Until now, the majority of individuals does not hold stocks. In our sample, only 20.5% of individuals directly or indirectly participate in the stock market. Using data from the SHARE Study (N=54,636), we investigate at the individual level the effect of personality traits and at the country level the effect of Quality of Government while controlling for several sociodemographic factors. We prove that Openness to experience and Agreeableness significantly influence stock market participation. Agreeable people who are less open to new experiences are more likely to hold stocks. We also report mixed effects for Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Neuroticism. Extraversion seems to influence stock market participation through its effect on education and Neuroticism through its effect on both education and Quality of Government. Additionally, countries with a higher level of Quality of Government have a higher participation rate. Lastly, we find that the strength of the effects of Openness and Extraversion depends on the level of Quality of Government. We contribute to the explanation of the non-participation puzzle and give implications for policy makers.

With the introduction of personality research, occupational and job satisfaction research has advanced in scale. Evidence from studies within Personality Trait and Work Psychology research strongly suggests there to be connections between not only Neuroticism and job satisfaction rates, but that personality traits also seem to be unevenly distributed across occupations. This report sought to confirm and further explore findings made on Neuroticism and job satisfaction, as well as potential differences in personality traits among researchers in Social Science, Physical Science and Technology. Using the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality and the Short Index of Job Satisfaction (SIJS), a survey study was conducted with a total of 83 participants. Using a Kruskal-Wallis test between fields of research and Personality Traits, this study found no significant differences between the fields of research. Correlations between Neuroticism and Job Satisfaction could not reach statistical significance enough to replicate previous findings. This report made other findings, such as significant links between personality traits, and discusses future research for this area of research. / Forskningen inom personlighetstyper innebar nya möjligheter för arbetspsykologin. Empiri ifrån studier föreslår starka kopplingar mellan jobbnöjdhet och personlighetstyper, men även att personlighetstyper skiljer sig mellan arbetsplatser och mer specifikt, mellan olika forskningsområden. Denna uppsats avsåg att hitta de kopplingar som gjorts tidigare mellan Neuroticism och jobbnöjdhet, men även eventuella skillnader i personlighetstyper mellan tre olika forskningsområden: Sociala vetenskaper, Fysiska vetenskaper och Teknologiska vetenskaper. Genom att kombinera Five Factor Model of personality (FFM) och Short Index of Job Satisfaction (SIJS) skapades två enkäter, en på Engelska och en på Svenska. Studien innehöll totalt 83 deltagare ifrån de tre valda forskningsområdena, och med hjälp av korrelationsberäkningar och Kruskal-Wallis test kunde man konstatera att resultaten som hade hittats av tidigare forskning inte kunde replikeras. Andra statistiskt signifikanta fynd mellan personlighetstyper gjordes dock, och dessa diskuteras tillsammans med implikationer för framtida forskning.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur upplevd stress korrelerade med känsla av sammanhang och personlighetsdrag och vidare att även undersöka om känsla av sammanhang och personlighetsdrag kunde predicera upplevelsen av stress hos universitetsstudenter, i Sverige. Metod: Studien använde ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt och genomfördes utifrån ett bekvämlighetsurval och med en digital enkät (n=111). Mätinstrumenten i enkäten bestod avPSS-10, för att mäta upplevd stress, SOC-13 för att mäta känsla av sammanhang och TIPI, för att mäta personlighetsdrag. Korrelationsanalys genomfördes för att undersöka korrelationen mellan variablerna och multipel regressionsanalys genomfördes för att undersöka om känsla av sammanhang och personlighetsdrag kunde predicera stress. Resultat: Korrelationsanalysen visade att upplevd stress korrelerade negativt med känsla avsammanhang (r=-0.77, p<.001) samt personlighetsdragen samvetsgrann (r=-0.32, p<.001) och emotionell stabilitet (r=-0.62, p<.001). Multipla regressionsanalysen visade att känsla avsammanhang och emotionell stabilitet predicerade nivåerna av upplevd stress (R2=0,68,p<.001). Slutsats: Statistisk signifikant samband fanns mellan upplevd stress, känsla av sammanhang och personlighetsdrag. Framtida longitudinella studier skulle kunna utföras för att vidareundersöka relationen dem emellan. / Aim: The aim of this study was to examine how perceived stress correlated with sense of coherence and personality traits and further to examine whether sense of coherence and personality traits could predict the experience of stress in university students, in Sweden. Method: The study used a quantitative approach and was conducted based on a convenience sample and with a digital survey (n=111). The measuring instruments in the survey consisted of PSS-10, to measure perceived stress, SOC-13 to measure sense of coherence and TIPI, to measure personality traits. Correlations analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the variables and multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine whether sense of coherence and personality traits could predict stress. Result: The correlation analysis showed that perceived stress correlated negatively with KASAM (r=-0.77, p<.001) and the personality traits conscientiousness (r=-0.32, p<.001) and emotional stability (r=-0.62, p<.001). The multiple regression analysis showed that sense ofcoherence and emotional stability predicted the levels of perceived stress (R2=0,68, p<.001). Conclusion: Statistically significant relationship where found between perceived stress, sense of coherence and personality traits. Future longitudinal studies may be conducted to further examine the relationship between them. / Nej

