Šiomis dienomis akcentuojamas mokymosi visą gyvenimą galimybės ir užsienio kalbų mokymosi reikšmė žmonių gyvenimui, asmeniniam tobulėjimui, savęs realizavimui, prisitaikymui prie mokslo ir technikos pažangos, prie kylančių reikalavimų darbuotojų kvalifikacijai, ekonomikos plėtotei ir kokybės užtikrinimui. Užsienio kalbų mokymosi kokybės valdymo galimybės naudojant komunikatyvinį kalbų mokymo(si) metodą, kurio esmė − kalbos mokymasis bendraujant, realizuojant besimokančiųjų poreikius mokytis pagrindinių Europos kalbų tam, kad suaugę žmonės galėtų pasinaudoti dauguma galimybių, kurios jiems atsiveria naujosiose Europos Sąjungos ir Europos Tarybos valstybės narėse. Mokymosi komunikatyviniu metodu tikslas yra mokinio komunikatyvinė kompetencija, kuri kalbėjimą padaro gyvą ir priverčia besimokantyjį įveikti kalbėjimo svetima kalba barjerą bei padeda praktiškai naudoti kalbą visose situacijose. / Every person is responsible for his/her life. Wanting to achieve their aims people can get help from other people, but everyone has to decide, what or how they have to do wanting to find their own best way. Every person has to choose the most suitable way of learning, which will help to achieve their goals. Nowadays the main attention is paid to the permanent learning, which can help to educate comprehensive abilities of activity, especially of IT, new culture of work techniques, foreign language and communication. Adults learning/teaching foreign languages using the communicative approach reveals much possilities.

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This work is intended to contribute with knowledge to the area of electic motorsfor propulsion in the vehicle industry. This is done by first studying the differentelectric motors available, the motors suitable for vehicle propulsion are then dividedinto four different types to be studied separately. These four types are thedirect current, induction, permanent magnet and switched reluctance motors. Thedesign and construction are then studied to understand how the different typesdiffer from each other and which differences that are of importance when it comesto vehicle propulsion. Since the amount of available data about different electricmotors turned out to be small a tool was developed to use for collecting data fromthe sources available which can be for instance product sheets or articles with informationabout electric motors. This tool was then used to collect data that wasused to create models for the different motor types. The created motor models foreach motor type could then be used for simulating vehicles to investigate how thespecific motor is suited for different vehicles and applications. The work also containsa summary of different electric motor comparison studies which makes it agood source of information during motor type selection in the process of designingan electric vehicle.

The kinetic energy present in tidal currents and other water courses has long been appreciated as a vast resource of renewable energy. The work presented in this doctoral thesis is devoted to both the characteristics of the hydro-kinetic resource and the technology for energy conversion. An assessment of the tidal energy resource in Norwegian waters has been carried out based on available data in pilot books. More than 100 sites have been identified as interesting with a total estimated theoretical resource—i.e. the kinetic energy in the undisturbed flow—in the range of 17 TWh. A second study was performed to analyse the velocity distributions presented by tidal currents, regulated rivers and unregulated rivers. The focus is on the possible degree of utilization (or capacity factor), the fraction of converted energy and the ratio of maximum to rated velocity, all of which are believed to be important characteristics of the resource affecting the economic viability of a hydro-kinetic energy converter. The concept for hydro-kinetic energy conversion studied in this thesis comprises a vertical axis turbine coupled to a directly driven permanent magnet generator. One such cable wound laboratory generator has been constructed and an experimental setup for deployment in the river Dalälven has been finalized as part of this thesis work. It has been shown, through simulations and experiments, that the generator design at hand can meet the system requirements in the expected range of operation. Experience from winding the prototype generators suggests that improvements of the stator slot geometry can be implemented and, according to simulations, decrease the stator weight by 11% and decrease the load angle by 17%. The decrease in load angle opens the possibility to reduce the amount of permanent magnetic material in the design.

