The aims of this licentiate thesis were to explore and describe female and male patients’ conceptions of integrity within health care and to illuminate the conceptions from a gender as well as a personal space boundary perspective. A qualitative design with a phenomenographic approach was used. The participants, 17 male (Study I) and 15 female patients (Study II), all of whom had undergone medical or surgical care, were strategically selected and interviewed. The identified conceptions were also analysed from a gender as well as a personal space boundary perspective. Three description categories emerged among the male patients (Study I); self-respect, dignity and confidence, while maintaining the self, dignity and confidence were the description categories found among the female patients (Study II). Male patients’ description of self-respect and female patients’ description of maintaining the self were for the most part similar although there were some differences. The conceptions revealed that integrity involves having the courage to set boundaries and having control over the private sphere, one’s self and one’s situation. While the male patients emphasised selfbelief and being alone, their female counterparts stressed that preserving one’s identity was essential in order to maintain the self. Dignity concerned being respected, and the male patients also described dignity as being seen as a trustworthy and whole person, while the women described it as not being exposed. Both male and female patients described confidence, which was related to handling patient information in a confidential way, trusting the professional caregivers, participating as well as balancing or changing the boundaries of integrity if necessary. The male patients also described confidence as being free. The personal space boundary perspective was useful for explaining the process of respecting the self by opening or closing outgoing and incoming boundaries around the self. The patients had to consider who, when and to what degree others should have access to their personal spaces. The way in which the professional caregivers interacted with the patient influenced the openness of the boundaries.

<p>The aims of this licentiate thesis were to explore and describe female and male patients’ conceptions of integrity within health care and to illuminate the conceptions from a gender as well as a personal space boundary perspective. A qualitative design with a phenomenographic approach was used. The participants, 17 male (Study I) and 15 female patients (Study II), all of whom had undergone medical or surgical care, were strategically selected and interviewed. The identified conceptions were also analysed from a gender as well as a personal space boundary perspective.</p><p>Three description categories emerged among the male patients (Study I); self-respect, dignity and confidence, while maintaining the self, dignity and confidence were the description categories found among the female patients (Study II). Male patients’ description of self-respect and female patients’ description of maintaining the self were for the most part similar although there were some differences. The conceptions revealed that integrity involves having the courage to set boundaries and having control over the private sphere, one’s self and one’s situation. While the male patients emphasised selfbelief and being alone, their female counterparts stressed that preserving one’s identity was essential in order to maintain the self. Dignity concerned being respected, and the male patients also described dignity as being seen as a trustworthy and whole person, while the women described it as not being exposed. Both male and female patients described confidence, which was related to handling patient information in a confidential way, trusting the professional caregivers, participating as well as balancing or changing the boundaries of integrity if necessary. The male patients also described confidence as being free.</p><p>The personal space boundary perspective was useful for explaining the process of respecting the self by opening or closing outgoing and incoming boundaries around the self. The patients had to consider who, when and to what degree others should have access to their personal spaces. The way in which the professional caregivers interacted with the patient influenced the openness of the boundaries.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-188).

Thesis (doctoral)--Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-188).

