Com a finalidade de compreender a estrutura e a dinâmica da comunidade de algas perifíticas aderidas à Eichhornia azurea Kunt em lagoas marginais, um estudo foi realizado na zona de desembocadura do rio Paranapanema na represa de Jurumirim, em dois locais distintos (região de entrada e região lêntica) de duas lagoas marginais. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, no período de um ano (março/01 a março/02) e características climatológicas e hidrodinâmicas, os aspectos físicos e químicos da água, bem como as variáveis biológicas do perifíton, também foram realizadas. As variáveis que apresentaram correlações mais significativas foram: a precipitação, a temperatura da água, o nível da água, a profundidade, a transparência, o pH, a condutividade, a alcalinidade, o CO2 total, CO livre, o material em suspensão total e o inorgânico. De acordo com os índices de classificação, a comunidade perifítica apresentou predominância de biomassa baixa, conteúdo de material inorgânico-orgânico e heterotrofia. Considerando-se as duas lagoas com suas estações de amostragens, foram encontrados 408 táxons. A lagoa do Coqueiral apresentou uma maior riqueza (394 táxons), sendo que a classe Zygnemaphyceae teve o maior número de táxons, (118) e a lagoa do Camargo apresentou 353 táxons, onde também a classe Zygnemaphyceae teve o maior número de táxons, (114). Nas duas estações da lagoa do Camargo e na estação 1 da lagoa do Coqueiral a classe que apresentou maior densidade durante todo o período foi a classe Bacillariophyceae (com dominância da espécie Achnanthidium minutissimum) e na estação 2 da lagoa do Coqueiral nos meses de abril e maio de 2001 a classe Oedogoniophyceae teve uma maior densidade e em novembro a classe Cyanophyceae teve uma contribuição de 63,4% na densidade total. Os valores de diversidade de Shannon-Weaner foram maiores na entrada da lagoa do Coqueiral variando de 2,37 bits/ind.(ago/01) a 5,20 bits/ind. (mar/02). Os táxons que tiveram 100% de freqüência relativa foram: Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cymbella minuta, Eunotia sp, Fragilaria capucina, Cosmarium margaritatum, Cosmarium regnellii, Cosmarium sp, Bulbochaete sp e Oedogonium sp. A lagoa do Coqueiral, com maior conectividade com o rio, apresentou maior diversidade e riqueza enquanto que na lagoa do Camargo, ocorreu maior densidade. / Aiming to understand structure and dynamics of periphytic algae attached to Eichhornia azurea Kunt in marginal lakes, a study was undertaken at the mouth zone of Paranapanema river in Jurumirim reservoir, at two distinct locations (entrance region and lentic region) of two marginal lakes. Samplings were taken monthly, during one year (March/01 to March/02), climatological and hydrodynamic characteristics, physical and chemical aspects, as well as periphyton biological variables, were also studied. The variables with more meaningful correlations were: precipitation, water temperature, water level, depth, transparency, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, total CO2, free CO, total and inorganic suspended matter. According to the classification indexes, periphytic community presented a low biomass predominance, inorganic-organic matter content and heterotrophy. Considering the two lakes with its sampling stations, 408 taxa were found. Coqueiral lake presented greater richness (394 taxa), and the class Zygnemaphyceae had more taxa than the others (118), and Camargo lake presented 353 taxa, where the class Zygnemaphyceae also had more taxa (114). In both sampling stations from Camargo lake, and in station 1 from Coqueiral lake, the class with higher density during the whole period was Bacillariophyceae (with the dominance of the species Achnanthidium minutissimum), and in station 2 from Coqueiral lake in the months of April and May, 2001 the class Oedogoniophyceae hadgreater density and in November the class Cyanophyceae contributed in 63,4% of total density. Shannon-Weaner diversity values were higher at the entrance/mouth of Coqueiral lake, varying from 2.37 bits/ind (August/01) to 5.20 bits/ind (March/02). The taxa that had 100% of relative frequency were: Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cymbella minuta, Eunotia sp, Fragilaria capucina, Cosmarium margaritatum, Cosmarium regnellii, Cosmarium sp, Bulbochaete sp and Oedogonium sp. Coqueiral lake, with more connectivity to the river, presented higher diversity, while in Camargo lake density was higher.