Unbound granular materials (UGMs) used in the base and sub-base layers of flexible pavements play a significant role in the overall performance of the structure. Proper understanding and characterization of the deformation behaviour of UGMs in pavement structures are, therefore, vital for the design and maintenance of flexible pavements. In this study, the resilient deformation (RD) and the permanent deformation (PD) behaviour of UGMs were investigated for the better understanding and improved modelling of these deformation characteristics. The study is based on a series of repeated-load triaxial (RLT) tests carried out on several UGMs commonly used in pavement structures. Here, the influences of stress level and moisture content - two of the most significant factors affecting the deformation behaviour of UGMs - were analysed. The effects of the grain size distribution and the degree of compaction were also considered. The study on the RD behaviour indicated that the resilient stiffness (MR)of UGMs increases with the increased bulk stress level, which can be satisfactorily described by the k-θ model. Moisture was found to negatively impact the MR as long as the deformation was mostly resilient with a negligible amount of accumulated PD. Analysis of the influence of moisture on the parameters k1 and k2 of the k-θ model showed that k1 decreases with increased moisture and k2 is relatively insensitive to moisture. Based on these observations, a simple model was developed for the impact of moisture on MR. The performance of this model was comparable to an existing moisture dependent MR model. In contrast, it was further observed that at the later stages of the RLT tests, after a relatively large number of load applications, the MR increased with increased moisture up to the optimum moisture content. This occurred when the RD was accompanied by a significant amount of PD. Further investigation suggested that moisture aided the post-compaction (PC) and possible particle rearrangement that resulted in the increased PD and increased MR. In this case k1 decreased, whereas k2 increased, with increased moisture. The existing MR-moisture model did not work for this behaviour. This suggests that the effect of PC on MRshould be considered in modelling. However, although not explored in this study, it may be possible to simulate this effect of increase in MR with increased moisture due to PC using the proposed model if k2 is expressed as a function of moisture. The PD characteristics of UGMs were investigated based on the multistage (MS) RLT test. In contrast with the single stage (SS) RLT test, the MS RLT test accounts for the effect of stress history and enables a comprehensive study of the material behaviour under cyclic stresses of various magnitudes. Since the existing PD models cannot be directly applied for the MS loading procedure, a general formulation based on the time hardening concept was derived that can be used to extend the models for the MS loading conditions. Based on this formulation, some of the current models were calibrated and their performance in predicting the PD behaviour in MS RLT tests was compared. The investigation regarding the impact of moisture on PD showed that moisture significantly increases the accumulation of PD. Generally, materials with finer grading showed more sensitivity to moisture with regards to both PD and RD. To characterize the impact of moisture, moisture sensitivity of different grain size distributions and the impact of the degree of compaction on PD with reduced effort, a simple model was proposed. Unlike some of the well-performing existing models, this model can be calibrated using a single MS RLT test without requiring any separate static failure triaxial tests. This model was validated using the MS RLT test data with satisfactory results. The sensitivity of the parameters of this model was studied with respect to moisture content, degree of compaction and grain size distribution. Some reasonable trends for the sensitivity of the parameters to these influential factors were obtained, which suggests that these may be further developed to incorporate into the model. / <p>QC 20150325</p>

The right to be entitled to compensation for injuries sustained in the course of employment has always been an essential component of basic social security rights. Provision is made in the international sphere by the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. In the regional sphere there are standards that apply within the Southern African Development Community, and on a national level the rights are provided in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, and the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, 103 of 1993 (COIDA). COIDA provides for a system of no fault compensation for employees who have sustained injuries or contracted occupational diseases during the course of their employment. “No fault compensation” provides that an employee does not have to prove fault with the employer or any other party in to be entitled to claim compensation. COIDA’s main purpose is to provide for compensation for disablement caused by occupational injuries or diseases sustained or contracted by defined employees in the course of their employment. Section 49 of COIDA provides for compensation for permanent disablements. In terms of section 49, the Commissioner must assess the permanent disablement of the employee by applying Schedule 2 of COIDA, which stipulates percentages of disablement for different injuries or mutilations. By “matching” the injury or mutilation from which the employee is suffering to the corresponding injury or mutilation provided for in Schedule 2, the Commissioner is then able to determine the degree of permanent disablement. Discretions are also granted to the Commissioner in terms of which he is allowed to determine the degree of disablement suffered by an employee under certain circumstances. The nature and amount of compensation awarded depend on the degree of disablement that the employee is afflicted with. Compensation for permanent disablement may be paid either in a lump sum or a monthly pension depending on the degree of disablement determined. Problems arise with the application of both these approaches of determining the permanent disablement of an employee. The guidelines in Schedule 2 