Die vorliegende empirische Studie untersucht die Distanzregulation der Interaktanten im persönlichen Raum in ausgewählten Sequenzen von 56 Videoaufzeichnungen. Diese stammen aus einer Lehr - Lernsituation mit Standardisierten Patienten innerhalb des Studiums der Humanmedizin am Medizinischen Interprofessionellen Trainingszentrum der Technischen Universität Dresden. Forschungserkenntnisse aus zahlreichen Studien der Sozialpsychologie und der Kommunikationswissenschaft finden ebenso Eingang in die Arbeit wie die Grundlagen und zahlreiche Beiträge aus der Sprachwissenschaft. Der spezielle Kontext der Palliatvepflege bietet aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Perspektive ein interessantes Untersuchungsfeld des fachsprachlichen Diskurses in der Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation. Einzelne Gesprächskonstituenten wie Kopfbewegung, Handbewegung, Handberührungen, Blickverhalten, Körperposition und Organisation des Rederechts werden herangezogen, um deren Einfluß auf das Regelsystem der Distanzen im persönlichen und teilweise im Intimraum zwischen Arzt/Ärztin und Patient/Patientin zu erforschen. Um zur Interpretation des nonverbalen Verhaltens die Verbalität heranzuziehen, wurden die Videoaufzeichnungen nach dem Gesprächsanalytischen Transkriptionssystem (Selting et al. 1998) transkribiert. Zur Abbildung selbst subtiler Veränderungen der interpersonalen Distanzen wurden deren Kopfbewegungen mit dem LSM-Alghoritmus verfolgt und in Distanzverlaufskurven umgerechnet. Die Analyse und Interpretation der Daten konnte belegen, dass nonverbale Signale auf mehreren Kanälen synchron gesendet werden können und dabei die kognitive Strukturieung der Verbalität beeinflussen. Nonverbale Signale können nicht nur multimodalen, sondern intermodalen Charakter besitzen.:1. Einleitung 1 2. Forschungsgeschichtliche Grundlagen 2 3. Der persönliche Raum – Versuch einer Definition 12 4. Eine sozialpsychologische Methode zur Erforschung des persönlichen Raums: die Herstellungsmethode 15 4.1. Die Projektive Methode 16 4.2 Simulationsmethoden 17 4.2.1 Labor-Stop-Distance-Methode 18 4.2.2 Quasi-projektive Methoden 18 4.3 Interaktionale Methoden 19 5. Theoretische Modelle 21 5.1 Intimacy Equlibrium Model (Argyle u. Dean 1965) 21 5.2 Sequential Functional Model of Nonverbal Exchange (Patterson 1982) 23 5.2.1 Parallel Process Model of Nonverbal Communication (Patterson 1995) 25 5.3 Privacy Process Model (Dienlin 2014) 26 6. Methodologische Konsequenzen 28 6.1 Beschreibung des Forschungsansatzes der Arbeit 29 6.2 Methode der Datenerhebung und – aufbereitung 29 6.3 Linguistische Ansätze der Datenauswertung 30 6.3.1 Pragmatik 30 6.3.1.1 Die Sprechakttheorie 32 6.3.1.2 Die Gesprächsanalyse 35 7. Kontext in einer Lehr-Lernsituation: Spezialfall Palliative Care 37 7.1 Forschungsstand Kommunikation zwischen Arzt/Ärztin – Patient/Patientin 39 7.2 Nonverbale Kommunikation in der Palliativpflege 41 7.3 Der Standardisierte Patient – Schauspieler im ärztlichen Gespräch 44 7.4 Programm „Standardisierte Patienten“ an der TU Dresden 46 74.1 Das SPIKES-Modell: A Six-Step-Protocol for Delivering Bad News 48 7.4.2 Das Motivationale Interview 51 8. Korpusanalyse 53 8.1 Messung der interpersonalen Distanz Arzt/Ärztin – Patient/Patientin Durch Bewegungen 56 8.2 Das Setting 59 8.3 Lernziele 61 8.4 Kopfbewegungen 61 8.4.1 Kopfbewegung und verbale Äußerung – Analyse nach der Sprechakttheorie 64 8.4.2 Kopfschütteln mit gleichzeitiger Blickabwendung 65 8.4.3 Kopfschütteln zur Signalisierung von Ablehnung 69 8.4.4 Kopfnicken 71 8.4.5 Synchrone Kopfbewegungen zur Angabe des Grades der Zustimmung und Unterstützung 73 8.5 Blickverhalten 75 8.6 Handberührungen und –bewegungen 84 8.7 Die Körperposition 91 8.7.1 Stehen 94 8.7.2 Sitzen 97 8.8 Rederecht und Sprecherwechsel 101 9. Ergebnisdiskussion 110 10. Literaturverzeichnis 113 11. Liste der Abbildungen 124 Datenschutz 125 Danksagung 126 Anhänge: Anhang I: Basis-Transkripte der Videoaufzeichnungen Anhang II: Fragmentierte Plots zum Bewegungsverlauf von Arzt/Ärztin und Patient/Patientin sowie zum Verlauf der interpersonalen Distanzen Anhang III: Videoaufzeichnungen (zu Forschungszwecken bei der Verfasserin einsehbar)

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with unsatisfactory treatment options and poorly under- stood etiology. Genetic models are a suitable tool for studying this disorder with its high heritability. However, currently available animal models do not cover the broad range of schizophrenia symptoms and are not disorder-specific. Ribonucleic acid binding motif protein 12 gene (RBM12), a novel, high- risk gene for schizophrenia, was recently identified. This thesis aimed to assess the social behavior of schizophrenia-like phenotype in RBM12 zebrafish mutants. The social behavior of mutated adult zebrafish was assessed during free-swimming. Trajectories of each zebrafish were obtained from recordings by the usage of idtracker.ai. Parameters selected to quantify the social behavior of the zebrafish were chosen based on common symptoms of humans with schizophrenia. Inter-fish distance was examined as an indicator of preferred personal space since humans diagnosed with schizophre- nia have an increased need for a greater personal space compared to mentally