Das Ziel der Arbeit bestand in der Präparation von multifunktionellen phasenseparierten Blockcopolymerfilmen, die an der Oberfläche über polymeranaloge Reaktionen modifiziert werden können. Dafür wurden zunächst phasenseparierte Blockcopolymere über RAFT-Polymerisation synthetisiert, in die sowohl funktionelle als auch Vernetzergruppen integriert wurden. Als funktionelle Monomere kamen dabei Propargylmethacrylat, Propargyloxystyrol, Vinylbenzylchlorid und Pentafluorostyrol zum Einsatz. Die Vernetzergruppen wurden über die Monomere Vinylpyridin, Glycidylmethacrylat, 4-Benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenylmethacrylat und Dimethylmaleinimidobutylmethacrylat eingebaut. Die erhaltenen Polymere wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Molmasse und ihrer thermischen Eigenschaften mit GPC, NMR, DSC und TGA untersucht. Des Weiteren erfolgten polymeranaloge Reaktionen, wie die kupferkatalysierte Cycloaddition von Aziden an Alkinen, eine cäsiumvermittelte Veresterung der Vinylbenzylchloridgruppe mit Liponsäure als auch eine Substitution am Pentafluorostyrol mit Thiolen, an den synthetisierten Blockcopolymeren. Dünne Filme dieser Blockcopolymere wurden mit Rasterkraftmikroskopie untersucht und dabei teilweise Phasenseparation erhalten. Die Filme wurden darauf chemisch, thermisch als auch photochemisch vernetzt, um die erhaltenen Strukturen zu fixieren. Dabei konnte ein vollständiger Erhalt der Phasenstrukturen nicht erreicht werden. Allerdings zeigten die thermischen als auch photochemischen Vernetzungen die vielversprechendsten Ergebnisse.

No description available.

No description available.

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are important engineering materials due to their combination of good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, as a consequence of their ferrite content, DSSs are sensitive to the so-called ‘475°C embrittlement’, which is induced by phase separation, namely, the ferrite decomposed into Fe-rich ferrite (α) and Cr-rich ferrite (α'), respectively. The phase separation is accompanied with a severe loss of toughness. Thus, the ‘475°C embrittlement’ phenomenon limits DSSs’ upper service temperature to around 250°C. In the present work, Fe-Cr binary model alloys and commercial DSSs from weldments were investigated for the study of phase separation in ferrite. Different techniques were employed to study the phase separation in model alloys and commercial DSSs, including atom probe tomography, transmission electron microscopy and micro-hardness test. Three different model alloys, Fe-25Cr, Fe-30Cr and Fe-35Cr (wt. %) were analyzed by atom probe tomography after different aging times. A new method based on radial distribution function was developed to evaluate the wavelength and amplitude of phase separation in these Fe-Cr binary alloys. The results were compared with the wavelengths obtained from 1D auto-correlation function and amplitudes from Langer-Bar-On-Miller method. It was found that the wavelengths from 1D auto-correlation function cannot reflect the 3D nano-scaled structures as accurate as those obtained by radial distribution function. Furthermore, the Langer-Bar-On-Miller method underestimates the amplitudes of phase separation. Commercial DSSs of SAF2205, 2304, 2507 and 25.10.4L were employed to investigate the connections between phase separation and mechanical properties from different microstructures (base metal, heat-affected-zone and welding bead) in welding. Moreover, the effect of external tensile stress during aging on phase separation of ferrite was also investigated. It was found that atom probe tomography is very useful for the analysis of phase separation in ferrite and the radial distribution function (RDF) is an effective method to compare the extent of phase separation at the very early stages. RDF is even more sensitive than frequency diagrams. In addition, the results indicate that the mechanical properties are highly connected with the phase separation in ferrite and other phenomena, such as Ni-Mn-Si-Cu clusters, that can also deteriorate the mechanical properties. / <p>QC 20130308</p>

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第24983号 / 生博第512号 / 新制||生||68(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 荒木 崇, 教授 鈴木 淳, 教授 谷口 雄一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