Com a finalidade de compreender a estrutura e a dinâmica da comunidade de algas perifíticas aderidas à Eichhornia azurea Kunt em lagoas marginais, um estudo foi realizado na zona de desembocadura do rio Paranapanema na represa de Jurumirim, em dois locais distintos (região de entrada e região lêntica) de duas lagoas marginais. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, no período de um ano (março/01 a março/02) e características climatológicas e hidrodinâmicas, os aspectos físicos e químicos da água, bem como as variáveis biológicas do perifíton, também foram realizadas. As variáveis que apresentaram correlações mais significativas foram: a precipitação, a temperatura da água, o nível da água, a profundidade, a transparência, o pH, a condutividade, a alcalinidade, o CO2 total, CO livre, o material em suspensão total e o inorgânico. De acordo com os índices de classificação, a comunidade perifítica apresentou predominância de biomassa baixa, conteúdo de material inorgânico-orgânico e heterotrofia. Considerando-se as duas lagoas com suas estações de amostragens, foram encontrados 408 táxons. A lagoa do Coqueiral apresentou uma maior riqueza (394 táxons), sendo que a classe Zygnemaphyceae teve o maior número de táxons, (118) e a lagoa do Camargo apresentou 353 táxons, onde também a classe Zygnemaphyceae teve o maior número de táxons, (114). Nas duas estações da lagoa do Camargo e na estação 1 da lagoa do Coqueiral a classe que apresentou maior densidade durante todo o período foi a classe Bacillariophyceae (com dominância da espécie Achnanthidium minutissimum) e na estação 2 da lagoa do Coqueiral nos meses de abril e maio de 2001 a classe Oedogoniophyceae teve uma maior densidade e em novembro a classe Cyanophyceae teve uma contribuição de 63,4% na densidade total. Os valores de diversidade de Shannon-Weaner foram maiores na entrada da lagoa do Coqueiral variando de 2,37 bits/ind.(ago/01) a 5,20 bits/ind. (mar/02). Os táxons que tiveram 100% de freqüência relativa foram: Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cymbella minuta, Eunotia sp, Fragilaria capucina, Cosmarium margaritatum, Cosmarium regnellii, Cosmarium sp, Bulbochaete sp e Oedogonium sp. A lagoa do Coqueiral, com maior conectividade com o rio, apresentou maior diversidade e riqueza enquanto que na lagoa do Camargo, ocorreu maior densidade. / Aiming to understand structure and dynamics of periphytic algae attached to Eichhornia azurea Kunt in marginal lakes, a study was undertaken at the mouth zone of Paranapanema river in Jurumirim reservoir, at two distinct locations (entrance region and lentic region) of two marginal lakes. Samplings were taken monthly, during one year (March/01 to March/02), climatological and hydrodynamic characteristics, physical and chemical aspects, as well as periphyton biological variables, were also studied. The variables with more meaningful correlations were: precipitation, water temperature, water level, depth, transparency, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, total CO2, free CO, total and inorganic suspended matter. According to the classification indexes, periphytic community presented a low biomass predominance, inorganic-organic matter content and heterotrophy. Considering the two lakes with its sampling stations, 408 taxa were found. Coqueiral lake presented greater richness (394 taxa), and the class Zygnemaphyceae had more taxa than the others (118), and Camargo lake presented 353 taxa, where the class Zygnemaphyceae also had more taxa (114). In both sampling stations from Camargo lake, and in station 1 from Coqueiral lake, the class with higher density during the whole period was Bacillariophyceae (with the dominance of the species Achnanthidium minutissimum), and in station 2 from Coqueiral lake in the months of April and May, 2001 the class Oedogoniophyceae hadgreater density and in November the class Cyanophyceae contributed in 63,4% of total density. Shannon-Weaner diversity values were higher at the entrance/mouth of Coqueiral lake, varying from 2.37 bits/ind (August/01) to 5.20 bits/ind (March/02). The taxa that had 100% of relative frequency were: Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cymbella minuta, Eunotia sp, Fragilaria capucina, Cosmarium margaritatum, Cosmarium regnellii, Cosmarium sp, Bulbochaete sp and Oedogonium sp. Coqueiral lake, with more connectivity to the river, presented higher diversity, while in Camargo lake density was higher.

A Drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), do ponto de vista ecológico, influencia os ambientes aquáticos provocando condições de stress para a maioria dos organismos. O baixo valor de pH (geralmente < 3,0), altas quantidades de sulfatos e íons metálicos dissolvidos diminuem a diversidade biológica. Esses locais podem ser caracterizados como ecossistemas simples, dominados por organismos acidofílicos e ácido tolerantes. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar as comunidades de algas encontradas em ecossistemas impactados pela DAM na região carbonífera do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Observou-se 12 córregos, dois quais 6 com presença de algas e 6 com ausência de algas. As amostragens foram realizadas em julho/2009, outubro/2009, dezembro/2009 e abril/2010, de forma a abranger as quatro estações do ano. Verificouse que os ambientes aquáticos atingidos pela DAM abrigam pouca diversidade de espécies. A comunidade de algas foi representada por 5 táxons e a identificação realizou-se somente até o nível de gênero. Os gêneros encontrados foram: Microspora, Mougeotia, Eunotia, Frustulia e Euglena. Os gêneros de maior distribuição foram a Microspora, estando presente em 6 locais de amostragem e o gênero Eunotia, presente em 4 locais de amostragem. O gênero em maior abundância e quantidade de biomassa foi a Microspora. O crescimento das algas foi dependente de vários fatores, entre os quais características químicas da água e o período de amostrado. Observou-se que as algas acidofílicas cresceram em corpos d´água na faixa de pH entre 3,2 e 4,1, sendo que nos locais com pH inferior a 2,8 ou superior a 4,2 não ocorreu o crescimento de algas. O gênero Microspora esteve presente em águas com níveis variados de metais e sulfato. Já o gênero Frustulia somente se desenvolveu em corpos d´água com baixos níveis de ferro e sulfato. Por sua vez, o gênero Euglena só foi bem sucedido em locais onde os teores de sulfatos e ferro foram elevados. Sendo assim, as algas encontradas neste estudo apresentam a capacidade de bioindicadoras da qualidade do local. Em relação aos períodos amostrados, a diversidade e abundância de algas foram maiores no inverno. As comunidades perifíticas são capazes de acumular elementos metálicos em sua biomassa. A análise da biomassa perifítica indica que o material contém uma elevada concentração de elementos inorgânicos, bioacumulados do ambiente de crescimento. / The acid mine drainage (AMD), from the ecological point of view, affects the aquatic environments causing stress to most organisms. The low pH values (usually <3.0), high concentration of sulfates and dissolved metal ions reduce the biological diversity. These systems can be characterized as simple ecosystems, dominated by acidophilic and acid tolerant organisms. The objective of this study was to identify communities of algae found in ecosystems impacted by AMD in the coal region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It was observed 12 streams, 6 of which with the presence of algae and 6 with the absence of algae. Samples were collected in July/2009, October/2009, December/2009 and April/2010 in order to cover all four seasons. It was found that aquatic environments affected by DAM refuge low species diversity. The algal community was represented by 5 taxa and the identification was made only to the genus level. The species identified were: Microspora, Mougeotia, Eunotia, Frustulia and Euglena. The genus of the largest distribution was Microspora, present in 6 sampling sites and Eunotia, present in 4 sampling sites. The genus in greater abundance and amount of biomass was the Microspora. The algal growth was dependent of several factors, including water chemistry and the period of sampling. It was observed that acidophilic algae grown in water with the pH range between 3.2 and 4.1, and in places with a pH below 2.8 or above 4.2 there was no algae growth. The genus Microspora was present in waters with different levels of metals and sulfate. But the genus Frustulia only was increased in water with low levels of iron and sulfate. On the other hand, the genus Euglena has only been successful in places where the levels of sulfates and iron were high. Therefore, the algae found in this study have the ability to bioindicators of the water quality. Concerning the periods sampled, diversity and abundance of algae were higher in winter. Periphyton communities are able to accumulate metallic elements in their biomass. The analysis of periphytic biomass indicates that the material contains a high concentration of inorganic elements, bioaccumulated of the growth environment.

A Drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), do ponto de vista ecológico, influencia os ambientes aquáticos provocando condições de stress para a maioria dos organismos. O baixo valor de pH (geralmente < 3,0), altas quantidades de sulfatos e íons metálicos dissolvidos diminuem a diversidade biológica. Esses locais podem ser caracterizados como ecossistemas simples, dominados por organismos acidofílicos e ácido tolerantes. