This study refers to a qualitative and quantitative weathering characterization of a gneiss rock mass (weathering profile, intact rock and discontinuity) in a tropical region. The rock mass was excavated for a construction of an unlined railway tunnel, which during its useful life began to present block instability problems linked to the weathering and the time of exposure of the rock. The weathering of the rock mass and its weathering grades are approached in the geological and geotechnical points of view, covering bibliographical review on the subject, field inspection, direct and indirect investigations, and laboratory tests: petrographic analysis, X-ray diffraction, physical properties and durability index, sclerometry, ultrasonic test, uniaxial and diametral compression. / Este estudo se refere à caracterização qualitativa e quantitativa do intemperismo de um maciço rochoso gnáissico (perfil de intemperismo, rocha intacta e descontinuidades) em uma região tropical. O maciço foi escavado para a construção de um túnel ferroviário não revestido, que ao longo da vida útil começou a apresentar problemas de instabilidade de blocos vinculados ao intemperismo e ao tempo de exposição da rocha. O intemperismo do maciço rochoso e os seus graus de alteração foram abordados do ponto de vista geológico e geotécnico, levando-se em consideração uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, inspeção de campo, investigações diretas e indiretas, e os seguintes ensaios laboratoriais: análise petrográfica, difratometria de raios X, índices físicos e de durabilidade, esclerometria, ultrassom, compressão uniaxial e diametral.

O aumento do uso do gás natural e a necessidade de sua estocagem em sítios subterrâneos, promoveu recentes pesquisas na Bacia do Paraná. Estas pesquisas incluiram a análise de estruturas favoráveis a formação de trapas e a avaliação do potencial de rochas-reservatórios para a estocagem subterrânea de gás natural (ESGN). Neste contexto insere-se o presente trabalho que foi desenvolvido no Alto Estrutural de Pitanga, borda leste da Bacia do Paraná. Neste Alto afloram rochas sedimentares permocarboníferas do Grupo Itararé que são amplamente reconhecidas por suas qualidades permoporosas. Com o intuito de caracterizar a faciologia, a estratigrafia bem como as qualidades petrofísicas do Grupo Itararé foram efetuados os seguintes estudos: levantamentos de seções estratigráficas de detalhe, descrição de fácies, análise microscópica, análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e avaliação de dados de poço. As descrições de fácies e estudos dos processos deposicionais, forneceram elementos para o agrupamento de fácies em associações de fácies e distinção de três associações de fácies: inferior, intermediária e superior. A disposição das associações de fácies permitiu o reconhecimento de uma suscessão progradacional, representada pela sobreposição de fácies de pró-delta/frente-deltaica por depósitos fluviais com contribuição glacial. A análise microscópica e caracterização petrográfica das rochas, permitiu a discriminação de quatro petrofácies: A, B, C e D. Os arenitos do Grupo Itararé na área de estudos foram classificados como: arenito feldspático, quartzo arenito, arenito lítico e wacke lítico. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelou a presença de caulinita, esmectita e ilita nos arenitos. A utilização de diferentes escalas de trabalho mostrou-se eficaz e elucidativa. A combinação de levantamentos de campo, análises petrográficas ao microscópio, ensaios de porosimetria a mercúrio e análises de perfis compostos permitiu realizar comparações e revelou um grupo de dados significativos para a pesquisa. / The increase in the utilization of natural gas and the need for underground gas storage has led to recent research projects on the subject focusing the Paraná Basin. These projects aim at locating favorable structures for the generation of traps and the evaluation of the reservoir potential of rock units for the storage of natural gas (ESGN). The present work is part of this effort, aiming at the study of the Pitanga Structural High, at the eastern border of the Paraná Basin. This region is characterized by outcrops of the Itararé Group (Permo-Carboniferous), which contains rock units that are known for their high porosity and permeability. The main goals of the present work are to characterize the