Em estudo realizado com 167 pacientes ambulatoriais idosos atendidos em serviço especializado de geriatria em centro de saúde escola, localizado no bairro da Consolação, no município de São Paulo (SP), foi avaliado o perfil farmacoepidemiológico, investigado se as listas de medicamentos padronizados coincidem com as prescrições e estimados os custos da medicação utilizada. Para este estudo, foram utilizadas informações extraídas dos prontuários médicos e obtidas através de entrevistas com os pacientes ou seus acompanhantes responsáveis. A maioria foi do sexo feminino (74,4%), a média de idade foi 80,4 anos, sendo 71 pacientes entre 60 e 79 anos e 96 entre 80 e 96 anos. Os participantes apresentaram condições socioeconômicas acima da média da população brasileira na faixa etária estudada. O perfil de morbidade, entre os pacientes entrevistados, mostrou média de 6,3 (± 2,5) diagnósticos. O número de medicamentos prescritos a cada paciente foi em média 6,1 (± 2,7). Não houve correlação significativa entre as variáveis pessoais pesquisadas e o número de doenças ou medicamentos registrados. No total foram 1.018 medicamentos prescritos, a maioria (82,9%) de padronizados e distribuídos gratuitamente pelo serviço público. A estimativa de gasto mensal pelo governo com a aquisição desses medicamentos foi de R$ 4.100,55, R$ 24,55/paciente/mês, equivalentes a US$ 11,92/paciente/mês (US$ 0,40/dia). Para 100 pacientes foi registrado pelo menos um medicamento não padronizado, observando-se alguns fármacos indisponíveis na padronização com prevalência relativamente alta de prescrição (memantina, mirtazapina, zolpidem, domperidona). É sugerido um estudo para revisão da padronização de medicamentos para o tratamento de pacientes idosos. / In study carried out with 167 elderly outpatients attended in specialized geriatric service in Centro de Saúde Escola, located in Consolação district, in the municipality of São Paulo, was evaluated the pharmacoepidemiological profile, investigating if the standardized medicament lists match with the prescriptions and estimated the costs from the utilized medication. For this study it was used information extracted from the medical handbooks and obtained through interviews with the patients or their accompanying charge. The majority was female (74,4%), average age of 80,4 years old, being 71 patients between 60 and 79 years old, and 96 between 80 and 96 years old. The participants presented socio-economic conditions above the Brazilian average in the age group studied. The morbidity profile, between the interviewed patients, shown an average of 6,3 (± 2,5) diagnostics. The number of medicaments prescribed to each patient had an average of 6,1 (± 2,7). There were no significantly correlation between the personal variables researched and the number of diseases or medicaments registered. In total 1.018 medicaments were prescribed, the majority (82,9 %) of standardized and freely distributed by the public service. The estimative of monthly cost by the government with the acquisition of these medicaments was R$ 4.100,55, R$ 24,55 by patient a month, equivalent to US$ 11,92 a month (US$ 0,40 a day). For 100 patients was registered at least one non standardized medicament, observing some unavailable drugs on the standardization with relatively high prescription prevalence (memantine, mirtazapine, zolpidem, domperidone). It\'s suggested a revision study from the standardization of medicaments for treatment of elderly patients.