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar as comunidades de algas encontradas em ecossistemas impactados pela DAM na região carbonífera do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Observou-se 12 córregos, dois quais 6 com presença de algas e 6 com ausência de algas. As amostragens foram realizadas em julho/2009, outubro/2009, dezembro/2009 e abril/2010, de forma a abranger as quatro estações do ano. Verificouse que os ambientes aquáticos atingidos pela DAM abrigam pouca diversidade de espécies. A comunidade de algas foi representada por 5 táxons e a identificação realizou-se somente até o nível de gênero. Os gêneros encontrados foram: Microspora, Mougeotia, Eunotia, Frustulia e Euglena. Os gêneros de maior distribuição foram a Microspora, estando presente em 6 locais de amostragem e o gênero Eunotia, presente em 4 locais de amostragem. O gênero em maior abundância e quantidade de biomassa foi a Microspora. O crescimento das algas foi dependente de vários fatores, entre os quais características químicas da água e o período de amostrado. Observou-se que as algas acidofílicas cresceram em corpos d´água na faixa de pH entre 3,2 e 4,1, sendo que nos locais com pH inferior a 2,8 ou superior a 4,2 não ocorreu o crescimento de algas. O gênero Microspora esteve presente em águas com níveis variados de metais e sulfato. Já o gênero Frustulia somente se desenvolveu em corpos d´água com baixos níveis de ferro e sulfato. Por sua vez, o gênero Euglena só foi bem sucedido em locais onde os teores de sulfatos e ferro foram elevados. Sendo assim, as algas encontradas neste estudo apresentam a capacidade de bioindicadoras da qualidade do local. Em relação aos períodos amostrados, a diversidade e abundância de algas foram maiores no inverno. As comunidades perifíticas são capazes de acumular elementos metálicos em sua biomassa. A análise da biomassa perifítica indica que o material contém uma elevada concentração de elementos inorgânicos, bioacumulados do ambiente de crescimento. / The acid mine drainage (AMD), from the ecological point of view, affects the aquatic environments causing stress to most organisms. The low pH values (usually <3.0), high concentration of sulfates and dissolved metal ions reduce the biological diversity. These systems can be characterized as simple ecosystems, dominated by acidophilic and acid tolerant organisms. The objective of this study was to identify communities of algae found in ecosystems impacted by AMD in the coal region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It was observed 12 streams, 6 of which with the presence of algae and 6 with the absence of algae. Samples were collected in July/2009, October/2009, December/2009 and April/2010 in order to cover all four seasons. It was found that aquatic environments affected by DAM refuge low species diversity. The algal community was represented by 5 taxa and the identification was made only to the genus level. The species identified were: Microspora, Mougeotia, Eunotia, Frustulia and Euglena. The genus of the largest distribution was Microspora, present in 6 sampling sites and Eunotia, present in 4 sampling sites. The genus in greater abundance and amount of biomass was the Microspora. The algal growth was dependent of several factors, including water chemistry and the period of sampling. It was observed that acidophilic algae grown in water with the pH range between 3.2 and 4.1, and in places with a pH below 2.8 or above 4.2 there was no algae growth. The genus Microspora was present in waters with different levels of metals and sulfate. But the genus Frustulia only was increased in water with low levels of iron and sulfate. On the other hand, the genus Euglena has only been successful in places where the levels of sulfates and iron were high. Therefore, the algae found in this study have the ability to bioindicators of the water quality. Concerning the periods sampled, diversity and abundance of algae were higher in winter. Periphyton communities are able to accumulate metallic elements in their biomass. The analysis of periphytic biomass indicates that the material contains a high concentration of inorganic elements, bioaccumulated of the growth environment.

A Drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), do ponto de vista ecológico, influencia os ambientes aquáticos provocando condições de stress para a maioria dos organismos. O baixo valor de pH (geralmente < 3,0), altas quantidades de sulfatos e íons metálicos dissolvidos diminuem a diversidade biológica. Esses locais podem ser caracterizados como ecossistemas simples, dominados por organismos acidofílicos e ácido tolerantes. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar as comunidades de algas encontradas em ecossistemas impactados pela DAM na região carbonífera do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Observou-se 12 córregos, dois quais 6 com presença de algas e 6 com ausência de algas. As amostragens foram realizadas em julho/2009, outubro/2009, dezembro/2009 e abril/2010, de forma a abranger as quatro estações do ano. Verificouse que os ambientes aquáticos atingidos pela DAM abrigam pouca diversidade de espécies. A comunidade de algas foi representada por 5 táxons e a identificação realizou-se somente até o nível de gênero. Os gêneros encontrados foram: Microspora, Mougeotia, Eunotia, Frustulia e Euglena. Os gêneros de maior distribuição foram a Microspora, estando presente em 6 locais de amostragem e o gênero Eunotia, presente em 4 locais de amostragem. O gênero em maior abundância e quantidade de biomassa foi a Microspora. O crescimento das algas foi dependente de vários fatores, entre os quais características químicas da água e o período de amostrado. Observou-se que as algas acidofílicas cresceram em corpos d´água na faixa de pH entre 3,2 e 4,1, sendo que nos locais com pH inferior a 2,8 ou superior a 4,2 não ocorreu o crescimento de algas. O gênero Microspora esteve presente em águas com níveis variados de metais e sulfato. Já o gênero Frustulia somente se desenvolveu em corpos d´água com baixos níveis de ferro e sulfato. Por sua vez, o gênero Euglena só foi bem sucedido em locais onde os teores de sulfatos e ferro foram elevados. Sendo assim, as algas encontradas neste estudo apresentam a capacidade de bioindicadoras da qualidade do local. Em relação aos períodos amostrados, a diversidade e abundância de algas foram maiores no inverno. As comunidades perifíticas são capazes de acumular elementos metálicos em sua biomassa. A análise da biomassa perifítica indica que o material contém uma elevada concentração de elementos inorgânicos, bioacumulados do ambiente de crescimento. / The acid mine drainage (AMD), from