healthy individuals. Wall-hugging, increased speed and bottom-dwelling were studied as indicators of anxiety, a common comorbid symptom of schizophrenia. The RBM12 mutants exhibited a greater inter-fish distance than their wild-type siblings during three-dimensional recordings. They however, did not demonstrate an increased inter-fish distance during two-dimensional recordings. The mutated zebrafish displayed a higher average speed and greater wall-hugging, indicating anxiety. It can be concluded that RBM12 mutation produces partial symptomatology consistent with humans diagnosed with schizophrenia, providing a promising animal model. The current work provided novel insight into the neural substrates of schizophrenia and for potential drug screening for this disorder. Further research is needed to fully characterise schizophrenia-like symptoms in this RBM12 animal model.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a personal, poststructuralist study of the researcher’s mapping of the self. The researcher refers to her art practice as an action of research and at the same time, a process of reality production. The images that are created through the art making processes, feeds back into reality. The argument for the production of reality images, relies specifically on the non-representational ‘model’ of Deleuze and Guattari. The foundation of this study is based on a theoretical and practical study of the role of personal space and objects in this complex network of production. This thesis argues for the consideration of self as an ‘open’ map and to expand the fiction and idea of representation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is persoonlike, poststrukturalistiese ondersoek na die navorser se kartering van die self. Die navorser verwys veral na haar kunspraktyk as aksie van ondersoek en tergelykertyd ’n proses van werklikheidsproduksie. Die beelde wat deur die kunsmaakpraktyk/-proses geskep word, voer terug na die werklikheid. Die argument vir die produksie van werklikheidsbeelde steun veral op Deleuze en Guattari se nie-representasionele ‘model’. Teoretiese en praktiese studie van die rol van persoonlike ruimtes en objekte in hierdie komplekse produksienetwerk vorm die grondslag waaruit die studie voortspruit. In hierdie tesis word uiteindelik geargumenteer vir die beskouing van die self as ‘oop’ kaart ten einde die fiksie en idee van representasie oop te maak en uit te brei. kartering, objekte, roetes, versamelings, werklikheidsbeelde, poststrukturalisme, beelde, tekening

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The aim of this thesis is to search for an "ethical" interpretation of equality. Although the current South African approach of "substantive" equality is better than mere "formal" equality, I fear that even substantive equality will again deny or reduce difference. An "ethical" interpretation of equality is a way of interpretation that radically acknowledges difference and otherness. I argue for an ethical interpretation of equality as an alternative to substantive and formal equality. The intersection between public space, equality and justice is essential to such an ethical interpretation. An ethical interpretation of equality requires that present South African visions of public space must be reconstructed and transformed continuously. This means that an ethical interpretation of equality rejects finality and closure in respect of public space. The visions of public space and perspectives of equality that I support are alert to difference and otherness. My understanding of justice is that it is never fully achieved in the present. Justice functions as a future orientated ideal. The "ethical" in an ethical interpretation of equality reflects an awareness of the limits of any present system to encompass equality and justice completely. Visions of public space, perspectives on equality and landscapes of justice (the features of the ethical intersection) form the main sections of the thesis. I discuss the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a manifestation of the ethical intersection between public space, equality and justice. The TRC was an outstanding example of reconstruction and transformation of public space. It was a public space where each and every individual was treated equally while concrete contexts, specific circumstances and difference were taken into account. The TRC as event was inspired by the ideal of justice. The value of the TRC as a manifestation of the ethical intersection is the profound effect it may have on our interpretation of equality by demonstrating the limits of the substantive approach. / Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om ondersoek in te stel na 'n "etiese" interpretasie van gelykheid. Alhoewel die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse benadering van "substantiewe" gelykheid beter is as blote formele gelykheid, vrees ek dat selfs substantiewe gelykheid weereens verskil sal ontken of gering skat. 