have been previously described to be applied “mechanically” with no consideration being given to the individual circumstances of the employee. In practice the discretion granted to the Commissioner in terms of section 49 is often not applied judicially, which has led to numerous objections being lodged against the initial amount of compensation granted. The lack of medical expertise at the initial assessment of the disablement, and the “mechanical application” of Schedule 2, often lead to the incorrect determination of the degree of permanent disablement from which the employee is actually suffering. The determination of the degree of disablement is often not consistent with Schedule 2 of COIDA and results in an unjustifiable amount of compensation granted to the employee which holds no relation to the impairment suffered. The core question that needs to be considered is whether and to what extent the employee is still useful for the labour market in the line of his or her employment, and the disablement should be assessed in the light thereof. / Thesis (LLM (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The right to be entitled to compensation for injuries sustained in the course of employment has always been an essential component of basic social security rights. Provision is made in the international sphere by the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. In the regional sphere there are standards that apply within the Southern African Development Community, and on a national level the rights are provided in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, and the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, 103 of 1993 (COIDA). COIDA provides for a system of no fault compensation for employees who have sustained injuries or contracted occupational diseases during the course of their employment. “No fault compensation” provides that an employee does not have to prove fault with the employer or any other party in to be entitled to claim compensation. COIDA’s main purpose is to provide for compensation for disablement caused by occupational injuries or diseases sustained or contracted by defined employees in the course of their employment. Section 49 of COIDA provides for compensation for permanent disablements. In terms of section 49, the Commissioner must assess the permanent disablement of the employee by applying Schedule 2 of COIDA, which stipulates percentages of disablement for different injuries or mutilations. By “matching” the injury or mutilation from which the employee is suffering to the corresponding injury or mutilation provided for in Schedule 2, the Commissioner is then able to determine the degree of permanent disablement. Discretions are also granted to the Commissioner in terms of which he is allowed to determine the degree of disablement suffered by an employee under certain circumstances. The nature and amount of compensation awarded depend on the degree of disablement that the employee is afflicted with. Compensation for permanent disablement may be paid either in a lump sum or a monthly pension depending on the degree of disablement determined. Problems arise with the application of both these approaches of determining the permanent disablement of an employee. The guidelines in Schedule 2 have been previously described to be applied “mechanically” with no consideration being given to the individual circumstances of the employee. In practice the discretion granted to the Commissioner in terms of section 49 is often not applied judicially, which has led to numerous objections being lodged against the initial amount of compensation granted. The lack of medical expertise at the initial assessment of the disablement, and the “mechanical application” of Schedule 2, often lead to the incorrect determination of the degree of permanent disablement from which the employee is actually suffering. The determination of the degree of disablement is often not consistent with Schedule 2 of COIDA and results in an unjustifiable amount of compensation granted to the employee which holds no relation to the impairment suffered. The core question that needs to be considered is whether and to what extent the employee is still useful for the labour market in the line of his or her employment, and the disablement should be assessed in the light thereof. / Thesis (LLM (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

In order to improve the water situation in rural areas of Bangladesh, a research group at the University of Dhaka has been developing low cost domestic methods to remove pathogens from surface water through pasteurisation using free solar energy. Pasteurisation is a process in which water is heated to approximately 60 °C and maintained for about 30 minutes to destroy pathogens. In these methods, the water is also exposed to UV-light from the sunshine, which causes destruction of diarrhoeal pathogens at temperatures somewhat lower than required in normal pasteurisation. However, despite many advantages these devices need to be installed for each time of use. Recently, a semi-permanent device has been developed which is expected to be more user friendly. The objective of this Master thesis has been to study and optimize the low cost semi-permanent device that can deliver safe drinking water to people in rural areas. Two test devices were constructed to determine the most effective treatment e.g. temperature, time, solar radiation, user-friendliness and cost. To replicate the results from the solar heating tests a model, based on the solar radiation and convective heat loss from the device, was used. The model was also able to determine the time duration at a certain solar radiation level to estimate when the water is safe to drink. The results revealed that the performance of the device depends on thickness of the insulation and thickness of the air gap. This is because the most important factors to achieve safe drinking water are solar radiation and time. The modelling indicated that the measured water temperature corresponds well with the calculated water temperature and also showed that the lowest required solar radiation is 390 W/m2 to reach drinking water criteria, at an air temperature of 25 °C. A study of microbiology showed that the semi-permanent low cost device could purify surface water to a safe level.