the ecological point of view, affects the aquatic environments causing stress to most organisms. The low pH values (usually <3.0), high concentration of sulfates and dissolved metal ions reduce the biological diversity. These systems can be characterized as simple ecosystems, dominated by acidophilic and acid tolerant organisms. The objective of this study was to identify communities of algae found in ecosystems impacted by AMD in the coal region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It was observed 12 streams, 6 of which with the presence of algae and 6 with the absence of algae. Samples were collected in July/2009, October/2009, December/2009 and April/2010 in order to cover all four seasons. It was found that aquatic environments affected by DAM refuge low species diversity. The algal community was represented by 5 taxa and the identification was made only to the genus level. The species identified were: Microspora, Mougeotia, Eunotia, Frustulia and Euglena. The genus of the largest distribution was Microspora, present in 6 sampling sites and Eunotia, present in 4 sampling sites. The genus in greater abundance and amount of biomass was the Microspora. The algal growth was dependent of several factors, including water chemistry and the period of sampling. It was observed that acidophilic algae grown in water with the pH range between 3.2 and 4.1, and in places with a pH below 2.8 or above 4.2 there was no algae growth. The genus Microspora was present in waters with different levels of metals and sulfate. But the genus Frustulia only was increased in water with low levels of iron and sulfate. On the other hand, the genus Euglena has only been successful in places where the levels of sulfates and iron were high. Therefore, the algae found in this study have the ability to bioindicators of the water quality. Concerning the periods sampled, diversity and abundance of algae were higher in winter. Periphyton communities are able to accumulate metallic elements in their biomass. The analysis of periphytic biomass indicates that the material contains a high concentration of inorganic elements, bioaccumulated of the growth environment.

Arctic tundra wetlands support abundant waterbirds, but invertebrate prey communities may change with climate warming. Increased influx of nutrients and labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) from thawing permafrost may alter the relative importance of organic matter (OM) sources, with associated changes in relative biomass of taxa dependent on different sources. In six wetland types, we used stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) to compare contributions of four OM sources (periphytic microalgae, cyanobacteria, macrophytes, and peat) to the diets of nine macroinvertebrate taxa. Relative OM contributions within invertebrate taxa were similar among wetland types. Cyanobacteria comprised only 2–7% of OM sources for all taxa in shallow wetland types (<1 m), but up to 25% for oligochaetes and Physidae in deeper wetlands. Macrophytes were minor OM sources (<13%) in all wetland types except deep open lakes (21–26%). Peat typically comprised 20–40% of OM sources except for Physidae (mostly 50–80%). Microalgae were the dominant OM source for most taxa (47–78%, mean ⁓60%), although less for Oligochaeta and much less for Physidae (9–32%). High periphyton production with very depleted δ13C values likely results from continuous daylight illuminating shallow depths, high N and P levels, and very high pCO2 derived from bacterial respiration of DOM leached from thawing permafrost. Invertebrate consumption of microalgae and peat appears often to involve bacterial intermediates. Impacts of warming on invertebrate prey availability will likely depend not on shifts in OM sources, but on changes in overall area or number of shallow ponds.

Situé en France dans l’Aveyron, le bassin minier de Viviez a été soumis pendant plus d’un siècle à des rejets métalliques (principalement Cd et Zn) et est à l’origine de la contamination de l’estuaire de la Gironde, mise en évidence dans les années 1970. C’est dans ce contexte de pollution avérée que d’importants travaux de remédiation des sols ont été entrepris dès 2007. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse résidaient en la caractérisation des premiers impacts de la remédiation sur l’amélioration de l’état chimique et écologique de l’hydrosystème via l’étude des biofilms périphytiques et des bivalves filtreurs Corbicula fluminea. En prévision des effets à plus long terme de la remédiation, il s’agissait en second lieu d’évaluer les capacités de décontamination des deux modèles biologiques et de s’intéresser à la restructuration des communautés diatomiques en réponse à une levée du stress métallique par transplantations in situ ou en laboratoire. Le suivi des bioaccumulations métalliques in situ réalisé entre 2008 et 2010 a révélé la rémanence d’un très fort gradient de contamination, à l’origine d’importants clivages communautaires dans les biofilms diatomiques. De plus, une augmentation de la pression métallique a été mesurée in situ en aval du site industriel en 2010 certainement en relation avec les travaux d’excavation. Des études de décontamination ont été menées en laboratoire après l’exposition des organismes in situ au cours de deux saisons. Chez Corbicula fluminea le Zn a été très rapidement dépuré, tandis que 15 mois n’ont pas suffi à obtenir la décontamination totale du Cd, estimée complète par modélisation après 740 à 1360 jours en fonction des saisons d’exposition. Bien que le potentiel de récupération des biofilms soit apparu rapidement en conditions naturelles après transplantation, les études de laboratoire menées sur plusieurs semaines en canaux n’ont pas abouti à une décontamination complète du Cd après 100 jours, qui a été estimée totale après 150 à 450 jours en fonction des saisons