L'homéostasie cellulaire implique une régulation fine de la production ainsi que de l'élimination des protéines. La dérégulation de cette homéostasie entraîne des effets néfastes touchant de nombreuses voies de signalisation et de métabolisme et pouvant conduire à diverses maladies telles que le cancer ou la neurodégénérescence. De ce fait, la dégradation des protéines est un processus hautement contrôlé effectué par le système ubiquitine-protéasome (UPS) qui permet le ciblage, l’étiquetage et la dégradation des protéines mal repliées, endommagées ou en fin de vie. Le protéasome est un complexe multiprotéique vital présent dans toutes les cellules eucaryotes dont la biogenèse, la fonction de dégradation et la régulation dans le cytoplasme sont bien connues. Cependant, la fonction du protéasome dans le noyau, notamment en réponse au stress, est encore peu comprise. Les cellules ont développé de nombreux mécanismes adaptatifs en réponse à la variation de l'apport en nutriments comme l’augmentation de la dégradation et le recyclage des protéines. Chez l’humain, le protéasome est dégradé dans le cytoplasme par autophagie lors d’une privation de nutriments mais les mécanismes de régulation du protéasome nucléaire en réponse au stress métabolique restent peu connus. Nous avons trouvé que le protéasome 26S et la sous-unité régulatrice PSME3 forment des foyers nucléaires dans différents types cellulaires de mammifère en réponse à une privation en nutriments. Les foyers, nommés SIPAN pour Starvation-Induced Proteasome Assemblies in the Nucleus, ne sont colocalisés avec aucune structure ou corps nucléaires connus. La formation des SIPAN est réversible lors d’une réintégration des nutriments, suggérant une réponse spécifique liée à un stress métabolique. La manipulation de la quantité d’acides aminés intracellulaire a révélé que les acides aminés non-essentiels jouent un rôle important dans la formation et la résolution des SIPAN. Une analyse métabolomique a permis de trouver des voies reliées au métabolisme des nucléotides et des acides aminés qui pourraient fournir des facteurs clés pour la dissipation des foyers du protéasome. Le fort dynamisme des SIPAN, la présence d’événements de fusion et leur instabilité vis-à-vis des conditions cellulaires suggèrent que les SIPAN résultent d’une séparation de phase liquide-liquide (LLPS). De plus, nous avons trouvé que l’ubiquitine conjuguée est présente dans les SIPAN et que l’ubiquitination et la déubiquitination semblent être impliquées dans la formation et la résolution, respectivement. Nous avons ensuite découvert que la perte du récepteur à l’ubiquitine RAD23B empêche la formation des SIPAN. En effet, les domaines de liaison au protéasome UBL et de liaison à l’ubiquitine UBA1/UBA2 sont nécessaires pour la formation des SIPAN. De manière intéressante, la perte de RAD23B ou du complexe régulateur PSME3 retarde l’induction de l’apoptose et promeut la survie cellulaire. Enfin, en utilisant un inducteur de l’apoptose, nous avons observé l’apparition de ces foyers du protéasome dans le noyau des cellules dont certaines caractéristiques sont similaires aux SIPAN. Notre étude aborde une question très importante dans la compréhension des rôles et du dynamisme du protéasome nucléaire, en particulier dans l'adaptation au stress, qui peut réguler le niveau des protéines nucléaires. De façon générale, cela nous aidera à mieux comprendre le rôle du protéasome dans l’homéostasie nucléaire et son implication dans les maladies humaines. / Cellular homeostasis involves specific regulation of the production as well as the elimination of proteins. The deregulation of this equilibrium leads to harmful effects affecting many signaling and metabolic pathways and can lead to various diseases, such as cancer or neurodegeneration. Hence, protein degradation is a highly controlled process performed by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that allows targeting, labeling and degradation of misfolded, damaged, or end-of-life proteins. The proteasome is a vital multiprotein complex found in all eukaryotic cells whose biogenesis, degradative function, and regulation in the cytoplasm are well known. However, the function of the proteasome in the nucleus, particularly in response to stress, is still poorly understood. Cells have evolved many adaptive mechanisms in response to varying nutrient supply such as increased protein degradation and recycling. In humans, the proteasome is degraded in the cytoplasm by autophagy during nutrient deprivation, but the regulatory mechanisms of the nuclear proteasome in response to metabolic stress remain poorly understood. We have found that the 26S proteasome and regulatory subunit PSME3 form nuclear foci in different mammalian cell types in response to nutrient deprivation. These foci, called SIPAN for Starvation-Induced Proteasome Assemblies in the Nucleus, do not colocalize with any known nuclear structures or bodies. The formation of SIPAN is reversible upon nutrient replenishment, suggesting a specific response to metabolic stress. Manipulation of the intracellular amino acid pool revealed that non-essential amino acids play important roles in the formation and resolution of SIPAN. A metabolomics study has identified pathways related to nucleotide and amino acid metabolism that may provide key factors for the dissipation of the proteasome foci. The strong dynamism of SIPAN, the presence of fusion events and their instability towards cellular conditions suggest that SIPAN result from liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Additionally, we have found that conjugated ubiquitin is present in SIPAN and that ubiquitination and deubiquitination appear to be involved in their formation and resolution, respectively. We then discovered that the depletion of the ubiquitin receptor RAD23B prevents the formation of SIPAN. Indeed, the UBL proteasome binding domain and UBA1/UBA2 ubiquitin binding domains are required for SIPAN formation. Interestingly, the depletion of RAD23B or the proteasome regulatory particle PSME3 delays the induction of apoptosis and promotes cell survival. Finally, we found that an apoptosis-inducing agent promotes proteasome foci formation in the nucleus of cells, and these organelles share similarities with SIPAN. Our study addresses a very important question in understanding the roles and dynamism of the proteasome in the nucleus, specifically during stress adaptation, which can regulate the level of nuclear proteins. In general, this will help us to better understand the role of the proteasome in nuclear homeostasis and its involvement in human diseases.