'n "Etiese" interpretasie van gelykheid is 'n manier van interpretasie wat radikaal kennis neem van verskil en andersheid. Ek argumenteer vir 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid as 'n alternatief tot substantiewe en formele gelykheid. Die interseksie tuseen publieke spasie, gelykheid en geregtigheid is noodsaaklik vir so 'n etiese interpretasie. 'n Etiese interpretasie van gelykheid vereis dat huidige Suid-Afrikaanse visies van publieke spasie aanhoudend gerekonstrueer en getransformeer moet word. Dit beteken dat 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid finaliteit en geslotenheid met betrekking tot publieke spasie verwerp. Die visies van publieke spasie en perspektiewe op gelykheid wat ek ondersteun is gevoelig vir verskil en andersheid. Ek verstaan geregtigheid as nooit volkome bereikbaar in die teenswoordige nie. Geregtigheid tree op as 'n toekomsgerigte ideaal. Die "etiese" in 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid weerspieel 'n bewustheid van die onvermoe van enige teenswoordige sisteem om gelykheid en geregtigheid volledig te omvat. Visies van publieke spasie, perspektiewe op gelykheid en landskappe van geregtigheid (die eienskappe van die etiese interseksie) vorm die hoofafdelings van die proefskrif. Ek bespreek die Suid-Afrikaanse Waarheids-en Versoeningskommissie (WVK) as 'n manifestasie van die etiese interseksie tussen publieke spasie, gelykheid en geregtigheid. Die WVK was 'n uitstaande voorbeeld van die rekonstruksie en transformasie van publieke spasie. Dit was 'n publieke spasie waar elke individu gelyk behandel is terwyl konkrete kontekste, spesifieke omstandighede en verskil in ag geneem is. Die WVK as 'n gebeurtenis is ge'lnspireer deur die ideaal van geregtigheid. Die waarde van die WVK as 'n manifestasie van die etiese interseksie is die diepgaande effek wat dit op ons interpretasie van gelykheid kan he deur die beperkings van die teenswoordige substantiewe benadering uit te wys. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux parcours de femmes ouest-africaines à Rouen issues de plusieurs pays (Côte d’Ivoire, Guinée Conakry, Mali, Mauritanie, Nigéria, Sénégal). Elle vise à comprendre leurs vécus, leurs histoires, leurs conditions d’immigration et d’intégration dans la société d’accueil. Elle se propose de déconstruire les stéréotypes produits sur les migrantes dans l’histoire, longtemps considérées comme victimes aux droits bafoués. Cette thèse donne à voir les situations d’oppressions multiples et croisées (genre, ethnie, classe) vécues par ces femmes dans le temps et l’espace, à partir de leurs expériences concrètes. Le contexte migratoire leur permet de modifier et réorganiser les rapports sociaux de sexes et de sélectionner les pratiques culturelles de leurs communautés d’origine. Cette recherche se propose d’analyser le processus d’autonomisation et d’émancipation des femmes ouest-africaines à partir de leurs stratégies d’acquisition de pouvoir (travail, associations, réseaux professionnels, technologie, transports). Dans le contexte de mondialisation, les migrantes se positionnent comme actrices du développement économique, parties prenantes du changement social de leur continent. Le choix d’une méthode qualitative, de l’observation prolongée dans le temps du quotidien des femmes et de leurs interactions avec les hommes favorise une immersion dans leur espace personnel. / This dissertation addresses the experiences of West African women in Rouen hailing fromseveral countries of the sub-region (Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea Conakry, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeriaand Senegal). It is aimed at facilitating a better understanding of their lives, their histories, their conditions of immigration and integration in the host society. It seeks to deconstruct thehistorical stereotypes regarding female migrants that have long been viewed as victims ofviolated rights. This dissertation casts light on the situations of multiple and crossed oppressions (gender, ethnicity, class) endured by these women in time and space, based on a series of concrete experiences. The migratory context enables them to modify and reorganize the social gender relations and select cultural practices of their native communities. This research seeks to analyze the process of West African women’s empowerment and emancipation from their power acquisition strategies (work, associations, professional networks, technology, and transports). Against the backdrop of globalization, female migrants position themselves as key stakeholders of economic development and social change in their continent. The option for a qualitative method, and a protracted observation of women’s daily life and their interactions with men required an immersion in their personal space.