d’exposition. Malgré des prémices de restructuration, aucun retour vers des communautés de type témoin n’a pu être mis en évidence. Ces études ont souligné l’importance des phénomènes de migration d’espèces dans le potentiel de récupération des biofilms. Enfin, une étude portant sur les tératologies de diatomées a révélé leur maintien prolongé dans la population malgré l’arrêt de la contamination. L’ensemble de ces études a mis en évidence la complémentarité de l’utilisation des deux modèles biologiques, capables d’intégrer et de réguler différemment les contaminants, pour évaluer leur potentiel de récupération dans un contexte de gestion corrective de l’hydrosystème. / Located in France, in Aveyron, the mining basin of Viviez was submitted for over a century to metal discharges (mainly Cd and Zn) and was proven in the 1970s to be the source of the contamination of the Gironde estuary. In this context, significant soil remediation works were initiated in 2007. The main objectives of this thesis focused on the characterization of the first impacts of remediation on the chemical and ecological improvement status of the hydrosystem via the study of periphytic biofilms and filter-feeding bivalves Corbicula fluminea. In anticipation of the long-term effects of the remediation, a second part was devoted to evaluate the decontamination capabilities of the two biological models and to focus on the restructuring capacities of diatomcommunities in response to metal stress by translocations in situ or to laboratory. Monitoring of metal bioaccumulation carried out in situ between 2008 and 2010 revealed the persistence of a strong gradient of contamination, causing major shifts in the diatom communities of biofilms. In addition, an increase in metal contamination pressure was measured down streams the industrial site in 2010, certainly in relation with the excavation works. Decontamination studies were conducted in the laboratory after in situ exposure of organisms during two seasons. Corbicula fluminea showed fast depuration of Zn, while 15 months were not long enough to get the total decontamination of Cd, estimated complete after 740 to 1360 days according to the exposure season. Although the potential for metal decontamination of biofilms appeared to be rapid under natural conditions after transplantation, laboratory studies conducted over several weeks in artificial streams did not result in complete decontamination of Cd after 100 days, and was estimated complete after 150 to 450 days according to the exposure season. Despite the beginnings of restructuration, no return to communities similar to controls could be observed. These studies have emphasized the importance of the phenomena of species migration in the recoverypotential of biofilms. Finally, a study focussing on diatom teratologies revealed their long persistence in the population despite the stop of the contamination. All these studies demonstrated the complementary usefulness of both biological models, which differently integrate and regulate contaminants, to assess their recovery potential in a remediation context of the hydrosystem.

S'han estudiat els efectes dels factors ambientals sobre el perífiton dels sistemes lenític fluctuants del aiguamolls de l'Empordà. L'estudi s'ha realitzat als tres nivells d'integració: nivell d'ecosistema considerant el rol del perífiton envers els altres productors primaris; a nivell de comunitat, estudiant la composició específica de les diatomees i a nivell de població estudiant la plasticitat fenotípica d'una espècie de diatomea (Nitzschia frustulum).A nivell d'ecosistema s'observa que els factors que afavoreixen el predomini dels diferents tipus de productors primaris (perífiton, fitoplàncton i macròfits) són la renovació i el grau d'eutròfia de l'aigua. A nivell de comunitat els factors determinants en la composició i distribució de les espècies de diatomees són els gradients confinament-inundació així com la productivitat del sistema. En funció d'aquest factors s'han establert 5 associacions de diatomees. A nivell de població es demostra que tant la salinitat, com la relació N : P a l'aigua com el moviment de l'aigua afecten la morfologia i ultraestructura de la valva de N. frustulum. De forma interessant s'observa que la salinitat, considerada com a factor individual, afecta N. frustulum a nivell poblacional provocant-li modificacions en la morfologia de la valva, per en canvi, no afecta a nivell de comunitat, ja que totes les espècies de diatomees presents en ambients de salinitat fluctuant són eurihalines. / The effects of environmental conditions on periphytic of lentic and fluctuating waters (Empordà wetlands) at the three different levels of organisation were studied: at ecosystem level, considering the role of periphyton among the primary producers; at community level, analysing the periphytic diatom species composition; and at population level studying the phenotypic plasticity of a selected diatom species (Nitzschia frustulum). The factors favouring the predominance of different primary productors (periphyton, phytoplankton and macrophytes) were the turnover and eutrophy of the water. At the community level, we observed that the main factors affecting diatom species composition and distribution are the gradients confinement-flooding and productivity of the system. Based on these factors 5 diatom assemblages have been distinguished. At the population level, the results of the present thesis proved that the morphology and ultrastructure of N. frustulum is affected by salinity, N : P ratio and movement of the water. Interestingly the results showed that salinity, as a single environmental factor, has effect at N. frustulum population level resulting in phenotypic plasticity while there is no effect of salinity at diatom community level since in such environments with fluctuating salinity all the species present are euryhaline.

