Peri-urban expansion patterns typically aggravate inequality and environmental precarity. Planners attempt to improve the quality and location of development by employing new tools that connect semi-private entities, national policies and non-governmental coalitions. Along the way, they overlook how action in the ongoing operations of local government offices employing the ‘old tools’ of land use regulation, zoning and the issuance of building permits often fosters the very patterns they are seeking to change. Using a sociological-institutional lens, this collection of essays examines how municipal land use staff create and sustain practices that interact with the growth pressures driving expansion, and the related spaces of possibility to improve outcomes. The information and data for these essays was drawn from field work undertaken in municipalities across metropolitan Guadalajara, as well as a review of official and other documents. The results are presented in a series of four essays that explore varying aspects of the institutional threads driving ongoing land use planning action. The first essay, "Ground rules: When daily practices among land use officials repeat to become 'gray institutions' of planning" examines the role of review by municipal employees and the presence of institutions. The second essay, "Making the ropes: How daily practices in a booming peri-urban municipality become durable 'gray' institutions shaping land use" analyzes the way prior experience creates precedent. The third essay "From archive to checklist: An ethnographic study of a municipal land use office in peri-urban Guadalajara" identifies an array of everyday collective practices in use. These include checklists, shared spreadsheets, rules of thumb, ways of talking, and archive creation. These 'gray institutions' strategically create and sustain power inside the municipality and with developers, as well as transmit and communicate values around municipal permitting and approvals of land use development. The last essay, “Play before the rules change: Building permit issuance and administrative transitions in municipalities in metropolitan Guadalajara, 2004-2020” identifies how local election-related changes and turnover generates uncertainty and can shift regulatory application. Taken together, the essays suggest that institutional analysis can be a powerful way to foreground action in planning – and that the day to day operations inside local government matter to the immediate and long-term implementation of regulations, plans and pressures on urban land use.

<div>This dissertation consists of three chapters about the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). All chapters contributes to the scarce but recently great developing literature on installation and firm-level studies in the EU ETS. The first chapter evaluates the policy effectiveness and efficiency by theoretical modelling and</div><div>empirical assessment of firms’ emission abatement activities. The second chapter overviews the global emission trading market, documents the institutional background</div><div>of emission trading, and analyzes firms’ emission trading patterns in light of the broader empirical literature. The last chapter studies productivity and firms’ emission</div><div>permit trading behaviors by considering a complete set of options. In the first chapter, I investigate how firms reduce emissions under continuous adjustment of the policy by using the implementation of the three phases of EU ETS</div><div>as a cost shock. I develop a model of emission abatement with heterogeneous firms by introducing two channels: Reallocation and Investment which incur variable and</div><div>fixed abatement costs respectively. More productive firms are cleaner as they put more effort on Investment. However, the policy effect is ambiguous driven by the magnitude</div><div>and correlation of the proposed abatement technology parameters, which highlights the importance of the current abatement technology for firms’ responses to climate</div><div>policy. I then empirically test the model by using a novel dataset that matches firms’ financial, production and emission data. In addition to providing the elasticity of</div><div>emission intensity, the elasticity of Reallocation and Investment, the model enabled me to estimate the firm’s abatement technology parameters and decompose the emissions into the proposed two channels. The results indicate that firms have a higher efficiency on abatement in utilizing of inputs than green technology investment. The emission change is primarily driven by the channel of Reallocation and is concentrated in non-metallic</div><div>mineral companies. The green innovation is limited under the policy with a small emission intensity decrease even though there is large emission reductions. The second chapter reviews the global rise of emission trading, documents the institutional background of emission trading, and summarizes firms’ emission trading patterns. To the best of my knowledge, this study is one of the first to empirically analyze the trading behaviors of all ETS firms covering all three phases in the EU ETS. I use two micro-level datasets to investigate the permit trading behaviors of all types of trading in the market, including international offset permits. Some explanations of the identified trading patterns are provided in this paper. Additionally, this study also discusses the patterns in light of the broader empirical literature. The last chapter contributes to the literature on the firms’ permit trading behaviors. The development of the EU ETS has complicated firms’ decisions around carbon trading and offered firms more options to offset emissions. We provide a first look at the determinants behind firms’ participation in the EU ETS as well as their trading behaviors by considering a complete portfolio of permit trade markets</div><div>in the EU ETS. Based on a comprehensive permit transaction dataset linked with individual level firm’s characteristics, we quantitatively analyze firms’ participation</div><div>decisions and trading patterns. We focus on the impact of firms’ productivity, endowment position, and endowment value on market choice and trading amount. Our</div><div>results suggest that productive firms are more likely to participate in permits trading and to purchase the permits in the secondary and international markets. Conditional</div><div>on firms’ market choice, the permit trading amount is also correlated with a firm’s productivity and endowment value. In addition, firms in power and energy sector are</div><div>more likely to participate in permit trading than other manufacturing firms. Overall, the empirical results indicate that less productive firms have disadvantages competing</div><div>in the permit trade market.</div>