sedimentary facies, the stratigraphy and the petrophysical properties of the Itararé Group, based on detailed stratigraphic logging, facies descriptions, microscopic petrography, Scanning Electron Microscope analysis, and evaluation of well data. Facies descriptions and interpretation of depositional processes were used to group the sedimentary facies into three facies associations: named lower, middle and upper facies associations. The stacking pattern of the facies associations led to the interpretation of a progradational succession, formed by the migration of fluvial deposits over prodelta to delta front deposits, in a context of glacial influence. The microscopic petrography characterization of rock samples led to the discrimination of four petrofacies, coded A to D. The sandstones of the Itararé Group in the studied area were classified as: feldspatic sandstones, quartz-arenites, lithicsandstones and lithic wackes. The Scanning Electron Microscope analysis revealed the presence of caulinite, smectite and ilite in the sandstones. The application of analyses at different scales of work proved to be an efficient method. The integration of field survey, microscopic petrography analysis, mercury porosimetry and interpretation of composite well logs generated a significant volume of data and enabled the comparison of the results of the different methods.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cabanasnavarro_f_dr_rcla.pdf: 4430700 bytes, checksum: a93015794da4e288862dea20ef0e01d3 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Considerando um conjunto de 21 tipos de rochas utilizadas como revestimento e subdivididas em quatro conjuntos por afinidade da composição mineral (rochas carbonáticas, quartzosas, feldspáticas e quartzo-feldspáticas) foram realizados ensaios tecnológicos para a determinação do coeficiente de dilatação térmica linear e da resistência à compressão uniaxial, bem como a anisotropia dessas propriedades. Os dados tecnológicos obtidos foram correlacionados com informações petrográficas qualitativas e quantitativas referentes à composição mineral, variações texturais e estruturais determinadas em seções ortogonais entre si a partir de um sistema de referência (xyz) baseado na foliação e lineação macroscopicamente visíveis. A análise integrada dos dados utilizando estatística convencional e multivariada procurou apontar as variáveis petrográficas mais relevantes para as duas propriedades tecnológicas enfocadas e suas respectivas anisotropias. A dilatação térmica e sua anisotropia são influenciadas principalmente pela composição mineral e pela orientação preferencial dos minerais embora as microfissuras desempenhem papel importante em alguns casos. A tensão de compressão mostra sua variabilidade e anisotropia influenciadas pela granulação média, tipos de contatos minerais predominantes e padrões de microfissuras mais ou menos definidos por influência da foliação presente. Constatou-se que no conjunto analisado a presença da foliação não implica necessariamente em anisotropia das duas propriedades estudadas. / The anisotropy of thermal expansion coefficient and compressive tensile strength were determined for 21 commercially used stones gathered in four set according the main mineral composition named carbonatic, quartz-rich, feldspar-rich and quartz-feldspar-rich rocks. Using a coordinate reference system (xyz) based on the macroscopic visible foliation and lineation the samples were submitted to normalized laboratorial analyses for determination of the both technological properties and the petrographical features such as mineral composition, texture and fabric. Additionally was carried out measurements of weathered area and microcrack quantification by image analysis and texture quantification by U-stage methods. In order to understand the relationship between the anisotropy measured and petrographical data it was applied traditional and multivariate statistical analysis. The results pointed to the great significance of mineral composition and the crystallographic preferred orientation for thermal expansion and respective anisotropy, especially to monomineralic and/or foliated rocks, in spite of some cases microcracks play this role. The compressive strength is mainly controlled by a complex interaction between grain size distribution, grain boundary and microcrack patterns related or not to foliation.

