In dieser Arbeit werden Zufallsfeld-Ising-Modelle mit einem eingefrorenen dichotomen symmetrischen Zufallsfeld für den eindimensionalen Fall und das Bethe-Gitter untersucht. Dabei wird die kanonische Zustandssumme zu der eines einzelnen Spins in einem effektiven Feld umformuliert. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden das mulktifraktale Spektrum dieses effektiven Feldes untersucht, Übergänge im Spektrum erklärt und Ungleichungen zwischen lokalen und globalen Dimensionsbegriffen bewiesen, die eine weitgehend vollständige Charakterisierung des multifraktalen Spektrums durch eine Reihe von Schranken erlauben. Ein weiterer Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einer ähnlichen Charakterisierung des Maßes der lokalen Magnetisierung, das aus dem Maß des effektiven Feldes durch Faltung hervorgeht. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Faltung von Multifraktalen in einem allgemeineren Rahmen behandelt und Zusammenhänge zwischen den multifraktalen Eigenschaften der Faltung und denen der gefalteten Maße bewiesen. Im dritten Teil der Dissertation wird der Phasenübergang von Ferro- zu Paramagnetismus im Modell auf dem Bethe Gitter untersucht. Neben verbesserten exakten Schranken für die Eindeutigkeit des paramagnetischen Zustands werden im wesentlichen drei Kriterien für die tatsächliche Lage des Übergangs angegeben und numerisch ausgewertet. Die multifraktalen Eigenschaften des effektiven Felds im Modell auf dem Bethe-Gitter schließlich erweisen sich als trivial, da die interessanten Dimensionen nicht existieren. / In this work random field Ising models with quenched dichotomous symmetric random field are considered for the one-dimensional case and on the Bethe lattice. To this end the canonical partition function is reformulated to the partition function of one spin in an effective field. In the first part of the work the multifractal spectrum of this effective field is investigated, transitions in the spectrum are explained and inequalities between local and global generalized fractal dimensions are proven which allow to characterize the multifractal spectrum bei various bounds. A further part of the work is dedicated to the characterization of the measure of the local magnetization which is obtained by convolution of the measure of the effective field with itself. In this context the convolution of multifractals is investigated in a more general setup and relations between the multifractal properties of the convolution and the multifractal properties of the convoluted measures are proven. The phase transition from ferro- to paramagnetismus for the model on the Bethe lattice is investigated in the third part of the thesis. Apart from improved exact bounds for the uniqueness of the paramagnetic state essentially three criteria for the transition are developped and numerically evaluated to determine the transition line. The multifractal properties of the effective field for the model on the Bethe lattice finally turn out to be trivial because the interesting dimensions do not exist.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der elektrische Transport im Schwere-Fermionen-System YbRh2Si2 sowohl in seiner stöchiometrischen Form als auch mit teilweiser isoelektronischer Substitution von Ir oder Co auf dem Rh-Platz untersucht. In YbRh2Si2 liegt ein quantenkritischer Punkt vor, der zugänglich ist, indem der antiferromagnetische Phasenübergang mittels eines kleinen Magnetfelds zum absoluten Nullpunkt der Temperatur unterdrückt wird. Die zentralen Messungen des Hallkoeffizienten zeigen einen Übergang der in der Extrapolation zu T=0 zu einer Diskontinuität wird und somit auf eine Rekonstruktion der Fermifläche am quantenkritischen Punkt schließen lässt. Dies belegt die unkonventionelle Natur der Quantenkritikalität in YbRh2Si2. Unterstützt wird dies auf fundamentale Weise durch verknüpfungen mit unkonventionellem Skalierungsverhalten. In den Proben mit teilweiser Substitution wird der Einfluss einer Veränderung der Gitterparameter auf die Quantenkritikalität mit Hilfe von Widerstandsmessungen untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der magnetische Übergang von der Fermiflächenrekonstruktion separiert wird. Für Proben mit teilweiser Ir-Substitution, welche negativen Drücken entspricht, scheint im Zwischenbereich eine neuartige metallische Spinflüssigkeit hervorzutreten. / This work investigates the electrical transport of the heavy-fermion compound YbRh2Si2 in its stoichiometric form as well as with slight isoelectronic substitution of Ir or Co on the Rh site. A quantum critical point is present in YbRh2Si2 which is accessed by tuning the transition temperature of the antiferromagnetic order to absolute zero via the application of a small magnetic field. The central measurements of the Hall coefficient reveal a crossover which sharpens to a discontinuity in the extrapolation to zero temperature implying a reconstruction of the Fermi surface at the quantum critical point. This allows to rule out conventional descriptions of the quantum criticality in YbRh2Si2. A scaling analysis corroborates this on a fundamental basis. In the samples with partial substitution the effect of unit cell volume change on the quantum criticality was investigated by means of resistivity measurements. Surprisingly, the magnetic transition is separated from the Fermi surface reconstruction. For samples with Ir substitution corresponding to negative chemical pressure, a new metallic spin liquid seems to emerge in the intermediate regime.