This degree project aims to investigate whether it is possible to establish photovoltaic (PV) systems inexisting Swedish wind farms from a production and permit perspective. The degree project examinesthe conditions for the establishment of PV systems in three wind farms owned by Eolus Vind AB. The results show the importance of investigating the prerequisites of the location to find the rightproject site for PV power plants. In addition, the results show that Swedish laws do not oppose PVpower plants being built in wind farms. The production calculations also show that a more evenelectricity power production is achieved when PV systems are installed on open areas in the windfarms, but that the proportion of installed power will be limited by the connection points within eachwind farm. The conclusion is that wind farms are suitable with a combination of solar and wind power, but theconnection point will be a major factor in the amount of installed solar power that can be added to theproject areas.

The thesis addresses the debate about the impact of immigration policy on the socio-economic incorporation of immigrants. A distinction between rights-based and responsibility-based models of incorporation is made and the effect of a feature of the responsibility-based model, temporary residence permits, on socio-economic incorporation is studied. Empirically, a policy change in Sweden that entailed a shift from permanent to temporary residence permits is explored through individual-level register and survey data. The thesis uses a two-folded methodological approach: a traditional regression approach and a fuzzy regression discontinuity design. The composition of the available data motivates the two-folded approach. The limitations of both approaches are discussed, and the results compared and contrasted. The results indicate that immigrants with temporary residence permits work more than immigrants with permanent residence permits. This result should however be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of the approaches used. The results do not show a significant effect oftemporary residence permits on an educational outcome, Swedish tuition, nor on a labour market activation outcome, participation in labour market programmes. The predictions that immigrants with temporary residence permits study less and participate in labour market programmes more than immigrants with permanent residence permits are thus not supported.

Undersökningen syftar till att ge en bild av vilka förutsättningar och möjligheter det finns för uppförande av en försorteringsanläggning där plasten i avfallet kan sorteras ut. Detta sker genom att undersöka ekonomiska besparingar genom minskat behov av utsläppsrätter, identifiera lämplig utsorteringsteknik, utreda hur avsättningen för utsorterad plast kan se ut genom att identifiera potentiella mottagare samt kostnader för avsättning och transport. Undersökningen tyder på att NIR-teknik är den mest lämpliga för en försorteringsanläggning. Med Svensk Plaståtervinning som mottagare beräknas en framtida försorteringsanläggning kunna minska mängden plast som går till förbränning med 48%. Detta motsvarar en kostnadsbesparing i utsläppsrätter på 7 670 000 kr per år med dagens utsläppsrättspriser och 9 850 000 kronor per år med estimerade värden för framtidens utsläppsrättspriser. En medförd årlig transportkostnad av den utsorterade plasten till mottagare beräknas uppgå på 632 000 kronor per år. Det finns idag ett flertal potentiella mottagare av den utsorterade plasten men ett pris för denna hantering är svårt att få och kräver vidare utredning och diskussion. Ett ungefärligt europeiskt marknadspris för hantering av utsorterad förpackningsplast är givet till cirka 250 €/ton.

No description available.

The 1929 stock market crash on Black Thursday, followed by the subsequent four-year period of extreme economic downturn, signifies an extremely profound piece of U.S. history. During this time, global economic productivity – measured by GDP – decreased while the U.S. unemployment rate increased staggeringly. Leveraging construction permits as a forward-looking measure of economic activity, I empirically evaluate the effect of construction permits – specifically, the lagged growth rate of monthly construction permits – and lagged monthly stock returns on monthly Standard & Poor's 500 (S&P 500) stock returns. Lagged construction permit returns and lagged stock returns provide early indications (i.e., stock returns) of the following Great Depression.