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This study investigates the relationship between personality traits, job satisfaction, perceived justice, and engagement in counterproductive workplace behaviors (CWBs) among 250 participants. The results reveal significant correlations between personality traits and CWBs, with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness showing negative associations, while Neuroticism exhibits a positive association. Job satisfaction and perceived justice are also negatively correlated with CWBs. Furthermore, hierarchical regression analyses of the proposed model confirm that higher levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are strong predictors of CWBs. The findings highlight the importance of individual characteristics and job-related factors in influencing employee behavior. These findings contribute to understanding workplace behavior and inform efforts to promote positive work environments and organizational success.

Tänker du på det första intryck du får av någon du möter i vardagen? Kanske du funderar på hur dem är som person? Efter att ha sett någon för första gången bildas omedelbart ett första intryck och en uppfattning om dennes personlighet. Syftet med vår kvasiexperimentella studie är att undersöka hur bedömningen baserad på första intrycket av en individs personlighets stämmer överens med hur individen uppfattar sig själv. Urvalet bestod av 10 deltagare, sex kvinnor och fyra män. Åldersspannet låg mellan 23 till 55 år (M= 31,6; SD= 12,0). Deltagare har genomfört personlighetstest, fått se bilder av andra deltagare och sedan bedömt hur de uppfattat deras personlighet. Differensmåtten belyste att deltagare tenderade att självskatta högre poäng än vad de blev bedömda inom personlighetsdragen. Bedömningarna och självskattningarna inom några av personlighetsdragen visade en måttlig till stor effektstyrka (d.v.s. samvetsgrannhet, öppenhet, neuroticism). Men i studien förekom ingen signifikant korrelation mellan bedömd och självskattad personlighet. / Do you think about the impression you make of someone you meet in everyday life? Maybe you are thinking about what they are like as a person? Upon meeting someone, an impression of their personality swiftly develops. Our quasi- experimental study aimed to explore if assessment based on the first impression of an individual's personality is consistent with how the individual perceives themself. The sample consisted of 10 participants, six women and four men. Participants' age range was between 23 to 55 years old (M= 31,6; SD= 12,0). Participants underwent personality tests, viewed images of other participants, and then assessed how they perceived their personality. Differential measure showed that participants tended to self-assess higher scores than they were rated within the personality traits. The ratings and self-assessments in some of the personality traits showed a moderate to large effect size (i.e. conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism). However, there was no significant correlation between rated and self-assessed personality in the study.