La qualité de l'eau du lac Saint-Pierre (LSP), le plus grand lac fluvial du fleuve Saint-Laurent, est notamment compromise par le déversement d’une mixture composée de métaux et de pesticides provenant des rejets des industries, des effluents municipaux et de l’exploitation des terres agricoles dans son bassin versant. Cette contamination est d'autant plus importante dans les zones du lac caractérisées par une végétation dense favorisant la rétention et la sédimentation de la matière en suspension. Or, ces herbiers aquatiques, qui occupent de vastes étendues du LSP, servent de frayère pour plusieurs poissons, dont la perchaude (Perca flavescens). Cette espèce est donc particulièrement affectée par la dégradation des habitats aquatiques du LSP. À la suite d’un déclin important de ses populations depuis la fin des années 1990 en raison de son important intérêt commercial et sportif, un moratoire de cinq ans sur la pêche de la perchaude a été imposé en 2012 et reconduit jusqu’en 2022, puisque l’incapacité de rétablissement des populations de perchaudes semble persister. La présente étude vise à évaluer l'hypothèse que cette incapacité de rétablissement, qui se reflète par un recrutement déficient, soit en partie attribuable à l'impact de la contamination chimique sur la reproduction, soit par des effets toxiques potentiels sur les femelles ovigères, sur les œufs ou sur les jeunes larves pendant les premiers mois. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué l’hypothèse que le glyphosate, herbicide à large spectre et ingrédient actif de la formulation Roundup®, ait un impact indirect sur les jeunes perchaudes en décimant les communautés de biofilms périphytiques, source d’alimentation des invertébrés dont se nourrissent les jeunes larves. Cette suite d’effets contribuerait à l’accroissement de la mortalité hivernale des jeunes de l’année, due à une insuffisance de ressources énergétiques. Or, nos résultats démontrent que peu importe l’âge, et par le fait même l’épaisseur des biofilms, le glyphosate, en concentrations environnementales réalistes, ne semble pas impacter négativement la composition des communautés ou le métabolisme de la chlorophylle des biofilms. Seul l’âge (2 mois, 1 an, 20 ans) de ces derniers semblait en effet influencer la composition taxonomique des communautés. Nous avons cependant observé une augmentation de l’abondance relative d’Anabaena, un taxon de cyanobactérie toxique qui possède une forme résistante rare de l’enzyme EPSPS, cible principale du mode d’action du glyphosate. Cette étude contribue à l’avancement des connaissances sur les effets de l’herbicide le plus utilisé à l’échelle mondiale, actuellement au cœur de préoccupations d’intérêt international. Nous avons également évalué le potentiel de toxicité associé au transfert maternel du mercure et du sélénium chez la perchaude à l’aide de techniques de fractionnement subcellulaire. Le mercure est un contaminant d’intérêt en raison de son omniprésence dans l’environnement ainsi que de ses effets néfastes sur la reproduction des poissons à de très faibles concentrations. Il a également été démontré que des ratios molaires Se:Hg supérieurs à 1 atténuaient les effet néfastes du mercure. Nos résultats démontrent une évidence de transfert maternel de la femelle à ses œufs, mais également aux mitochondries gonadiques, principales composantes sensibles de la cellule. Le transfert maternel représentant la source d’exposition aux contaminants la plus importante pour les embryons, nos observations pourraient contribuer à expliquer le recrutement déficient des jeunes perchaudes au LSP. Nous avons également mesuré des ratios molaires Se:Hg systématiquement supérieurs à 1 dans les différentes fractions subcellulaires hépatiques et gonadiques, résultats novateurs qui laissent sous-entendre un effet protecteur du Se. Puisque nous avons confirmé l’occurrence d’un transfert maternel du mercure, l’étape logique subséquente était d’évaluer la bioaccumulation de ce contaminant au sein des différents stades ontogéniques du cycle de vie de la perchaude. Les stades embryo-larvaires et juvéniles précoces sont en effet des phases particulièrement sensibles aux contaminants organiques et inorganiques. Nos résultats démontrent que les concentrations de MeHg décroissent suivant un patron ontogénique, avec les plus hautes concentrations mesurées chez les juvéniles et les plus basses dans les masses d’œufs. Nous avons également démontré que presque 100% du mercure était présent sous forme de MeHg, forme toxique et bioamplifiable, chez les larves et les juvéniles. Les ratios molaires Se:Hg étaient quant à eux systématiquement supérieurs à 1, résultats comblant d’importantes lacunes au niveau des effets antagonistes entre le mercure et le sélénium chez les poissons. Les résultats découlant des présents travaux de recherche ont un impact important sur la science de l’écotoxicologie en raison de leur caractère novateur. Tout d’abord, nous avons contribué à l’avancement des connaissances sur l’impact de concentrations environnementales de glyphosate sur des biofilms d’âge très contrasté. Ensuite, nous avons, pour la première fois, utilisé des outils de fractionnement subcellulaire afin d’évaluer le potentiel de toxicité lié au transfert maternel du mercure. Enfin, nous rapportons les premières données liées à la