; grande) e o percentual de vitórias (r = 0,634; P = 0,027; grande) no Campeonato Paulista Fase Inter-regional. A relevância do monitoramento da carga interna de treinamento e do desempenho físico foi reforçada pelas associações com parâmetros de desempenho competitivo. Embora os indicadores de desempenho físico, desempenho competitivo e variação técnica tenham sofrido alterações ao longo das temporadas, estas variações ocorreram de maneira dessincronizadas, aparentemente sem influência das cargas de treinamento adotadas. Assim, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que, para jovens atletas de judô, o modelo tradicional de periodização (com picos múltiplos) não desenvolve adaptações contínuas sobre os parâmetros de desempenho analisados, mas parece ser eficiente na elevação do desempenho físico no início da temporada e posterior estabilização destas adaptações / The aim of this study was investigate the influence of the traditional periodization model (with multiple peaks) on physical fitness in field tests, competitive performance and technical variation in judo competitions. In this sense, the sample consisted of Junior and Cadet athletes who were monitored over two annual training seasons (12 athletes per season) in which internal training load parameters (Training Load and Training Strain) of each training period were quantified through the session rating of perceived exertion. Physical performance was evaluated when the periods of training were changed, measuring lower limbs muscle power (standing long jump), upper limbs dynamic strength endurance (dynamic judogi chin up) and aerobic and anaerobic fitness in a specific situation (SJFT - Special Judo Fitness Test). Additionally, in main competitions, fights were filmed for later quantification of competitive performance (winning percentage, points scored, points conceded, attack efficiency index and effectiveness index) and technical variation (throwing techniques, groundwork techniques and directions of throws). The variables were compared by mixed model for repeated measures analysis, followed by Bonferroni test. The associations among variables were tested by Pearson\'s or Spearman\'s correlation coefficient. In the 2011 season, there were differences (P <0.05) in the Training Load, Training Strain, standing long jump, dynamic judogi chin up, winning percentage, points scored, points conceded, attack efficiency index, directions of throws and throwing techniques, in addition to correlation between the Training Load three days before a regional championship and the attack efficiency index in this competition (r = - 0.832; P = 0.001; very large). In 2012 season, there were differences (P <0.05) in Training Load, Training Strain, standing long jump, dynamic judogi chin up, SJFT variables (number of throws, heart rate one minute after the test and index), points scored and throwing techniques, in addition to correlations between the number of throws in SJFT with the attack efficiency index (r = 0.629; P = 0.028; large) and winning percentage (r = 0.634; P = 0.027; large) in a inter-regional championship. The relevance of monitoring the internal training load and the physical performance was reinforced by the associations with competitive performance parameters. Although physical performance, competitive performance and technical variation have changed over the seasons, these variations occurred in an unsynchronized way, apparently without influence of the training loads adopted. Thus, the results of this study indicate that for young judo athletes, the traditional periodization model (with multiple peaks) does not develop continuous adaptations of the performance parameters analyzed, but it seems to be effective in increasing the physical performance early in the season and subsequent stabilization of the adaptations