Die chloroplastidäre und mitochondriale Genexpression ist abhängig von einer großen Anzahl an RNA-Bindeproteinen (RBPs). Eine besonders abundante Familie sind die chloroplastidären Ribonukleoproteine (cpRNPs). Während Ziel-RNAs mehrerer cpRNPs und die Phänotypen entsprechender Mutanten beschrieben wurden, bleibt ihre molekulare Funktion weitgehend ungeklärt. In dieser Arbeit wurden Studien der cp29a Mutante durch genomweite Analysen erweitert. Diese legen nahe, dass die eigentliche Rolle von CP29A in phänotypisch erkennbarem Mutanten-Gewebe durch sekundäre Defekte maskiert wird. Um primäre Defekte zu identifizieren, wurden in vivo Bindestellen von CP29A mit einer neuen Chloroplasten-adaptierten Methode, die UV-Licht zur Quervernetzungen nutzt, bestimmt. Transkripte, die für Untereinheiten des Photosystem II und des Cytochrom-b6f-Komplexes kodieren, waren unter den Zielen von CP29A überrepräsentiert. Weiterhin wurden mehrere Bindestellen in Nachbarschaft zu Bindestellen von PPR-Proteinen identifiziert. Mit einer alternativen Methode, die chemische Quervernetzung nutzt, wurden Ziel-RNAs eines weiteren cpRNP, CP31A, identifiziert. Transkripte, die für Untereinheiten des NADH-Dehydrogenase Komplexes kodieren, waren überrepräsentiert. Diese Daten führten zu einer neuen Hypothese, die die Funktion von cpRNPs im Zusammenspiel mit PPR-Proteinen in der Prozessierung funktionell verwandter RNAs postuliert. Ein weiterer für die Genexpression relevanter Mechanismus ist die Bildung membranloser Kompartimente durch flüssig-flüssig Phasentrennung. Es wurde eine in silico Analyse durchgeführt, um organelläre Proteine mit Domänen, die auf flüssig-flüssig Phasentrennung hindeuten, zu identifizieren. Funktionen mit Bezug zu Genexpression, insbesondere RNA-Edierung, waren bei diesen Proteinen mit Prionen-ähnlichen Domänen (PLDs) überrepräsentiert. Zwei Kandidaten wurden auf ihre Neigung zur flüssig-flüssig Phasentrennung durch in vitro Experimente und in vivo Mikroskopie untersucht. / Gene expression in chloroplasts and mitochondria relies on a large number of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which are involved in the processing of polycistronic precursor transcripts. A particular abundant family are the chloroplast ribonucleoproteins (cpRNPs). While target RNAs and mutant phenotypes of several cpRNPs were described, insights on their molecular function remained sparse. In this thesis, analyses of cp29a mutants were extended by genome-wide transcriptome data, which suggest that in phenotypically noticeable mutant tissue the actual role of CP29A might be masked by secondary effects. To identify primary defects, in vivo binding sites of CP29A on its target transcripts were determined using a novel chloroplast-adapted approach using crosslinking by UV-light. Identified targets of CP29A are functionally enriched in mRNAs encoding subunits of the photosystem II and the cytochrome b6f complex. Moreover, several binding sites were identified in close proximity to characterized binding sites of PPR proteins. Using an alternative approach, employing chemical crosslinking, targets of another cpRNP, CP31A, were identified. Targets are enriched in genes encoding subunits of the NADH-like dehydrogenase complex. In combination, these data led to a novel hypothesis on the molecular function of cpRNPs working together with PPR proteins in the processing of functionally related RNAs. Another increasingly recognized mechanism in gene expression is the formation of membraneless organelles by liquid-liquid phase separation. An in silico screen for organellar proteins containing domains indicative of phase separation was performed. The identified set of proteins with prion-like domains (PLDs) is enriched in functions related to gene expression, particularly RNA-editing. Two selected candidate proteins were characterized for their propensity to undergo phase separation by in vitro phase separation assays and in vivo microscopy.

No description available.