bioaccumulation simultanée du mercure et du sélénium aux stades de vie clés du développement de la perchaude. La présente thèse s’avère ainsi nécessaire afin de contribuer au progrès du savoir sur le devenir de certains contaminants d’intérêt au sein des écosystèmes aquatiques. / Lake Saint Pierre (LSP) is the largest fluvial lake in the Saint Lawrence River. Water quality in LSP is heavily affected by inputs of nutrients and chemical pollution from tributaries which drain agricultural watersheds, from municipal effluents and from industrial discharges. This contamination is amplified in areas of LSP with dense vegetation because aquatic plants promote the retention and sedimentation of dissolved and particulate matter. Several fish species, including Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), use these aquatic vegetation beds as their spawning grounds and are therefore particularly affected by the contamination of aquatic habitats in LSP. This study therefore tests the hypothesis that chemical contamination in Yellow Perch (YP) during their early life stages can help explain this species’ lack of resilience despite the implementation of a fishing moratorium in 2012. This moratorium was extended until 2022 since populations are still undergoing a recruitment failure and a decline in juvenile abundance populations. The phosphonate herbicide glyphosate, which is the active ingredient in Roundup®, is currently the most widely used herbicide in the world. Glyphosate-based herbicides are sprayed on food and feed crops during cultivation and are thus subject to leaching to streams and rivers. In aquatic ecosystems, periphytic biofilms, or periphyton, are important primary producers and are often the first trophic level to be in contact with runoff waters. Thus, a trophic cascade could occur if these biofilms are negatively impacted by glyphosate, potentially leading to larval fish mortality due to resource limitation. Results showed that submersion period (2 months, 1 year, 20 years) was the only significant contributor to community structure. However, the glyphosate-resistant Cyanobacteria Anabaena was found to be favoured by the use of glyphosate. This freshwater Cyanobacteria commonly forms toxic blooms, raising concern regarding the use of glyphosate. For all colonization stages, and therefore different thicknesses, chlorophyll a did not show an unequivocal decline over time. This study therefore provides an interesting snapshot of the biological processes related to periphytic biofilms’ exposure to environmental concentrations of glyphosate. As this herbicide is currently of international concern, it is imperative to contribute to the advancement of knowledge about its effects. Mercury (Hg) is a trace element of particular concern since it is ubiquitous in the environment and because its methylated form (MeHg) readily bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in food webs. This latter process leads to elevated Hg concentrations in fish and thus induces toxicity. Maternal transfer of bioaccumulated contaminants to offspring is a suggested mechanism of impaired reproductive success in fish. We therefore assessed the toxicity potential of Hg during maternal transfer in YP from LSP using a sub-cellular partitioning approach. Results showed a strong relationship between Hg bioaccumulation in the liver and Hg concentrations in gonadal mitochondria, which corroborates the potential toxicity of maternal transfer. As selenium is a well-studied Hg antagonist, we also measured the Se:Hg molar ratios in all subcellular fractions. We found that these ratios were systematically above 1, which is the suggested threshold for Hg toxicity alleviation through sequestration by Se. Since early developmental stages in aquatic biota are particularly sensitive to Hg, and after confirming the evidence of maternal transfer, we subsequently addressed Hg bioaccumulation in all parts of YP life cycle. This study is the first of its kind to follow Hg and Se during YP ontogenetic development, from the gravid female to the juvenile. Results show that MeHg follow an ontogenetic pattern, with concentrations decreasing from the juveniles to egg masses. We also found that nearly 100% of THg was measured as the toxic form MeHg in larvae and juveniles. Lastly, Se:Hg molar ratios were systematically above 1, suggesting a potentially protective effect of Se on Hg bioaccumulation. This study will thus provide much needed information on the changes in bioaccumulation patterns during the most sensitive life cycle stages of this declining fish population. Results issued from the present research have significant impact when it comes to the advancement of knowledge in Ecotoxicology due to their novel characteristics. First, we have contributed to the advancement of knowledge on the effects of environmental concentrations of glyphosate on highly age-contrasted biofilms. Also, it is the first time that subcellular partitioning techniques are used in order to assess the toxicity potential of mercury during maternal transfer. Finally, we provide the very first results on the simultaneous bioaccumulation of mercury and selenium in key life stages of YP development. Therefore, this thesis is of particular interest when aiming to assess the fate of certain contaminants of interest within aquatic ecosystems.