As gestantes podem apresentar problemas de saúde que muitas vezes requerem o uso de medicamentos. Portanto, os estudos de utilização de medicamentos durante a gravidez são relevantes devido aos riscos potenciais que os medicamentos podem causar no feto em desenvolvimento, além disso, podem evitar o uso indiscriminado desses durante a gestação. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar os medicamentos utilizados pelas gestantes em atendimento pré-natal em uma maternidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP. Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal retrospectivo. Participaram do estudo 699 mulheres que encontravam-se pelo menos na 30ª semana gestacional. Os dados foram coletados de junho a novembro de 2008, através de um formulário previamente estruturado. Esse fómulário continha 44 perguntas que abordava dados sócio-econômico-demográficos, além de perguntas específicas sobre a gravidez e a utilização de medicamentos durante este período. O perfil encontrado foi de uma mulher com idade média de 24,9 anos, dona de casa, com ensino médio completo, que mora com companheiro e está na segunda gestação. Cerca de 20,0% das entrevistadas iniciaram seu pré-natal na 12ª semana e 75,3% realizaram pelo menos seis consultas de pré-natal. A utilização de pelo menos um medicamento durante a gravidez foi relatado por 98,0% das usuárias, sendo a média de 4,35. Os medicamentos mais utilizados pelas gestantes foram o sulfato ferroso (70.4%), paracetamol (57.8%), vacina dupla adulto (46.9%) e pomada ginecológica não identificada (31.9%). Apenas 20% das entrevistadas utilizaram ácido fólico. De acordo com a classificação da categoria de risco do FDA, entre todos os medicamentos utilizados 20.55% eram da categoria de risco A, 25.20% da B, 14.07% da C, 1.85% da D e 0.03% da X, 38.30% dos medicamentos utilizados pelas gestantes não foram identificados e/ou não são classificados pelo FDA. Os resultados deste estudo são semelhantes aos descritos na literatura, onde as gestantes são expostas a uma grande variedade de medicamentos, sendo assim, é necessário melhorar a qualidade do atendimento a essa população, principalmente em relação a utilização de medicamentos, promovendo o seu uso racional. / Pregnant women can present health problems that often require the use of drugs. Therefore, the drugs utilization studies during pregnancy are relevant due to the potential risks that drugs can provide to the fetus, besides, they can prevent the indiscriminate use of drugs during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to describe drugs used during pregnancy for pregnant women in prenatal care in maternity of Ribeirão Preto - SP. A cross-sectional descriptive study was used. A total of 699 pregnant women who were at the minimum in the 30th week of gestation participated in the study. Data were collected from June 2008 to November 2008 using a structured form. For data collecting the pregnant women answered a structured form and previously tested with 44 questions including their socio-economic-demographic data, besides specific questions about their pregnancy and drugs used during it. The profile was a pregnant woman of mean age 24.9 years old, housewife, high schooled, living with a partner and on her second pregnancy. About 20% of pregnant women began prenatal care in their 12th week of gestation and 75.3% had at least six pre-natal consultations. From 699 pregnant women interviewed, the use of at least one drug during pregnancy was reported by 98% of them. The mean of the drugs used by pregnant woman was of 4.35. The drugs most used by the pregnant women were ferrous sulfate (70.4%), acetaminophen (57.8%), antitetanic and diphtheria vaccine (46.9%) and an ointment gynecology unidentified (31.9%). Only 20% of the pregnant women used folic acid during pregnancy. According to the FDA risk classification, of all drugs used by pregnant women, 20.55% belonged to category A risk, 25.20% to category B, 14.07% to category C, 1.85% to category D, 0.03% to category X and 38.30% of the drugs used by pregnant women were not identified or were not classified by the FDA. Thus, the findings of this study are similar to those described in the literature. Pregnant women have been exposed to a variety of drugs and there is a need to improve the quality of care to pregnant women in order to prevent potential risks to the fetus, especially in relation to the use of drugs.

Os estudos da utilização de medicamentos refletem o que acontece com os medicamentos num ambiente com variáveis não-controladas, ao contrário do que acontece nos ensaios clínicos. Dessa forma, este estudo visa determinar o consumo de psicofármacos, contextualizando-o com o crescimento populacional no município de Ribeirão Preto - SP no período de 2008 a 2012, bem como descrever o principal grupo consumidor. Para isto, este estudo observacional analítico transversal foi conduzido por meio do levantamento do uso de psicofármacos por meio dos bancos de dados Hygia (banco de dados da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto). Os medicamentos utilizados foram classificados de acordo com a classificação Anatômica Terapêutico Química (ATC) e suas quantidades foram expressas em Doses Diárias Definidas (DDD) a cada 1.000 habitantes por dia (DHD) e em Dose Diária Prescrita (DDP). Exceto para a faixa etária de 0 a 9 anos, em que o consumo tanto de medicamentos no geral quanto de psicofármacos foi maior ou igual para os homens; nas demais faixas etárias observa-se o consumo igual ou