Background: In an era where artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly infiltrates the creative domains traditionally dominated by humans, a critical question arises: How does the believed origin of an advertisement—whether generated by AI or crafted by a human—affect consumer perception and behavior? The integration of AI in advertising has stirred significant academic and practical interest, exploring how AI impacts consumer behavior differently from traditional human-created ads. Recent studies have highlighted varying consumer responses based on the advertised source, be it AI or human, influencing key advertising metrics. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the belief of AI versus human made ads on consumer behavior dimensions such as Purchase Intention (PI), Ad Evaluation (Eva_M), and Word of Mouth (WOM). It also sought to understand how these effects are mediated by anxiety and moderated by personality traits like agreeableness, extraversion, openness, and demographics age and level of education. Thus, this paper explores the nuanced psychological impacts and behavioral outcomes triggered by the believed source of advertising content, unveiling the subconscious biases and overt responses of consumers to AI versus human creator. Method: A comparative analysis involving the same ad in two survey groups (Survey A – marked as AI- generated ad – and Survey B – marked as human-made ad) was conducted, with participants unaware of the believed ad origin variation. The study employed the PROCESS Macro Models 1 and 4 in SPSS to analyze the direct effects and interactions. The level of Anxiety was testedias a mediator and personality traits and demographic factors were tested as moderators to gauge their influence on the effectiveness of AI-generated versus human-made ads. Conclusion: The results show that ads believed as AI-generated performed less effectively across Purchase Intention, Ad Evaluation, and Word of Mouth compared to those believed to be human-made. Significant mediation of anxiety and significant moderation effects were found with traits such as agreeableness and extraversion positively influencing ad reception, while higher levels of education tended to buffer negative perceptions of AI-generated ads. These findings suggest that consumer characteristics play a crucial role in the reception and effectiveness of AI- generated advertising, underscoring the need for tailored advertising strategies that consider both the source of the ad and the target demographic's psychological and demographic profiles.

Kan hanteringen och bearbetningen av känslosamma minnen med hjälp av emotionsreglering skilja sig åt beroende på vilken personlighet en människa har? Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka sambanden mellan personlighetsdragen extraversion , introversion, emotionsreglering (suppression och reappraisal) och emotionellt arbetsminne. Uppsatsen är ämnad för att ge förståelse kring hur personlighet påverkar arbetsminnet vid exponering av emotionella bilder och hur olika personlighetstyper använder emotionsreglering. Deltagarna rekryterades genom ett bekvämlighetsurval och datainsamlingen består av ett experimentellt minnestest, ett frågeformulär om emotionsreglering och ett personlighetstest. Analysmetoderna inkluderade icke-parametriska korrelationsanalyser, mixed-ANOVA och oberoende t-test. Resultaten visade inga signifikanta samband eller skillnader mellan variablerna, slutsatsen är att trots resultaten giver uppsatsen värdefulla insikter och uppmuntrar till vidare forskning om hur personlighet, emotionsreglering och arbetsminne samverkar. / Can the processing and management of emotional memories through emotion regulation differ depending on an individual´s personality? This thesis aimed to explore the associations between the personality traits of extraversion, introversion, emotion regulation strategies (suppression and reappraisal) and emotional working memory. The aim was to understand how personality influences working memory when exposed to emotional images and how different personality types utilize emotion regulation. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling, and data collection included an experimental memory test, and emotion regulation questionnaire, and a personality test. The analysis methods encompassed non-parametric correlation analyses, mixed-ANOVA and independent t-test. The results revealed no significant correlations or differences between the variables. Despite these finding, the thesis provides valuable insights and encourages further research on the interplay between personality, emotion regulation and working memory.

To detect possible adjustment problems and in attempting to identify the areas of maladjustment from which a child may be suffering, the writer administered the California Test of Personality; a test of personality measurement and observation taken from a subjective frame of reference.