Esta tese apresenta os estudos realizados quanto à síntese e caracterização de microgéis termo-responsivos de N-isopropilacrilamida (NIPAM) e macromoléculas de origem amilácea em sua composição, sistemas ainda pouco explorados na literatura. Inicialmente, nanopartículas de amido (SNP) foram preparadas por nanoprecipitação para incorporação nos microgéis de interesse, através da dissolução dos grânulos do amido em DMSO/H2O, aplicação de ultrassom e precipitação em não-solvente. As SNPs preparadas foram utilizadas como copolímero para formação de microgéis híbridos do tipo SNP-co-p(NIPAM) através de polimerização em emulsão na presença e na ausência de surfactante. A influência das SNPs nas propriedades dos microgéis foi estudada por MEV, DLS, PZ e SAXS, onde foram observadas mudanças no comportamento físico-químico e estrutura supramolecular dos microgéis. No geral, observaram-se deslocamentos da temperatura de transição de fase para valores maiores (até 35 °C, cerca de 3 °C acima do valor determinado para sistemas contendo p(NIPAM) puro), aumento da estabilidade coloidal e organização dos polímeros presentes no microgel em uma arquitetura caroço-casca. As propriedades de inchamento dos microgéis também foram estudadas através da teoria de Flory-Rehner, onde a temperatura theta e o grau de polimerização entre dois pontos de reticulação foram determinados através do ajuste apropriado do parâmetro de interação (χ). Paralelamente, visando um sistema diferente do descrito acima, foi estudado um novo agente de reticulação baseado nos polímeros do amido, a amilose e a amilopectina. Para isso, os polímeros do amido que compõem as nanopartículas foram modificados para a utilização como agente de reticulação na síntese de microgéis de p(NIPAM). Nesta etapa, uma reação de substituição dos grupos hidroxila dos polímeros do amido foi realizada com o cloreto de acriloíla de forma a inserir insaturações na estrutura dos polímeros, para que estes fossem aplicados como reticulante. O sucesso da reação de modificação foi verificado através de RMN 1H e FTIR, no qual um maior grau de substituição foi obtido quando um tempo maior de reação foi empregado. Microgéis de p(NIPAM) foram então preparados através de polimerização em emulsão utilizando os reticulantes sintetizados. Observou-se a influência do grau de substituição e da concentração do reticulante nos microgéis, analisados por MEV, DLS e UV-Vis com controle de temperatura. As principais mudanças foram relativas à temperatura de transição de fase e tamanho dos microgéis. Utilizando o agente de reticulação com maior grau de substituição, foi possível deslocar a temperatura de transição de fase dos microgéis preparados para valores maiores (35 °C, cerca de 3 °C acima do valor determinado para sistemas contendo p(NIPAM) puro). Observou-se também uma resposta mecânica da rede do microgel, que refletiu no tamanho das partículas, influenciada pela concentração dos agentes de reticulação e do grau de substituição. Quanto maior a concentração e o grau de substituição do agente de reticulação, maior a resistência ao intumescimento observado no microgel. / This thesis presents the studies regarding the synthesis and characterization of thermoresponsive microgels of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and amylaceous-based macromolecules, which are systems still little explored in the literature. At first, starch nanoparticles (SNP) were prepared by nanoprecipitation, through dissolution of starch granules in DMSO/H2O, ultrasound application and non-solvent precipitation. SNPs were then used as copolymer in SNP-co-p(NIPAM) hybrid microgels synthesized by emulsion polymerization in the presence and absence of surfactant. The influence of SNPs in microgel properties were studied by SEM, DLS, ZP, and SAXS, where changes in the physicalchemical behavior and supramolecular structure were observed. Summing up, shifts in the phase transition temperature up to 35 °C, increased colloidal stability, and microgel polymers organization into a core-shell structure were observed. Microgels swelling behaviour were also studied by the Flory-Rehner theory, where the theta-temperature and the degree of polymerization between two crosslinker points were determined through interaction parameter (χ) fitting. In parallel, a new starch-based crosslinker was studied. For this purpose, starch