maior para todos os medicamentos, sendo o aumento no consumo correlacionado com o aumento da idade das mulheres. Para a maioria dos psicofármacos nota-se uma diferença significativa quando o valor da DDP foi comparado ao da DDD. Quando a taxa de aumento no consumo dos psicofármacos foi comparada a taxa do crescimento populacional, apenas o crescimento no consumo do clonazepam e da sertralina superam o crescimento populacional. Dessa forma, nota-se a importância de estabelecer comparações dos resultados encontrados dos trabalhos que avaliem a utilização de medicamentos com outras variáveis, como no caso, a taxa de crescimento populacional, para se ter uma real dimensão do seu aumento. / The drug utilization studies reflect what happens to the drug in an environment with non-controlled variables, unlike what happens in clinical trials. Thus, this study aims to determine the consumption of psychotropic drugs, contextualizing it with the population growth in RibeirãoPreto - SP from 2008 to 2012, as well as describing the main consumer group. Therefore, this cross-sectional analytical observational study was conducted through survey of the use of psychotropic drugs through databases Hygia (the RibeirãoPreto\'s Municipal database). The drugs used were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification (ATC) and their amount were expressed in Defined Daily Dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD) and Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD). Except for the age group 0-9 years, when the demand for both drugs in general and of psychotropic drugs was higher than or equal to men; in other age groups was observed a consumption equal to or greater for all medicines, the increase in consumption related with the increasing of women\' age. For most psychotropic drugs a significant difference was noticed when the value of PDD was compared to DDD. When increase rate in the consumption of psychotropic drugs was compared the rate of population growth, only the growth in consumption of clonazepam and sertraline exceed population growth.In this way, the importance of comparisons of the founded results of studies were highlighted; assessing the use of medications with other variables, as in the case, the rate of population growth, to have a real size of its increase.

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e analisar o perfil de medicamentos prescritos para a população cadastrada na área de abrangência do NSF-III, estabelecendo-se comparações segundo as prescrições dos serviços utilizados pelos usuários do NSF-III. Analisou-se a racionalidade dos fármacos prescritos através do desenvolvimento de um instrumento de avaliação da racionalidade de fármacos. Foram analisados dados de 3491 pacientes de 990 famílias cadastradas na área de abrangência do NSF-III. Destes, 1215 possuíam indicação de prescrição medicamentosa realizada pelo serviço (prevalência de 60,1%), 367 possuíam indicação de prescrição em outros serviços conveniados ao SUS e 230 possuíam indicação de prescrição em convênios privados. As classes terapêuticas com maior prevalência de prescrição no NSF-III foram os fármacos utilizados em quadros agudos e para os outros serviços foram fármacos utilizados em condições crônicas. Foi desenvolvido um instrumento com o objetivo analisar o grau de racionalidade para fármacos prescritos através de um sistema de pontuação efetuado para um número de fármacos que abrangesse não só os prescritos nos serviços de saúde analisados, mas também de outros que não apareciam nas prescrições analisadas, mas que fazem parte de listas de medicamentos essenciais e que são comumente utilizados na prática clínica. Os resultados mostram que aos fármacos que estão presentes nas listas essenciais foi atribuída pontuação maior em relação aos demais fármacos. O instrumento de análise da racionalidade de fármacos mostrou ser uma ferramenta de grande valor para analisar serviços em particular, ou comparar dados entre vários serviços, fornecendo assim parâmetros que possam ser determinadas medidas visando garantir a melhoria na qualidade das prescrições geradas nestes serviços. / The aim of the study was to describe and analyze the prescribing pattern of drugs by the population from family health setting (NSF-III), establishing comparison among prescription from health services used by the patients. Was analyzed the rationality of the prescribing drugs by de development of drug rationality evaluation tool. Data from 3291 patients (990 families) of the NSF-III were analyzed. From then, 1215 had drug prescription made by the setting (prevalence of 60.1 %), 367 had prescription from Brazilian health service and 230 from private healthcare services. The therapeutic subgroups with major prescription prevalence from NSF-III were the drugs used in non-chronic conditions (analgesics, anti-inflammatory) and the drugs for chronic condition in the other health services. A drug rationality evaluation tool was develop with the objective of evaluate the drugs by pointing the rationality of prescribing using parameters for this purpose. Not just the drugs prescribed by the healthcare services but other drugs, like some present on essential drug lists, were evaluated with this tool. The results shown that the tool can be a important way to analyze prescribing drugs and compare prescription patterns among healthcare settings and services, providing value information that can be used to interventional and educational measurements to guarantee the medication safety.