A la primera part, la Tesi comenca amb una introducció teòrica a on es fa un repas de les principals teories sociològiques que analitzen les relacions entre mercat de treball i educació. Es comença per la Teoria del Capital Humà i a continuació es descriuen les crítiques subsegüents, passant per les teories de la reproducció i el credencialisme.S'analitzen les diferents relacions de la institució universitària amb la societat civil i l'esfera de I'Estat als EE.UU. i a Europa; i es veu quina és la posició de la C.E. davant l'ensenyament superior i les seves perspectives, a partir del Memorandum de la "Task Force" Recursos Humans.Es descriu a continuació el creixement i canvi produïts a la Universitat del nostre país, en relació amb el context socio-econòmic els darrers decennis, i el pas d'una universitat d'elits a una universitat de masses.Per tal de veure com es produeix la inserció dels titulats universitaris en el mercat de treball es fa una revisió de la literatura existent i de les darreres recerques realitzades sobre el tema, revisant especialment la que va dur a terme el CIREM per al Consejo de Universidades recentment, amb algunes aportacions relevants, sobretot pel que fa a la diferent distribució territorial i per classe social.A continuació s'analitza la valoració que fan els titulats de la institució universitaria així com les opinions que en tenen els empresaris, a partir dels estudis que s'han fet en el nostre país, i fent també algunes comparacions internacionals al respecte.Abans d'entrar en els temes centrals de les recerques, es fa un esforç de conceptualització per delimitar el concepte de formació a I'empresa, tot distingint-lo d'altres formes d'aprenentatge i d'altres conceptes com el de qualificació, així com de les pseudo-necessitats de formació. Es revisa, també, l'evolució que ha sofert el tema de la formació a I'empresa des dels anys 60 fins a la crisi actual, en relació amb el sistema socio-econòmic del nostre país.A la segona part es descriuen les recerques dutes a terme sobre demandes i necessitats de formació permanent a nivell superior a les empreses de Catalunya.En primer lloc es resumeixen breument alguns aspectes metodològics de caracter general.En segon lloc es descriuen els resultats obtinguts en els onze grups de discussió, a partir d'un qüestionari semi-estructurat, amb representants d'empreses i de l'Administració pública, sobre la formació inicial i la formació continuada a la Universitat. Els aspectes que s'analitzen més detingudament són: L'opinió de les organitzacions sobre la formació inicial, sobre la formació continuada, les necessitats de formació que diuen tenir les empreses al respecte, la missió que hauria de tenir la formació continuada a la Universitat, les condicions necessaries per a una bona acceptació de la mateixa per part de les organitzacions, i algunes deduccions útils per tal de poder orientar-la.En tercer lloc es descriuen els resultats obtinguts mitjançant el qüestionari passat a 94 organitzacions sobre les seves característiques i necessitats de formació: s'analitzen, en primer terme, els trets bàsics que permeten una caracterització de les empreses a partir del tamany, sector, tipus de personal, nombre d'establiments, mena d'activitat, relacions inter-industrials, producte, transformacions experimentades els darrers anys, I+D, i activitat econòmica, comercial i exportadora realitzades. En segon terme es fa una caracterització de la mà d'obra de les diferents organitzacions, veient l'evolució dels seus efectius, composició per edat i sexe, moviment experimentat i tipus de contractes, així com les perspectives d'ocupació futura. En tercer terme s'analitzen les característiques i condicions de realització de la formació i manera com aquesta afecta els treballadors i quadres.Per últim, es descriuen les necessitats de formació manifestades per les empreses, classificades per àrees, categories i tipus. Les necessitats generiques que més trobem a les empreses i que poden constituir una certa tipologia, són: Saber comandar amb habilitat, Aprenentatge de llenguatges informàtics d'usuari, Aprenentatge d'idiomes, Actualització davant els canvis legislatius, Preveure I'impacte i les opinions de l'aplicació de I'Acta Única Europea, Atenció al client i comunicació, Formació de recursos humans, i Especialització en sabers científics i tecnològics. En el llistat de necessitats de formació, classificat per àrees, apareixen els resultats següents: A I'administrativo-financera un total de 20 necesitats de formació, a la comercial 12, a la de recursos humans 42, a les derivades de l'aplicació de l'Acta Única Europea 24, i a la de producció 80.A la tercera part es descriuen les conclusions de la Tesi.Es comenca per veure el canvi social i la transformació de la Universitat, mitjançant una breu ressenya del procés de modernització experimentat per la societat i el seu impacte a nivell demogràfic, econòmic i social. Al mateix temps, s'analitza el pas d'una universitat d'elits a una universitat de masses i les implicacions que ha suposat tant a nivell quantitatiu com qualitatiu.A continuació es constaten les noves relacions establertes entre la Universitat i el mercat de treball, analitzant el canvi de valoració de les titulacions, així com I'increment de la demanda de titulats universitaris tant en el sector