polymers (amylose and amylopectin within the SNPs) were modified in order to use them as crosslinker in p(NIPAM) microgel synthesis. In this step, a substitution reaction in hydroxyl groups of SNP was carried out with acryloyl chloride, where double bonds were attached in polymers structure, making it suitable as a crosslinker. Reaction performances were evaluated through 1H NMR and FTIR. Then, p(NIPAM) microgels were prepared by emulsion polymerization using the crosslinker synthesized. The degree of substitution and the crosslinker concentration influence were verified and analyzed by SEM, DLS and UV-Vis with temperature control. The main observed changes were related to the phase transition temperature e microgels size. Using the crosslinker with higher substitution degree, it was possible the shift of the phase transition temperature to higher values (~35 °C). A mechanical response, observed trough microgels size, was found, driven by the crosslinker concentration and substitution degree. As higher the concentration and substitution degree of the crosslinker, higher was the swelling resistance observed in microgel structure.

La spintronique antiferromagnétique est un domaine de recherche émergent dans le secteur des technologies de l'information. Ce domaine exploite la combinaison unique de propriétés dans les matériaux antiferromagnétiques. Leur grande fréquence d'excitation, leur robustesse face à des champs extérieurs, une aimantation totale nulle et la possibilité de générer de forts effets de magnéto-transport les rendent particulièrement intéressants. Le transfert de spin, le couplage spin-orbite et les effets caloritroniques constituent les phénomènes qui ont façonné une grande partie de la recherche et des développements récents en spintronique. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les effets de transfert et de pompage de spin dans des antiferromagnétiques métalliques et isolants au moyen de la technique de résonance ferromagnétique, dans des tricouches du type injecteur de spin ferromagnétique - NiFe, CoFeB / (conducteur de spin - Cu / absorbeur de spin antiferromagnétique - IrMn, NiFeOx, NiO. Les mesures de la dépendance en température de la relaxation ferromagnétique ont révélé un nouvel effet de pompage de spin associé aux fluctuations linéaires lors de la transition de phase magnétique de l'antiferromagnétique, quel que soit l'état électronique et la nature du transport de spin. Cela ouvre de nouvelles voies pour un pompage de spin plus efficace, tout en fournissant une méthode polyvalente pour mesurer la température critique des films ultra-minces à aimantation totale nulle. Dans le but de mesurer à la fois les fluctuations de spin linéaires et non linéaires dans l'antiferromagnétique, nous avons effectué des mesures électriques dans une configuration de mesure du type ‘spin Hall’. Une dépendance en température non-monotone inédite de la tension dc transverse a parfois été observée. Elle est principalement associée aux propriétés d’un ferromagnétique spécifique: le Permalloy, sans rapport avec les effets de rectification de spin. Ces résultats s'ajoutent à une littérature croissante sur l'absorption d’un courant de spin, soulignant la capacité des ferromagnétiques à agir comme détecteurs de courant de spin émis à la suite de phénomènes impliquant une dynamique d’aimantation. Finalement, nous avons utilisé le couplage d'échange pour étudier et ensuite façonner les propriétés magnétiques et électriques de plusieurs antiferromagnétiques destinés à diverses applications spintroniques, y compris la lecture par magnétorésistance tunnel anisotrope. / Antiferromagnetic spintronics is an emerging research field in the area of information technology that exploits the unique combination of properties of antiferromagnets. It is their high excitation frequency, robustness against external fields, zero net magnetization and possibility of generating large magneto-transport effects that makes them so interesting. Spin transfer, spin-orbit coupling and spin caloritronics constitute the phenomena that have shaped much of the recent research and development towards pure antiferromagnetic spintronics. Here we investigate spin transfer torque and spin pumping in both metallic and insulating antiferromagnets by means of ferromagnetic resonance technique, in ferromagnetic spin injector – NiFe, CoFeB / (spin conductor – Cu) / antiferromagnetic spin sink – IrMn, NiFeOx, NiO trilayers. Temperature dependence measurements of the ferromagnetic relaxation revealed a novel spin pumping effect associated to the linear fluctuations at the magnetic phase transition of the antiferromagnet, regardless its electronic state and the nature of the spin transport. This opens new ways towards more efficient spin pumping, while providing at the same time a versatile method to probe the critical temperature of ultrathin films with zero net magnetization. Next, in an effort to probe linear as well as non-linear fluctuations in the antiferromagnet we conducted electrical measurements in spin Hall geometry. A novel non-monotonous temperature dependence of transverse dc voltage was sometimes observed, mostly associated to the properties of a specific ferromagnet: Permalloy, unrelated to spin rectification effects. These findings add to a growing body of literature on spin current absorption, highlighting the ability of ferromagnets to act as spin current detectors, in phenomena involving magnetization dynamics. Finally, we used exchange bias to investigate and subsequently engineer the magnetic and electric properties of various antiferromagnets intended for diverse spintronic applications including reading via tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance.

Au cours des dernières années, les perovskites hybrides organiques-inorganiques ont été employées en tant qu’absorbeurs de lumière, en raison de leurres excellentes propriétés optiques et électroniques. L’efficacité de conversion des photons des cellules solaires hybrides à base de perovskites a augmenté de 6,9% à 23,6% au cours des dernières années. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier les propriétés optiques et électroniques des perovskites à l’aide de spectroscopie magnéto-optique. Nous avons étudié la relation entre les propriétés excitoniques et la microstructure des perovskites hybrides. Nous avons effectué des mesures de magnéto-transmission sur des couches minces polycristallines de MAPbI3 et des mesures de magnéto-réflectivité sur un monocristal de MAPbI3. Nous avons monté que, à basse température, l’énergie de liaison de l’exciton et sa masse réduite sont les mêmes pour tous les échantillons de MAPbI3 indépendamment de la taille des cristaux.Ensuite, nous avons étudié les propriétés électroniques des perovskites entièrement inorganiques, à savoir les composés CsPbX3 (X = I ou Br ou un mélange de ceux-ci). En effectuant des mesures de magnéto-transmission sur CsPbX3, nous avons déterminé les énergies de liaison de l’exciton et la masse réduite avec une grande précision. Une comparaison des valeurs de constante diélectrique des perovskites inorganiques et inorganiques montre que, à basse température lorsque les mouvements des cations organiques sont interdits, la contribution dominante à l’écrantage diélectrique estliée au mouvement relatif dans la cage à base de halogénures de plomb. / Optical and electronic properties. The photon conversion efficiency of hybrid perovskite based solar cells has increased from 6.9% to 23.6% within the last few years. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the optical and electronic properties of perovskite materials using magneto-optical techniques. We have investigated the relationship between the excitonic properties and the microstructure of hybrid perovskites. We have performed magneto-transmission measurement on MAPbI3 polycrystalline thin films and magneto-reflectivity measurement on a MAPbI3 single crystal. We find that, at low temperature, the exciton binding energy and reduced mass are the same for all MAPbI3 samples with a variety of crystal grain sizes.We have also investigated the electronic properties of the fully inorganic perovskites, namely CsPbX3 compounds (X = I or Br or a mixture of those). By performing the magneto-transmission measurement on CsPbX3, we have determined the exciton binding energies and reduced mass with high accuracy. A comparison of the values of dielectric constant for the fully inorganic and the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites indicates that, at low temperature when the organic cations are frozen, the dominant contribution to the dielectric screening is related to the relative motion within the lead halide cage.