At any given moment in time, there are people complying with fraudulent requests (i.e. scams) on the Internet. While the incidence rates are low (between five and ten percent of the population becoming victims on a yearly basis), the financial and emotional consequences can be high. In this Thesis we composed a unified theory of which factors made individuals more likely to comply with scams and what psychological mechanisms are unwittingly employed by con-men to make their (illegitimate marketing) offers more enticing. The strongest overall predictor of scam compliance (i.e. the extent to which an individual is likely to comply with fraudulent requests) was the level of self-control, regardless of the observed stage of a scam. On the basis of previous research, we postulated and have empirically shown that falling for a scam is a 3-stage process (i.e. assessing a scam to be plausible - plausiblity, responding to scammers - responded and, finally, losing utility to them – lost out). Taking this paradigm into account, we analysed the three stages in separate investigations and tested the viability of various psychological factors that play a role in them. We hypothesized that attitudes towards risky choices would play a role in finding an Internet scam plausible and thus started our investigation by transferring one of the classic economic psychological theories (i.e. Prospect Theory) into a virtual setting and demonstrated that risk preferences remain unchanged between concrete and virtual settings. Our investigation showed that attitudes towards risk are similar across virtual and concrete domains, but did not yield a reliable psychometric scale measuring risk preferences. As a corollary, in Chapter 3, we investigated psychological mechanisms that influence risky preferences as applied to all three stages of scam compliance. The empirical investigation in Chapter 3 of the present Thesis focused on social psychological mechanisms of persuasion. A scale of susceptibility to persuasion was developed, validated and then applied to the phenomena of scam compliance in two studies. Four reliable factors contributing to susceptibility to persuasion emerged: influence of authority, social influence, self-control and the need for consistency. The susceptibility to persuasion scale was then used to predict overall lifetime (study 1) and time-limited (study 2) scam compliance across the three stages of scams. Social Influence weakly predicted the plausibility stage in study 1, while strongly predicting the response stage in study 2. The need for consistency strongly predicted response stages in both studies. While compliance with requests from authorities did not predict responses to any of the stages in study 1, it weakly predicted the plausibility of a scam and strongly predicted responding to it in study 2. Weak self-control was a significant predictor of losing funds in study 1 and a strong predictor of responding to scams in study 2. As lack of self-control (as a personality trait) emerged as one of the significant predictors of scam compliance, this led us to infer that there were other personality traits that would contribute to understanding scam compliance. That became the topic of Chapter 4 of the present Thesis. In Chapter 4, we used the five factor model of personality, a brief self-control scale and the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale to measure the impact of personality traits on scam compliance in the response stage. Results showed that extraversion, openness, self-control, premeditation, sensation seeking and (negative) urgency had an influence on the response rates to fraudulent offers. Lack of self-control (as a personality trait) again emerged as a strong predictor of overall scam compliance, which led us to infer that self-control as a cognitive state would also contribute to measuring scam compliance in general and in specific types of fraud. The investigation reported in Chapter 3 showed fraudulent Internet auctions to be an effective scam. As a consequence of these two findings, in Chapter 5, we investigated the impact of self-regulatory fatigue on compliance with fraudulent Internet auctions. In the empirical investigation in Chapter 5 180 respondents in two groups were exposed to a cognitive task designed to be ego-depleting and then to a constructed fraudulent Internet auction. They were asked a series of questions concerned with the likelihood of them purchasing a desired item (i.e. the third stage of a scam) and its appeal to them. We found no evidence that lowered self-control (as a state) had any impact on the appeal of fraudulent offer or the likelihood of purchasing it. We also demonstrated that the perception of risk in the fraudulent Internet auctions is most strongly influenced by the feedback mechanisms and the sellers’ ability to use correct English. In the conclusion to the present Thesis we discussed the implications of our empirical investigations and constructed a fictional fraudulent offer that would be effective according to our research. It should, for example, be based on the advance fee schemes and should be delivered over the Internet to reach the most potential victims. Once we had created an outline of an effective scam, we used that as our starting point to suggest mechanisms that would be effective in resisting it. For example, individuals could employ heuristics in a better way or conduct reality checks; and software toolkits that would help in resisting scams could be developed on the basis of our findings. We also discussed future research directions (obtaining larger samples, focusing on specific types of scams and specific populations; and others) and general implications of our findings.