O crescente consumo de medicamentos psicoativos (MPA) pela população brasileira e mundial no século XXI, atrelado ao fato de que algumas dessas substâncias podem gerar dependência física e/ou psíquica nos sujeitos que os utilizam, apontam para a necessidade de desenvolver estudos epidemiológicos que forneçam subsídios para o planejamento de intervenções em saúde que garantam o uso racional desses medicamentos. Este estudo transversal visa estimar a prevalência e caracterizar o perfil de utilização de MPA entre usuários de medicamentos atendidos por todas as farmácias das unidades de saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP, relacionando esses achados com fatores associados ao consumo dessas substâncias. Uma amostra de 1355 usuários de medicamentos (psicoativos ou não) foi entrevistada nas filas das referidas farmácias de setembro a dezembro de 2012. Os pesquisadores coletaram dados sociodemográficos e relacionados à saúde dos indivíduos, além de registrarem todos os medicamentos contidos nas prescrições. Em seguida, três instrumentos foram aplicados para avaliar as variáveis clínicas (i) conhecimento dos indivíduos sobre a farmacoterapia, (ii) adesão à farmacoterapia e (iii) qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QdV). A prevalência de uso de MPA foi 31,0% (n=420), sendo que os mais prescritos foram antidepressivos (53,5%) e benzodiazepínicos (24,6%). A maioria dos usuários de MPA era do gênero feminino (81,9%), vivia com companheiro (52,6%), não trabalhava (70,7%), possuía plano de saúde privado (69,2%) e renda per capita de até um salário mínimo (54,0%), não realizava acompanhamento com psicólogo (93,3%), não praticava atividade física regular (78,3%), consumia café diariamente (81,0%), não consumia álcool (86,7%), não fumava (81,4%) e não encontrava-se em polifarmácia (62,4%). A idade média foi 54,5 (DP 13,9) e a escolaridade média correspondeu ao Ensino Fundamental incompleto. Pouco mais da metade dos usuários de MPA exibiram conhecimento satisfatório sobre a farmacoterapia e foram considerados aderentes (57,8% e 53,0%, respectivamente) e a maioria não apresentou QdV satisfatória (73,1%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre usuários de MPA e não usuários para as variáveis gênero, faixa etária, situação conjugal, moradia, situação profissional, cuidador, acompanhamento com psicólogo, atividade física regular, consumo de álcool, tabagismo, polifarmácia, conhecimento médio sobre a farmacoterapia, adesão média à farmacoterapia, QdV satisfatória, índice médio EQ- 5D e QdV autorreferida média. Os valores de odds ratio (OR) ajustados mostraram que os fatores associados positivamente com o uso de MPA foram gênero feminino (OR = 2,02; IC 95% 1,31; 3,11) e maior idade (ORref./idosos = 0,36; IC 95% 0,13; 0,99). Dentre os usuários de benzodiazepínicos, 51,1% relatou estar em uso desses MPA há dois anos ou mais, dos quais 55,1% eram idosos. Aproximadamente um em cada três indivíduos utilizava pelo menos um MPA no período estudado, sendo que idosos e mulheres apresentaram maiores chances de uso. Os MPA mais prevalentes foram os antidepressivos e os benzodiazepínicos, sendo a maioria dos usuários destes últimos estava em tratamento com esses MPA há mais de dois anos, dos quais mais da metade eram idosos / The increasing consumption of psychoactive drugs (PAD) in Brazil and worldwide, linked to the fact that some of these substances can cause physical and/or psychic dependence in their users, indicate the need to develop epidemiological studies providing support for planning of health interventions so as to ensure the rational use of these medicines. This cross-sectional study aims to estimate the prevalence and characterize the usage profile of PAD among drug users served by all health facilities\' pharmacies in Ribeirão Preto-SP, relating these findings with factors associated with the consumption of these substances. From september to december 2012, a sample of 1355 drug users (psychoactive or not) was interviewed while waiting in the pharmacies to get their medication. The researchers collected sociodemographic and health related data of individuals, in addition to registering all drugs contained in prescriptions. Then, three instruments were applied to assess the clinical variables (i) knowledge of pharmacotherapy, (ii) adherence to the pharmacotherapy and (iii) health related quality of life (QoL). The prevalence of PAD usage was 31,0% (n = 420), and the most prescribed were antidepressants (53,5%) and benzodiazepines (24,6%). Most PAD users were female (81,9%), lived with a partner (52,6%), did not have a job (70,7%), had a private health insurance (69,2%) and income per capita up to the minimum wage (54,0%), did not undergo follow-up with a psychologist (93,3%), did not practice regular physical activity (78,3%), consumed coffee daily (81,0%), did not consume alcohol (86,7%), did not smoke (81,4%) and were not found in polypharmacy (62,4%). The mean age was 54,5 (SD 13,9) and the average schooling corresponded to incomplete primary education. Over half of the users of MPA exhibited satisfactory knowledge about pharmacotherapy and were considered adherent (57,8% and 53,0%, respectively), and most showed no satisfactory QoL (73,1%). There was a statistically significant difference (p <0.05) between PAD users and nonusers for the variables gender, age, marital status, housing, employment status, caregiver, follow up with psychologist, regular physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, polypharmacy, average knowledge about pharmacotherapy, mean adherence to pharmacotherapy, satisfactory QoL, mean EQ-5D index and average self-reported QoL. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) showed that the factors positively associated with the PAD use were female gender (OR = 2,02; 95% CI 1,31; 3,11) and age (ORref./elderly = 0,36, 95% CI 0,13; 0,99). Considering benzodiazepines users, 51,1% reported being in use these PAD for at least two years, 55,1% of whom were elderly. Approximately one in three individuals used at least one PAD in the period studied, while the elderly and women were more likely to use. The most prevalent PAD were antidepressants and benzodiazepines, with most users of the latter receiving these MPA for over two years, of which more than half were elderly.

Orientador: Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo Francisco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:11:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_MarceloAntunes_M.pdf: 1564901 bytes, checksum: f7e3ecf4821c06b1c5f43ec0e9968920 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O padrão de utilização de medicamentos, bem como a automedicação, têm sido amplamente investigados em estudos epidemiológicos nacionais e internacionais. Considerando-se o acelerado envelhecimento populacional e a demanda por informações locais para o planejamento e a gestão em saúde, o objetivo do presente estudo foi contribuir para a investigação de fatores associados à automedicação em idosos, identificando os principais fármacos consumidos por esta população sem a prescrição de um profissional habilitado. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional realizado a partir de registros de indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, disponíveis na amostra do Inquérito de Saúde no município de Campinas (ISACamp) realizado em 2008-2009. Dos 1.515 idosos que responderam questões sobre medicamentos, 80,4% referiram uso de ao menos um medicamento nos três dias anteriores à pesquisa. Desses, 91,1% relataram consumo exclusivo de medicamentos prescritos e o restante (8,9%), uso simultâneo de prescritos e não prescritos. Após ajuste, idade > 80 anos, hipertensão arterial, presença de doenças crônicas, procura por serviços de saúde, realização de consultas odontológicas e filiação a plano médico de saúde estiveram associadas negativamente, e renda familiar per capita, positivamente à automedicação. Os fármacos sem prescrição mais consumidos foram dipirona, ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS), diclofenaco, Ginkgo biloba, paracetamol e medicamentos homeopáticos. Principalmente entre idosos, a assistência farmacêutica deve ser priorizada para evitar o uso incorreto de medicamentos e garantir o acesso aos fármacos necessários para a prevenção de agravos, tratamento e cura das doenças / Abstract: The pattern of drug use and self-medication, have been widely investigated in national and international epidemiological studies. Considering the rapid population aging and the demand for local information for planning and management in health, the objective of this study was to contribute to the investigation of factors associated with self-medication in older adults, identifying the main drugs consumed by this population without a prescription a qualified professional. A cross-sectional population-based study with clustered two-stage sampling was conducted from records of individuals aged 60 years or more, available in the sample of Health Survey in Campinas (ISACamp - 2008/2009). Of the 1,515 elderly studied, 80.4% reported using at least one drug duringthe three days preceding the survey. Of these, 91.1% reported the use of prescription drugs only and the remainder (8.9%) reported simultaneous use of prescribed and non prescribed drugs. After adjustment, a negative association between age > 80 years, hypertension, chronic diseases, use of health services, dental consultations and adherence to a medical plan,and self-medication was found, whereas a positive association was found with per capita income. Dipyrone, acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, Ginkgo biloba, paracetamol and homeopathic medicines were among the most used non-prescribed drugs. Pharmaceutical assistance should be provided as a priority to the elderly, to avoid the misuse of medicines and ensure access to the correct drugs for prevention, treatment and cure of diseases / Mestrado / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