O aumento do uso do gás natural e a necessidade de sua estocagem em sítios subterrâneos, promoveu recentes pesquisas na Bacia do Paraná. Estas pesquisas incluiram a análise de estruturas favoráveis a formação de trapas e a avaliação do potencial de rochas-reservatórios para a estocagem subterrânea de gás natural (ESGN). Neste contexto insere-se o presente trabalho que foi desenvolvido no Alto Estrutural de Pitanga, borda leste da Bacia do Paraná. Neste Alto afloram rochas sedimentares permocarboníferas do Grupo Itararé que são amplamente reconhecidas por suas qualidades permoporosas. Com o intuito de caracterizar a faciologia, a estratigrafia bem como as qualidades petrofísicas do Grupo Itararé foram efetuados os seguintes estudos: levantamentos de seções estratigráficas de detalhe, descrição de fácies, análise microscópica, análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e avaliação de dados de poço. As descrições de fácies e estudos dos processos deposicionais, forneceram elementos para o agrupamento de fácies em associações de fácies e distinção de três associações de fácies: inferior, intermediária e superior. A disposição das associações de fácies permitiu o reconhecimento de uma suscessão progradacional, representada pela sobreposição de fácies de pró-delta/frente-deltaica por depósitos fluviais com contribuição glacial. A análise microscópica e caracterização petrográfica das rochas, permitiu a discriminação de quatro petrofácies: A, B, C e D. Os arenitos do Grupo Itararé na área de estudos foram classificados como: arenito feldspático, quartzo arenito, arenito lítico e wacke lítico. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelou a presença de caulinita, esmectita e ilita nos arenitos. A utilização de diferentes escalas de trabalho mostrou-se eficaz e elucidativa. A combinação de levantamentos de campo, análises petrográficas ao microscópio, ensaios de porosimetria a mercúrio e análises de perfis compostos permitiu realizar comparações e revelou um grupo de dados significativos para a pesquisa. / The increase in the utilization of natural gas and the need for underground gas storage has led to recent research projects on the subject focusing the Paraná Basin. These projects aim at locating favorable structures for the generation of traps and the evaluation of the reservoir potential of rock units for the storage of natural gas (ESGN). The present work is part of this effort, aiming at the study of the Pitanga Structural High, at the eastern border of the Paraná Basin. This region is characterized by outcrops of the Itararé Group (Permo-Carboniferous), which contains rock units that are known for their high porosity and permeability. The main goals of the present work are to characterize the sedimentary facies, the stratigraphy and the petrophysical properties of the Itararé Group, based on detailed stratigraphic logging, facies descriptions, microscopic petrography, Scanning Electron Microscope analysis, and evaluation of well data. Facies descriptions and interpretation of depositional processes were used to group the sedimentary facies into three facies associations: named lower, middle and upper facies associations. The stacking pattern of the facies associations led to the interpretation of a progradational succession, formed by the migration of fluvial deposits over prodelta to delta front deposits, in a context of glacial influence. The microscopic petrography characterization of rock samples led to the discrimination of four petrofacies, coded A to D. The sandstones of the Itararé Group in the studied area were classified as: feldspatic sandstones, quartz-arenites, lithicsandstones and lithic wackes. The Scanning Electron Microscope analysis revealed the presence of caulinite, smectite and ilite in the sandstones. The application of analyses at different scales of work proved to be an efficient method. The integration of field survey, microscopic petrography analysis, mercury porosimetry and interpretation of composite well logs generated a significant volume of data and enabled the comparison of the results of the different methods.