Estudo do tipo metodológico com abordagem psicométrica que lida com a teoria e desenvolvimento de instrumentos de medição. O percurso metodológico norteou-se nos procedimentos teóricos, empíricos e analíticos para a elaboração de instrumento psicométrico (PASQUALI, 1998), e fundamentou-se em duas teorias da privacidade (WESTIN, 1970; ALTMAN, 1975), na teoria da territorialidade (ARDREY, 1966) e na teoria proxêmica (HALL, 1986). Os procedimentos teóricos compreenderam a definição do construto privacidade física no contexto hospitalar, em especial a exposição e manipulação corporal, o qual delineou-se a partir do referencial teórico adotado, da literatura pertinente e de estudo junto a 34 pacientes internados nos hospitais de Maringá-PR, com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2000). Esse estudo permitiu descrever a percepção do paciente hospitalizado sobre a privacidade em geral e sobre a privacidade física, identificando-se três categorias empíricas referentes à privacidade em geral, a saber, dignidade e respeito, espaço pessoal e territorial e autonomia, e com relação à privacidade física extraíram-se iguais categorias, acrescentando-se às anteriores a categoria intimidade e toque. Tais categorias compuseram os quatro domínios do instrumento em construção. O instrumento foi submetido à análise semântica e conceitual por um painel de juízes composto por sete peritos, e na seqüência a um pré-teste junto à população-alvo, resultando em um instrumento com 22 itens, tendo o domínio dignidade e respeito 8 itens, intimidade e toque e espaço pessoal e territorial 5 itens cada, e o domínio autonomia 4 itens. Os procedimentos empíricos englobaram a aplicação do instrumento construído, Escala de Satisfação do Paciente Hospitalizado com sua Privacidade Física (ESPH-PF), a uma amostra de 254 pacientes internados na rede hospitalar de Maringá- PR, entre novembro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008. Os procedimentos analíticos englobaram a análise da consistência interna ( de Cronbach total de 0,68 e variação entre 0,35 e 0,60 nos domínios) e a validade de construto por meio da análise fatorial, extraindo-se seis fatores (57,6% da variância total) e optando-se por manter os quatro pré-estabelecidos (47,7% da variância explicada). A validade convergente do construto utilizando-se a correlação produtomomento de Pearson (p < 0,01) e aplicação da Escala do Sentimento frente à Invasão do Espaço Territorial e do Espaço Pessoal do Paciente Hospitalizado (EMS-FIETEP), contemplou o domínio espaço pessoal e territorial da ESPH-PF e confirmou o poder discriminativo de todos os 22 itens do instrumento. A validade discriminante do construto empregando o teste t de student (p < 0,05) não encontrou diferença estatística significante, exceto nos grupos extremos relativos à escolaridade. A análise psicométrica demonstra que a ESPH-PF pode ser aplicada para medir a satisfação do paciente com sua privacidade física no contexto hospitalar, sobretudo no que diz respeito à exposição e manipulação corporal. Os resultados obtidos junto a essa população não podem ser generalizados, porém comprovam a importância de se avaliar a satisfação do paciente com sua privacidade física, visto que o nível de satisfação revela, implicitamente, as preferências e necessidades dele por privacidade, e indiretamente também reflete o desempenho dos profissionais de saúde relativo à proteção e manutenção da privacidade no hospital. / The study is of a methodological type using the psychometric approach which deals with the theory of the development of measurement instruments. The methodological apparatus is based on empirical and analytical theoretical proceedings, to the development of a psychometric instrument (PASQUALI, 1998), and is grounded in two privacy theories (WESTIN, 1970; ALTMAN, 1975), on the territoriality theory (ARDREY, 1966) and on the proxemic theory (HALL, 1986). The theoretical proceedings entailed the definition of the physical privacy construct in hospital context, especially the exposure and body manipulation, drawing on the theoretical apparatus used, the related literature and a study with thirty-four patients admitted in hospitals in Maringá-PR, with qualitative approach, using the content analysis (BARDIN, 2000). This study allowed to describe the perception of the hospitalized patient as regards general privacy and physical privacy, identifying three empirical categories concerning general privacy, namely dignity and respect, personal and territorial space and autonomy, and as regards physical privacy the same categories were extracted, adding to the previous ones the category of intimacy and touch. Such categories composed the four domains of the instrument under construction. The instrument was subjected to semantic and conceptual analyses by a panel of judges composed by seven connoisseur, followed by a pretest with the target population, resulting in an instrument with 22 items, in which the domain dignity and respect had eight items, intimacy and touch and personal and territorial space had five items each, and the domain autonomy had four items. The empirical proceedings entailed the application of the constructed instrument, Satisfaction Scale of the Hospitalized Patient with his/her Physical Privacy (ESPH-PF), to a sample of 254 patients admitted in the hospital chain of Maringá-PR between November 2007 and February 2008. The analytical proceedings entailed the internal consistency analysis (-Cronbach total of 0,68 variation between 0,35 and 0,60 in the domains) and the construct validity by means of factorial analysis, extracting six factors (57,6% of total variation) and opting to maintain the four preestablished ones (47,7% of explained variation). The convergent validity of the construct utilizing the correlation product-moment of Pearson (p < 0,01) and the application of Feeling Scale before the Invasion of Territorial and Personal Space of the Hospitalized Patient (EMSFIETEP) contemplated the domain personal and territorial space of ESPH-PF and confirmed the discriminating power of all 22 items of the instrument. The discriminating validity of the construct employing the test t of student (p < 5005) did not find significant statistical difference, except for extreme groups regarding education. The psychometric analysis shows that the ESPH-PF can be applied to measure the patients satisfaction with his/her physical privacy, once the level of satisfaction implicitly reveals his/her privacy preferences and necessities, and also indirectly reflects the performance of health professionals as regards protection and maintenance of hospital privacy.