públic com en el privat. I s'analitza també la seva diferent forma d'inseriment laboral, així com la valoració que fan els titulats de la formació rebuda a nivell superior.En tercer lloc es treuen una sèrie de resultats sobre les necessitats de formació a les empreses i les seves implicacions sobre I'ensenyament superior, tant a nivell d'implicacions sobre I'ensenyament inicial com sobre la formació continuada.Per últim, es fan una sèrie de consideracions finals sobre la institució universitaria i la necessitat de la seva vinculació social, econòmica i àdhuc política, encara que sense perdre de vista la seva necessària autonomia en el desenvolupament de les seves activitats bàsiques, tant de nivell docent com de recerca, totes elles necessitades en tot moment de perspectiva crítica.La quarta part de la Tesi són els annexs, a on es detalla el qüestionari utilitzat a I'enquesta.A la cinquena part es relaciona la bibliografia citada i altra bibliografia consultada. / A revision of the principal theories of Sociology that analyze the relationship between the labour market and education contextualizes the research on which this dissertation is based. There is a particular emphasis on the Human Capital Theory and its further revisions and critique.An overview of the American University system in contrast with the continental European University system underlines their different origin and further development. The first system springs from the civil society and the second from the state; inevitably, their design, functions and development show deep differences. Under the light of this contrast the Human Resources Task Force document of E.C. is discussed.Existing research and new data about how university graduates are integrated in the labour market are discussed in the framework of the changes that have occurred in the Spanish university and in the Spanish society as a whole: One of the most relevant facts is the progressive change in the recruitment of graduates. The private sector (industry and services) in the industrial areas is responsible for absorbing more then 50% of graduates. This contrasts with the previous situation where most graduates found their positions in the Civil Service.Taking all this into account, an extensive research carried out by the author on the training needs felt by companies at a higher level, expressed by a substantial number of corporations in Catalonia is presented.The data discussed show the existence of great number and variety of training needs within the corporations at the level of updating scientific and technical information and at a level of human resources management and development.The conclusions show that the decision taking in the University concerning teaching procedures and contents should be reconsidered. They show also that the University within its mission of research and education at a higher level needs to increase its permeability to the opinions and views expressed by graduates, managers and enterprenurial world, without narrowly focussing its broadest aims of developing knowledge, culture and social criticism.

This thesis analyses the Australian approach to taxation of goodwill and related intangibles. It asks the questions: 'Is the current Australian approach to taxation of goodwill coherent?'; and 'Could a different approach minimise any distortions?' The thesis identifies the increasing importance of goodwill and other intangible property in a modern information-based economy. It identifies benchmarks for a 'good' tax system ??? such as efficiency, simplicity, and equity. It emphasises the criteria of simplicity and efficiency but includes other criteria and specifically considers the issue of alignment of accounting and legal concepts. It concludes that the current misalignment makes it difficult for the tax system to deal with goodwill coherently. The thesis criticises the treatment of goodwill under various Australian taxes, including stamp duty; Goods and Services Tax; taxation of capital gains; and income tax. It specifically considers the treatment of intangible sources of goodwill and their relationship with goodwill itself. The discussion of income tax pays particular attention to the role of goodwill and other intangibles in international transfer pricing. The thesis draws conclusions about the treatment of goodwill in Australia and whether the Australian approach meets the benchmarks established at the outset. The thesis demonstrates that the current Australian approach leads, inter alia, to tax avoidance. The current approach also offends a number of other criteria of a 'good' system. The thesis considers the UK tax treatment of intangibles held by resident companies and considers this model for Australia. It also considers the abandoned 'Tax Value Method' previously proposed for Australia. From this and other material, it suggests possible new directions and an alternative approach to taxing goodwill in Australia. These include a consistent and coherent definition of goodwill for tax that is compatible with law and accounting. The thesis also urges the development of a consistent approach to taxing goodwill at both the state and federal levels; and suggests greater reliance on the existence of goodwill as a means to establish jurisdiction to impose tax in international tax situations.