<p> A petrological and geochemical study has been carried out on some Archean mafic and felsic volcans of Dome Township, Central Red Lake area, Ontario. Included are a discussion on petrographic descriptions along with chemical investigations of the rocks and a discussion concerning the general problem of petrogenesis. Analytical methods used are explained, and di scussions of the results are included. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

<p> A detailed petrographic study of the Pleistocene Key Largo Limestone Formation, Key Largo, Florida, was undertaken observing three units of varying ages. From oldest to youngest, these are: Q4A (age unknown); Q4B, (180,000 years B.P.), and Q5, (125, 000 years B.P.). Fifty thin sections from four cored wells were point counted. Porosity remained constant for all three units at 28.5% as did total cements at 27.5%. These are still very porous rocks relative to ancient carbonates, which generally show 0-2% porosity. Q5 is diagenetically less mature than Q4B and Q4A, with the persistence of aragonite (which is being leached) and solution-enhanced interparticle porosity. Q5 has been exposed to a vadose environment. Multiple generation cements in Q4B indicate two periods of vadose exposure coincident with known Pleistocene eustatic sea level fluctuations. Moldic porosity is predominant in Q4B. Vague horizons of macroscopic vuggy porosity act as pathways of directed flow for percolating fluids precipitating late stage cements and stains rich in iron. Q4A has been interpreted as a beachrock in part, deposited at pH's greater than 9, resulting in dissolution of quartz grains. Of special interest in Q4A is the probable exploitation of a quartz substrate by endolithic borers. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

Coal seam gas has been recognised as a new, potential energy resource in New Zealand. Exploration and assessment programmes carried out by various companies have evaluated the resource and indicated that this unconventional gas may form a part of New Zealand's future energy supply. This study has delineated some of the controls between coal properties and gas content in coal seams in selected New Zealand locations. Four coal cores, one from Huntly (Eocene), two from Ohai (Cretaceous) and one from Greymouth (Cretaceous), have been sampled and analysed in terms of gas content and coal properties. Methods used include proximate, sulphur and calorifc value analyses; ash constituent determination; rank assessment; macroscopic analysis; mineralogical analysis; maceral analysis; and gas analyses (desorption, adsorption, gas quality and gas isotopes). Coal cores varied in rank from sub-bituminous B-A (Huntly); sub-bituminous C-A (Ohai); and high volatile bituminous A (Greymouth). All locations contained high vitrinite content (~85 %) with overall relatively low mineral matter observed in most samples. Mineral matter consisted of both detrital grains (quartz in matrix material) and infilling pores and fractures (clays in fusinite pores; carbonates in fractures). Average gas contents were 1.6 m3/t in the Huntly core, 4.7 m3/t in the Ohai cores, and 2.35 m3/t in the Greymouth core. The Ohai core contained more gas and was more saturated than the other cores. Carbon isotopes indicated that the Ohai gas composition was more mature, containing heavier 13C isotopes than either the Huntly or Greymouth gas samples. This indicates the gas was derived from a mixed biogenic and thermogenic source. The Huntly and Greymouth gases appear to be derived from a biogenic (by CO2 reduction) source. The ash yield proved to be the dominant control on gas volume in all locations when the ash yield was above 10 %. Below 10 % the amount of gas variation is unrelated to ash yield. Although organic content had some influence on gas volume, associations were basin and /or rank dependant. In the Huntly core total gas content and structured vitrinite increased together. Although this relationship did not appear in the other cores, in the Ohai SC3 core lost gas and fusinite are associated with each other, while desmocollinite (unstructured vitrinite) correlated positively with residual gas in the Greymouth core. Although it is generally accepted that higher rank coals will have higher adsorption capacities, this was not seen in this data set. Although the lowest rank coal (Huntly) contains the lowest adsorption capacity, the highest adsorption capacity was not seen in the highest rank coal (Greymouth), but in the Ohai coal instead. The Ohai core acted like a higher rank coal with respect to the Greymouth coal, in terms of adsorption capacity, isotopic signatures and gas volume. Two hypothesis can be used to explain these results: (1) That a thermogenically derived gas migrated from down-dip of the SC3 and SC1 drill holes and saturated the section. (2) Rank measurements (e.g. proximate analyses) have a fairly wide variance in both the Greymouth and Ohai coal cores, thus it maybe feasible that the Ohai cores may be higher rank coal than the Greymouth coal core. Although the second hypothesis may explain the adsorption capacity, isotopic signatures and the gas volume, when the data is plotted on a Suggate rank curve, the Ohai coal core is clearly lower rank than the Greymouth core. Thus, pending additional data, the first hypothesis is favoured.