For life to thrive, its fundamental units, i.e., the cells, need to reliably and robustly fulfill their function. However, cellular operability is challenged by the appearance of biological noise in the concentration of proteins and other cell components. This noise arises due to spontaneous fluctuations that are inherent to all chemical reactions. For small (mesoscopic) systems, like cells, these fluctuations can be significant and disturb cellular functions. Cells evolved mechanisms to control and reduce their internal noise. One way to reduce noise in eukaryotic cells is to exploit their internal structure and restrict noise to a particular organelle, thus reducing the noise in the rest of the cell. In recent years it was shown that many cell organelles could be formed by phase separation without the need for a membrane. Thus, it was suggested that phase separation could reduce concentration noise in cells. However, until now, any systematic investigation linking essential aspects of phase separation and concentration noise in cells has been lacking. This motivates the study of fluctuations in mesoscopic phase-separating systems. This thesis develops a generic theoretical model based on a thermodynamic description of phase separation. We consider a binary mixture that can phase separate into two phases - a liquid droplet surrounded by a phase, which we refer to as continuous phase. We merge this description with methods of stochastic chemical reactions in order to account for the active turnover of phase-separating material and, thus, for the non-equilibrium nature of living cells. The resulting framework allows us to study fluctuations due to chemical turnover and phase separation in and out of equilibrium of phase separation. We use this framework to investigate how a phase-separating system can reduce concentration noise for different reaction networks. We find that phase separation can reduce concentration noise in active mesoscopic systems like cells in both phases. When turnover dynamics are slow, concentration noise in the dilute phase can be lowered to the level of Poissonian fluctuations. For the dense phase, we find that noise can fall below the Poissonian threshold. When turnover rates become faster such that the system deviates from the equilibrium configuration, the noise reduction by phase separation becomes less efficient. We test our model on experimental data of an engineered protein expressed in living cells. We find a good agreement between the data and theory and demonstrate that phase separation is a viable mechanism for noise reduction in living cells. Thus, phase separation might play an essential part in ensuring the reliable control of cellular functions.

Duplex stainless steels, DSS are stainless steels that consist of the two phases austenite and ferrite.  The DSS have superb properties and are widely used in industries such as nuclear power and in pressure vessels, pipes and in pipelines.  The use of DSS are limited due to embrittlement which occurs at temperatures from 250 to 550 oC. This imposes a general limited service temperature of 250 oC. The mechanism mainly responsible for the embrittlement is a phase separation occurring in the ferrite phase. Furthermore, there is a direct link between the phase separation and the mechanical properties:  the ferrite hardness increases whereas the toughness decreases under low temperature aging.  In this thesis, the low-temperature embrittlement of duplex stainless  steels  was  studied  through  machine learning  modelling  and  experimental hardness-  and  microscopy measurements.   The  resulting  model  describes  the  data with an accuracy, R-squared = 0.94.  In combination with the experimental results, nickel  was identified  as  an  important  parameter  for  the  hardness  evolution.   This work aims to provide a fundamental study for understanding the importance of alloying elements on the phase separation in DSS, and provides a new methodology via a combination of machine learning and key experiments for the material design. / Duplexa rostfria stål är rostfria stål som består av de båda faserna ferrit och austenit. De har extraordinära egenskaper och används brett inom industrin, t ex. i kärnkraftverk och  i  tryckkärl  och  pipelines.  Användningen av  duplexa  rostfria stål  är  begränsad p.g.a.  försprödning som uppstår i legeringarna vid temperaturer mellan 250-550 oC, vilket  medför  att  den  tillåtna  temperaturen  vid  användning  begränsas  till  under 250 oC.  Den  främsta  orsaken  till  försprödningen  är  en  fasseparation  i  den  ferrita fasen under åldring vid låg temperatur.  Vidare leder fasseparationen till mekaniska förändringar i ferritfasen: hårdheten  ökar  medan  segheten  minskar.   I  den här  rapporten  undersöks försprödningen  av  duplexa  rostfria  stål  vid  åldring  med hjälp av datormodellering med maskininlärning samt av experimentella hårdhets- och mikroskopiska  mätningar.   Modellen  hade  en  noggrannhet  (determinationsko- efficienten,  R2)  på  0.94.   Resultatet  från  modellen  visade  tillsammans  med de  experimentella  resultaten  att  nickel  är  ett  legeringsämne  som  har  stor betydelse  för hårdhetsökningen.  Detta  arbete  syftar  till  att  utgöra  en grundläggande  studie  för att förstå påverkan från olika legeringsämnen på fasseparationer i DSS, och bidrar med en ny metodik för materialdesign som kombinerar maskininlärning och utvaldaexperiment. / EIT RawMaterial Project ENDUREIT