L’amélioration de la surveillance de la sécurité des médicaments grâce à l’utilisation des bases de données médico-administratives est source de nombreuses promesses. L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer un système automatisé de détection et de priorisation des signaux de sécurité adapté aux bases de données médico-administratives, pour la surveillance de la sécurité des médicaments des maladies chroniques. Les antidiabétiques non insuliniques (ANI) ont été sélectionnés comme cas d’étude pour le développement et l’évaluation de ce système. Nous avons d’abord étudié le profil d’utilisation des ANI en France, et avons retrouvé un fort mésusage des inhibiteurs de la dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) ainsi qu’un risque accru de non observance avec ces derniers. Nous avons ensuite réalisé deux revues de la littérature qui nous ont permis de sélectionner, pour la détection, la méthode sequence symmetry analysis, et de construire, pour la priorisation, notre algorithme que nous avons structuré autour de la force, la nouveauté, l’impact du signal de sécurité, et les modalités d’utilisation du médicament. Nous avons enfin évalué, d’une part, les performances du système développé, dans une étude pilote sur les ANI qui a montré des résultats satisfaisants et permis d’identifier un nouveau signal de sécurité entre les inhibiteurs de la DPP-4 et les événements thromboemboliques veineux, et d’autre part, son acceptabilité auprès des décideurs de santé qui l’ont jugé positivement. Ces résultats nous invitent à poursuivre nos recherches sur l’amélioration et la validation du système développé. / The improvement of the surveillance of the drug safety by using healthcare databases is waited with hope for a decade. The objective of this thesis was to develop an automated system combining detection and prioritization of safety signals from healthcare databases, for the surveillance of drugs used in chronic diseases. Noninsulin glucose-lowering drugs (NIGLDs) were selected as a case study for the development and the assessment of the system. Firstly, we studied the patterns of use of the NIGLDs in France, and we found a large misuse with the dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and a higher risk of non-observance with their use. Secondly, we conducted two literature review, which allows us to select the sequence symmetry analysis for the detection and to develop our algorithm for the prioritization that we based on strength, novelty, impact of the safety signal, and patterns of drug use. Thirdly, we assessed the performance of the system, in a pilot study on NIGLDs that showed satisfying results and identified a new safety signal with the use of DPP-4 inhibitors and venous thromboembolic events, as well as its acceptability among stakeholders that judged it positively. These results invite us to pursue our researches to improve and to validate the developed system.

Parmi toutes les études/cohortes existantes en transplantation rénale, peu d’entre elles étudient l’impact des paramètres pharmacologiques. L’utilisation d’un auto-questionnaire, en complément du dossier médical, a été validée pour le recueil de ces données. La comparaison du dossier médical et des auto-questionnaires pour la déclaration des événements indésirables a permis de mettre en évidence des différences. Les infections étaient les événements indésirables les plus déclarés par les médecins alors que les patients n’en déclaraient que très peu. L’observance, évaluée par l’auto-questionnaire, diminuait entre la 1ère et la 3ème année post-greffe, tout comme la sensation d’euphorie et de renaissance. En effet, le score de qualité de vie (QdV) de la dimension « Santé mentale » du ReTransQol diminuait entre ces deux périodes. En revanche, la peur de la perte du greffon du patient augmentait comme démontrée par la diminution du score de QdV de la dimension « Peur de la perte du greffon ». La QdV, évaluée par des questionnaires génériques ou spécifiques aux greffés rénaux, est aussi un paramètre important à prendre en compte dans le suivi des patients. Les propriétés psychométriques de la 2nde version du ReTransQol, ainsi que sa reproductibilité et sa sensibilité aux changements ont été validées dès le 3ème mois post-transplantation rénale. L’étude de pharmaco-économie Ephegren, suite de la cohorte Epigren, va notamment étudier les rapports coût-efficacité et coût-utilité des stratégies immunosuppressives et anti-cytomégalovirus. Ainsi, des recommandations pourront être proposées afin d’homogénéiser les pratiques et diminuer les coûts de prise en charge des greffés rénaux. / Among all existing studies/cohorts in kidney transplantation, only a few study the impact of the pharmacological parameters. In addition to the clinical file, the use of a self-administered questionnaire has been validated to collect these data. Comparison between clinical file and self-administered questionnaire concerning the reporting of adverse events highlighted some differences. Infections were the most reported adverse events by the physicians while the patients declared only a few. Adherence evaluated with the self-administered questionnaire decreased between the first and third post-transplantation year and so did the feeling of euphoria and revival. The « Mental health » dimension of the quality of life (QOL) ReTransQol score decreased over this period. However patients’ fear of losing the graft increased as shown by the decrease of the « Fear of losing the graft » dimension of the QOL score. QOL, evaluated by generic and kidney-transplanted-specific questionnaires is also an important parameter that must be considered in patient follow-up. Psychometric properties of the second version of the ReTransQol, as well as its reproducibility and its sensitivity to changes have been validated as early as the 3rd post-kidney-transplantation month. The pharmacoeconomic study Ephegren, development of Epigren cohort, will study the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility ratio of immunosuppressive and anti-cytomegalovirus strategies. Guidelines will then be proposed to standardise the treatments and decrease the management costs of kidney-transplant recipients.