La compréhension d'un système pétrolier nécessite la caractérisation pétrographique de tous les éléments et les processus le composant. Dans ce travail, plusieurs exemples de roches mères, roches réservoirs et roches couvertures provenant de bassins pétroliers différents, ont été étudiés afin de décrire les méthodes pétrographique classiques et mettre en place des nouvelles. Ces dernières telles que : la création d'une cinétique de transformation d'un kérogène composé de deux types de matière organiques (programmation), analyse macérale et l'étude des microfractures par analyse d'images, la diffraction à rayon X ainsi que la tomographie ont permis la caractérisation de la roche mère. Quant aux roches réservoirs, les méthodes d'analyse d'image des propriétés pétrophysiques, la microscopie MSCL ainsi que les paramètres de mouillabilité permettent la description de la qualité de ces réservoirs et leurs préservations au cours du temps à cause des phénomènes de recristallisation, dissolution, circulation de fluide et de réaction TSR/BSR. Les roches couvertures étudiées dans ce travail sont celles des argilites callovo-oxfordienne, utilisant la diffraction à rayon X ainsi que l'analyse d'image et la tomographie. Ces méthodes ont facilité la compréhension de leurs comportements au cours du temps, leurs capacités de sorption/désorption et leurs fiabilités de stockage de déchets nucléaire. Enfin, la modélisation pétrolière avec Petromod permet de déterminer les fonctionnements des systèmes pétroliers. La modélisation par percolation est plus proche de la réalité des bassins pétroliers que celle de Darcy/Hybride / Understanding oil systems requires petrographic characterization of all elements and process that compose it. In this work, several examples of source rocks, reservoir rocks and seal from different petroleum basins have been studied in order to describe conventional petrographic methods and develop new ones. The new ones as: a program of transformation kinetic of kerogene composed of two types of organic matter, maceral analysis and microfractures study using images analysis, the diffraction X-ray and tomography allowed source rock description. As for, reservoir rocks, methods of petrophysical characterization by images analysis, MSCL Microscopy and wettability parameters permit reservoir quality description and their preservation over time due to recrystalization and dissolution phenomena, fluid flow and TSR/BSR reaction. The cap rocks studied in this thesis are those of Callovo-Ordovician argillites, using X-Ray diffraction as well as images analysis and tomography. Those methods facilitated the understanding of argillites behavior over time, their sorption/desorption ability and their reliability of nuclear waste storage. Finally, Modeling using Petromod helps to determine petroleum systems functioning. Modeling by percolation method gives results closer to oil basins reality, than by Darcy/Hybrid method

Ce mémoire traite de l’utilisation des matières premières lithiques telle que représentée sur les sites préhistoriques de la Moyenne-Côte-Nord du Golfe du Saint-Laurent, au Québec. Cette étude régionale se base sur la réanalyse d’un nombre important de collections archéologiques et accorde une grande importance à l’identification et à la description des matières premières utilisées. Un matériau d’origine locale, le Chert de la Minganie, y occupe une place particulière. L’importance de ce matériau pour la préhistoire régionale était jusqu’ici virtuellement inconnue. Suite à nos analyses, un inventaire complet des matières premières utilisées est mis sur pied. Ces données mettent en évidence un certain nombre de comportements. Principalement, nous identifions deux ensembles qui illustrent la présence de territoires attribuables à la répartition de groupes amérindiens subrégionaux (bandes). Finalement, à travers l’utilisation des ressources lithiques, les liens qui rattachent les groupes de notre région d’étude