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência do modelo tradicional de periodização (com picos múltiplos) sobre a aptidão física em testes de campo, desempenho competitivo e variação técnica em competições de judô. Neste sentido, a amostra foi composta por atletas das classes Juvenil e Júnior que foram monitorados ao longo de duas temporadas anuais de treinamento (12 atletas por temporada), nas quais foram quantificados parâmetros da carga interna (Carga de Treinamento e o Training Strain) de cada período de treinamento, por meio da percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão. O desempenho físico foi avaliado em momentos de alteração dos períodos de treinamento, mensurando a potência de membros inferiores (salto horizontal), a resistência de força dinâmica de membros superiores (teste de barra com o judogi) e a aptidão aeróbia e anaeróbia em situação específica (SJFT - Special Judo Fitness Test). Adicionalmente, nas competições principais, os combates foram filmados para posterior quantificação do desempenho competitivo (percentual de vitórias, pontos conquistados, pontos sofridos, índice de eficiência de ataque e índices de efetividade) e da variação técnica (técnicas de projeção, técnicas de domínio e direções dos ataques efetivos). As variáveis foram comparadas via modelo misto para análise de medidas repetidas, seguido por teste de Bonferroni. As associações entre as variáveis foram testadas via coeficiente de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman. Na temporada 2011, houve diferenças (P < 0,05) na Carga de Treinamento, Training Strain, salto horizontal, teste de barra com o judogi, percentual de vitórias, pontos conquistados, pontos sofridos, índice de eficiência de ataque, direções de ataque, técnicas de projeção e de domínio, bem como correlação entre a Carga de Treinamento três dias antes do Campeonato Paulista Fase Regional e o índice de eficiência de ataque nesta competição (r = - 0,832; P = 0,001; muito grande). Na temporada 2012, verificou-se diferenças (P < 0,05) na Carga de Treinamento, Training Strain, salto horizontal, teste de barra com o judogi, nas variáveis número de projeções, frequência cardíaca após um minuto de repouso e índice do SJFT, pontos conquistados e técnicas de projeção efetivas, além de correlações entre o número de projeções no SJFT com o índice de eficiência de ataque (r = 0,629; P = 0,028; grande) e o percentual de vitórias (r = 0,634; P = 0,027; grande) no Campeonato Paulista Fase Inter-regional. A relevância do monitoramento da carga interna de treinamento e do desempenho físico foi reforçada pelas associações com parâmetros de desempenho competitivo. Embora os indicadores de desempenho físico, desempenho competitivo e variação técnica tenham sofrido alterações ao longo das temporadas, estas variações ocorreram de maneira dessincronizadas, aparentemente sem influência das cargas de treinamento adotadas. Assim, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que, para jovens atletas de judô, o modelo tradicional de periodização (com picos múltiplos) não desenvolve adaptações contínuas sobre os parâmetros de desempenho analisados, mas parece ser eficiente na elevação do desempenho físico no início da temporada e posterior estabilização destas adaptações / The aim of this study was investigate the influence of the traditional periodization model (with multiple peaks) on physical fitness in field tests, competitive performance and technical variation in judo competitions. In this sense, the sample consisted of Junior and Cadet athletes who were monitored over two annual training seasons (12 athletes per season) in which internal training load parameters (Training Load and Training Strain) of each training period were quantified through the session rating of perceived exertion. Physical performance was evaluated when the periods of training were changed, measuring lower limbs muscle power (standing long jump), upper limbs dynamic strength endurance (dynamic judogi chin up) and aerobic and anaerobic fitness in a specific situation (SJFT - Special Judo Fitness Test). Additionally, in main competitions, fights were filmed for later quantification of competitive performance (winning percentage, points scored, points conceded, attack efficiency index and effectiveness index) and technical variation (throwing techniques, groundwork techniques and directions of throws). The variables were compared by mixed model for repeated measures analysis, followed by Bonferroni test. The associations among variables were tested by Pearson\'s or Spearman\'s correlation coefficient. In the 2011 season, there were differences (P <0.05) in the Training Load, Training Strain, standing long jump, dynamic judogi chin up, winning percentage, points scored, points conceded, attack efficiency index, directions of throws and throwing techniques, in addition to correlation between the Training Load three days before a regional championship and the attack efficiency index in this competition (r = - 0.832; P = 0.001; very large). In 2012 season, there were differences (P <0.05) in Training Load, Training Strain, standing long jump, dynamic judogi chin up, SJFT variables (number of throws, heart rate one minute after the test and index), points scored and throwing techniques, in addition to correlations between the number of throws in SJFT with the attack efficiency index (r = 0.629; P = 0.028; large) and winning percentage (r = 0.634; P = 0.027; large) in a inter-regional championship. The relevance of monitoring the internal training load and the physical performance was reinforced by the associations with competitive performance parameters. Although physical performance, competitive performance and technical variation have changed over the seasons, these variations occurred in an unsynchronized way, apparently without influence of the training loads adopted. Thus, the results of this study indicate that for young judo athletes, the traditional periodization model (with multiple peaks) does not develop continuous adaptations of the performance parameters analyzed, but it seems to be effective in increasing the physical performance early in the season and subsequent stabilization of the adaptations

Athlete Training Should Proceed From Thorough and Systematic Periodized Plans for the Implementation of Training Loads. The Time-course of Training Should Include Periods of High Loads Punctuated by Reduced Loads and Rest. As There Are a Wide Variety of Means and Methods Used for the Implementation of Loads, There Are Numerous Means and Methods for Enhancing Recovery and Adaptation (Ra). Ra From Athlete Training Are Poorly Understood and in Need of a Model or Framework to Advance Our Ability to Systematically Complement Training With Appropriate Modalities.

Purpose: Monitor changes in force production, running economy (RE), and running kinematics (RK) in a highly trained marathon runner after beginning a strength training (ST) program. Methods: One marathon runner (M, 27 y, 165 cm, 53.3 kg, VO2pesk 67.43 ml/kg/min, PR 2:33:13) with no history of ST completed a 12-week block periodized ST program. Baseline and reliability testing was conducted over a two-month period prior to ST. The completed ST RPE and work (volume load*displacement) and running volume (km/wk) were monitored over the 12 weeks. The athlete performed an isometric mid-thigh pull to assess peak force (PF, N), rate of force development at 250 ms (RFD250), and net impulse at 250 ms (NI250) during baseline and throughout ST. The athlete performed a steady state test on a treadmill instrumented with the OptojumpTM optic sensor system to assess RE (ml/kg/km) and RK during baseline and throughout ST. Impact of the ST program was assessed by percent change of the variables during the taper from the baseline average and by the odds of a true change using the typical error and smallest worthwhile change. Results: PF improved (120:1 odds) by 17.11%, RFD250 improved (22:1 odds) by 24.73%, and NI250 improved (10:1 odds) by 16.70% before competition. Ground contact time decreased (7:1 odds) by 2.57%, flight time decreased (1:1 odds) by 1.49%, step rate increased (2:1 odds) by 2.28%, and step length decreased (57:1: odds) by 2.21%. RE improved (3:1 odds) by 2.09%. Conclusion: Improving a runner’s maximal strength and rate of force development may positively influence RK and RE.