Abstract The elderly use drugs more commonly than younger persons. Many studies about drug use have concentrated on institutionalized elders. Knowledge of drug use by the oldest old, aged 85 years or over, is scant. Psychotropics are among the drugs most commonly used by the elderly. Psychotropics have many adverse effects, such as balance impairment, sedation, reduced cognition, depression, and extrapyramidal symptoms. We do not know the extent of sedative drug use, including psychotropics and drugs prescribed for somatic disorders that have sedative properties. Withdrawal of unnecessary drugs appears to be beneficial and to improve the functional capacities of the elderly. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in prescription drug use, polypharmacy, and psychotropic use among home-dwelling elderly Finns in the 1990s by using two cross-sectional community surveys. The specific aim was to classify all drugs used in Finland into four groups based on their sedative properties. Drug use, polypharmacy, and, to some extent, psychotropic use increased within a decade. The oldest old used prescription drugs most commonly. Polypharmacy was independently associated with higher age, and in 1998-99, with at least 3 chronic diseases, poor self-perceived health, and the use of home nursing services. Most psychotropic users were on regular medication. The use of hypnotics and antidepressants increased most. Persons with polypharmacy used significantly more commonly psychotropics compared to other people. Over 84-year-olds used psychotropics more commonly than younger persons. Sedative use was common, as 40 % of drug users used them. Sedative use was significantly more common among persons with polypharmacy than others. According to logistic regression models, the use of many sedatives was independently associated with age 80 years or over, female gender, chronic morbidity, smoking, poor self-perceived health/life satisfaction, and the use of home nursing. Both polypharmacy and abundant sedative use were associated with impaired physical functional abilities. Prescribers need to be aware of the increasing polypharmacy and abundant sedative use. Regular assessment of indications is needed to avoid overuse of drugs. Geriatric knowledge is needed to support health centers and specialized units in this demanding task.

Background Drug use has increased over recent decades, and is especially great among women and among people with mental health problems. To take advantage of the full potential of drugs and to avoid drug-related problems, drug prescription needs to be correct and the drugs need to be taken according to the prescribed regimens. Research on drug utilization is thus important to the public health. Aim To study the influence of gender and depression on drug utilization, prescription of drugs and self-reported use of drugs, i.e. adherence. Methods The thesis included two population-based questionnaires and data from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (SPDR) covering Swedish citizens 18-84 years. The questionnaire in Study I and II included items on prescription drug use and adherence to treatment regimens; Study II also included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for self-estimation of anxiety/depression. The questionnaire in Study III included the HADS and data from the SPDR on prescribed antidepressants. Study IV included data from the SPDR on all types of prescribed drugs. Results Men and women differed in non-adherent behaviours and reasons for non-adherence, for example, men were more likely to report forgetting to take the drug, while women were more likely to report adverse drug reactions (ADRs) as a reason for non-adherence. Further, both anxiety and depression were associated with non-adherence and with ADRs as a reason for non-adherence. In addition, men reported depression to a greater extent than women did but used antidepressants to a lesser extent, while women used antidepressants without reporting depression more often than men did, which may be a sign of under-treatment among men and over-treatment among women. Moreover, the associations between antidepressants and other types of drugs differed by gender; they were often specific, or stronger, in women than in men, which may be a sign of a gender difference in comorbidity between depression and other conditions. Conclusions Although the cross-sectional study design prevented confirmation of causality, the thesis found that gender and depression influence both prescription of drugs and adherence, and are thus important to pay attention to in clinical practice as well as research.