à ceux de la péninsule du Québec-Labrador sont illustrés. / This thesis deals with lithic raw material use as evidenced on prehistoric sites from the middle North Shore of the Saint Lawrence River, Quebec. This regional study is based on the reanalysis of a large number of archaeological collections and places central importance on the identification and description of the varieties of lithics that were used. A specific material of local origin, Mingan chert, occupies a special place in this study. The importance of this material for regional prehistory has remained, until now, poorly understood. As a result of our analyses, a full inventory of the lithic varieties used on these sites is presented and permits us to illustrate certain prehistoric behaviours. Principally, we identify two sets of sites which correspond to the presence of subregional aboriginal groups (bands). Finally, raw material use demonstrates social and exchange ties that link the groups of our study area to those of the broader region of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εστιάζει στη μελέτη των πετρωμάτων που φιλοξενούν τη μεταλλοφορία ψευδαργύρου, αργύρου και μολύβδου στην ευρύτερη περιοχή των Μολάων Λακωνίας. Οι κύριοι σχηματισμοί που εντοπίζονται στην υπό μελέτη περιοχή είναι η ενότητα της Άρνας και τα στρώματα του Τυρού. Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η πετρογραφική και γεωχημική μελέτη των δύο προαναφερθέντων σχηματισμών, ώστε να καταστούν κατανοητές οι συνθήκες σχηματισμού. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν 9 χημικές αναλύσεις σε ηφαιστειακά πετρώματα των στρωμάτων του Τυρού για κύρια στοιχεία, ιχνοστοιχεία και σπάνιες γαίες, παράλληλα μελετήθηκαν και 15 πετρογραφικές λεπτές τομές των ηφαιστειτών αυτών. Τα δεδομένα συμπληρώθηκαν με 14 χημικές αναλύσεις κύριων στοιχείων και 9 χημικές αναλύσεις ιχνοστοιχείων των πετρωμάτων της ενότητας της Άρνας από βιβλιογραφική πηγή. Τα ηφαιστειακά πετρώματα των στρωμάτων του Τυρού αποτελούν ηφαιστείτες με εύρος συστάσεων από ανδεσιτικό βασάλτη έως δακίτη. Φέρουν ασβεσταλκαλικό χαρακτήρα με ελαφρά θολεϊτική τάση. Επίσης, προβάλλονται στα πεδία των θολεϊτών ηφαιστειακού τόξου, καθώς και σε ζώνη καταβύθισης των λιθοσφαιρικών πλακών. Ορισμένα εκ των δειγμάτων έχουν μεταμορφωθεί σε πρασινοσχιστολιθική φάση, ενώ στην πλειοψηφία των φέρουν έντονη εξαλλοίωση. Τα πετρώματα της ενότητας της Άρνας αποτελούν μεταηφαιστειακά πετρώματα βασαλτικής σύστασης. Φέρουν σαφή θολεϊτικό χαρακτήρα και προβάλλονται στο πεδίο των βασαλτών μεσωκεάνιας ράχης. / This thesis focuses on the study of the rocks that host the metalliferous of zinc, silver and lead in the wider area of Molai, Laconia. The main formations, which are spotted in the under study area, are the section of Arna Units and the Tyros Beds. The purpose of this work is the petrographic and geochemical study of the two formations mentioned above, so that the conditions of the formation become comprehensible. Nine chemical analysis were carried out in volcanic rocks of Tyros Beds for main elements, trace elements and rare earth elements, while at the same time fifteen petrographic thin sections of those volcanic rocks were studied. The data was complete with fourteen chemical analysis of main elements and nine chemical analysis of trace elements of the Arna Units from a bibliographical source. The volcanic rocks of Tyros Beds are volcanic rocks with amplitude of composition from andesitic basalt to dacite. They have calc-alcaline nature with a slight tholeitic tendency. Also, they are displayed / projected in the fields of the volcanic arc’s tholeites as well as in the zone of the lithospheric plates’ submersion. Some of the samples have been transformed into a greenschist phase, while the majority has an intense alteration. The rocks of Arna Units are metavolcanic rocks with basaltic composition. They have a clear tholeitic nature and they are displayed in the field of the basalts of the mid ocean ridge.