Denna uppsats studerar hur de tillfälliga uppehållstillstånden påverkar nyanländas incitament att ta sig in på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. En av motiveringarna bakom den tillfälliga lagen var – förutom att ge svenskt flyktingmottagande ett andrum – att ge nyanlända personer starkare drivkrafter att komma in på arbetsmarknaden. För att undersöka detta görs en brytpunktsanalys (Regression Discontinuity design) där individer som registrerat sin asylansökan hos Migrationsverket före och efter den 24 november 2015 jämförs. Detta datum avgör om barn och barnfamiljer behandlas enligt den gamla eller den tillfälliga lagen, och därmed om de har möjlighet att få permanenta eller tillfälliga uppehållstillstånd. Resultaten visar att individer på olika sidor om datumgränsen inte verkar skilja sig åt i förutbestämda variabler, vilket tyder på att de inte har haft möjlighet att bestämma vilken sida av datumgränsen de hamnat på. Individer som passerat gränsen har signifikant lägre sannolikhet att få permanenta uppehållstillstånd, minskningen är dock marginell. Det beror troligen på att uppföljningsperioden är kort. Som indikation på hur incitamenten att komma in på arbetsmarknaden påverkas av reformen studeras invandrartäthet samt arbetslöshetsnivå i de län som sökande bor i ett år efter ankomsten. Resultaten tyder på att individer som fick sin ansökan registrerad efter brytpunkten inte bor i län där invandrartätheten eller arbetslösheten är annorlunda. Även detta kan bero på att det än så länge gått för kort tid för att kunna se några effekter. / This paper studies how the temporary residence permits affects immigrants’ incentives to enter the Swedish labor market. One of the reasons behind the adoption of the temporary permits was – in addition to provide Swedish refugee reception a relief – to give immigrants stronger incentives to enter the labor market. To study this, a Regression Discontinuity design study is done, where individuals who had their asylum application registered at the Swedish Migration Agency before and after November 24, 2015 are compared. This date will determine if children and families are treated by the old or the temporary law, and thus if they can get permanent or temporary residence permit.   The results show that individuals on different sides of the dateline do not seem to differ in predetermined variables, suggesting that they have not been able to decide which side of the dateline they are on. Individuals who crossed the threshold are significantly less likely to have permanent residence permits, the decrease is however marginal. This is probably because the follow-up period is short. As an indication of how the incentives to enter the labor market are affected by the reform, immigrant density and unemployment rate in the county that the applicant lives in a year after the arrival is used. The results suggest that individuals who registered their applications after the threshold does not live in counties with a different immigrant density or unemployment rate. This as well can be due to that the follow-up period is short.

Depuis l’amendement du Clean Air Act (1990), les marchés d’échange depermis d’émissions connaissent un succès grandissant. Un aspect peu étudié de leurfonctionnement est la participation des citoyens pour acheter et retirer des permisd’émissions. Cette thèse vise à étudier l’opportunité d’ouvrir le marché de permis auxcitoyens et à analyser les implications de leur participation. Dans un premier chapitre, nousrevenons sur le débat taxe versus marché. Nous montrons que lorsque le plafond depollution est strictement supérieur au plafond de pollution optimal, la participation descitoyens est socialement bénéfique et n’est jamais socialement dommageable, même enprésence de comportement de passager clandestin. Dans le deuxième chapitre, à partird’exemples de marchés mis en place aux États-Unis et en Europe, nous mettons enévidence l’émergence d’une demande de retrait de permis de la part des citoyens et desONG environnementales. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous montrons qu’il est possible delutter efficacement contre le problème de passager clandestin en subventionnant lademande de retrait de permis des citoyens. Par ailleurs, l’intervention d’une éthique baséesur un postulat de liberté et de souveraineté conduit à recommander l’autorisation descitoyens à participer au marché. Enfin, le dernier chapitre analyse la participation descitoyens dans le cadre d’un modèle de pollution régionale et apprécie leur implication selonla valeur des paramètres des coefficients de transferts de pollution. / Since the Clean Air Act Amendment (1990), the markets of tradable emissionpermits are becoming increasingly attractive. Very few works on the functioning of thesemarkets have analyzed the participation of citizens in order to buy and retire emissionspermits. This dissertation aims to study the effects of allowing citizens to participate inmarkets of tradable emission permits. In the first chapter, we show that when the pollutioncap is strictly greater than the optimal one, citizen’s participation is socially beneficial andnever socially harmful, even in the presence of free-riding. In the second chapter, based onoperating pollution markets in the US and Europe, we highlight the emergence of a demandto purchase and cancel emissions permits. In the third chapter, we show how it is possible topartly solve the free rider problem by subsidizing the citizen’s demand. Moreover, we arguethat an ethics based on the freedom and the sovereignty of citizens commands to allowcitizens participation in pollution market. In the fourth chapter, we focus on citizen’sparticipation in pollution markets with a regional pollution model. Such an implicationdepends on the value of transfer coefficients.

This thesis extends the standard shirking model of efficiency wages to a continuum of effort levels. The generalisation completely overturns previous intuitions. In particular, the characteristic feature of the earlier theory that monitoring and pay are substitute instruments for motivating workers, no longer exists. This is remarkable, since such a negative correlation has been used as the primary empirical test for the existence of efficiency wages. With a continuum of effort levels, the efficiency wage model can also more conveniently be compared with conventional linear incentive wages. The most frequently recurring objection against the efficiency wage model is that unemployed workers should offer to pay entrance fees. This criticism is responded to in a model with finitely many periods. It is shown that the per period worker rents associated with efficiency wages strongly diminishes with the number of periods. It is further argued that both bonds and entrance fees are inferior means of extracting the remaining worker rents compared to investments in firm specific human capital. Finally, the above refinements of the efficiency wage theory are translated to fit in the arena of environmental economics and government policy. The corresponding results establish a rationale for a government to subsidise polluting firms and explain why a command and control policy is preferable to market-based incentive schemes. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1999