Nous étudions le modèle O (N) relativiste, une généralisation quantique de la théorie φ⁴ utilisée en physique statistique pour étudier des transitions de phase. Ce modèle décrit certaines transitions de phase quantiques telles que la transition isolant de Mott-superfluide dans un gaz de bosons piégés dans un réseau optique ou la transition paramagnétique-antiferromagnétique dans un aimant. En deux dimensions d’espace, ces systèmes sont fortement corrélés près de la transition. Nous les étudions à l’aide du groupe de renormalisation non perturbatif, une formulation du groupe de renormalisation de Wilson. Nous nous intéressons aux propriétés universelles au voisinage de la transition de phase quantique à température nulle. Ainsi, nous déterminons les fonctions d’échelle universelles qui définissent la thermodynamique et démontrons que ces fonctions sont reliées à celles décrivant la force de Casimir critique dans un système classique tridimensionel. Ensuite, nous étudions le spectre d’excitation dans la phase ordonnée à température nulle. Pour N = 2 et 3, nous établissons l’existence d’un mode d’amplitude aussi appelé « mode de Higgs » par analogie avec le mécanisme de Higgs en physique des hautes énergies. Pour N = 1, nous montrons l’existence d’un état lié pour des dimensions proches de trois. Enfin, nous calculons la dépendance en fréquence de la conductivité à température nulle et confirmons son universalité, en particulier à la transition. Nous établissons que l’une des composantes du tenseur de conductivité dans la phase ordonnée est une quantité « superuniverselle », ne dépendant ni de la distance au point critique ni de N. / We study the relativistic O (N) model, a quantum generalization of the φ⁴ theory used in statistical physics to study some phase transitions. This model describes quantum phase transitions such as the Mott insulator-superluid transition in boson gases trapped in optical latices or the paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition in magnets. In two space dimensions, these systems exhibit strong correlations near the transition. We study them using the nonperturbative renormalization group, an implementation of Wilson’s renormalization group. We focus on the universal properties in the vicinity of the zero-temperature quantum phase transition. We determine the universal scaling functions which define the thermodynamics and we show that these functions are related to those describing the critical Casimir forces in a three-dimensional system. Then, we study the excitation spectrum in the zero-temperature ordered phase. For N = 2 and 3, we establish the existence of an amplitude mode, also called “Higgs mode” by analogy with the Higgs mechanism in high-energy physics. For N = 1, we show the existence of a bound state at dimensions close to three. Finally, we compute the frequency-dependent conductivity at zero temperature and confirm its universal character, in particular at the transition. We prove that one of the components of the conductivity tensor in the ordered phase is a “superuniversal” quantity depending neither on the distance to the critical point nor on N.

Le processus de contact est l'un des systèmes de particules en interaction les plus étudiés. Il peut s'interpréter comme un modèlepour la propagation d'un virus dans une population ou sur un réseau. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la relation entre la structure locale du réseau et le comportement global du processus sur le réseau tout entier.Le cadre typique dans lequel on se place est celui d’une suite de graphes aléatoires $(G_n)$ convergeant localement vers un graphe limite $G$.On étudie alors le comportement asymptotique du temps d’extinction $tau_n$ du processussur $G_n$; lorsqu’initialement tous les individus sont infectés. Nous montrons sur plusieurs exemples qu’il existe unetransition de phase lorsque $lambda$ - le taux d'infection du processus - traverse une valeur critique $ lambda_c (G)$, qui ne dépend que de $G$.Plus précisément, pour certains modèles de graphes aléatoires comme le modèle de configuration, le graphe d'attachement préférentiel, le graphe géométrique aléatoire, le graphe inhomogène, nous montrons que $ tau_n $ est d'ordre soit logarithmique soit exponentiel; selon que $ lambda$ est soit inférieur ou supérieur à $lambda_c (G) $.De plus, dans certains cas, nous montrons des résultats de métastablité: en régime sur-critique, $ tau_n $ divisé par son espérance converge en loi vers une variable aléatoire exponentielle de moyenne $1$, et la densité des sites infectés reste stable (et non nulle) sur une période de temps d’ordre typiquement $tau_n$. / The contact process is one of the most studied interacting particle systems and is also often interpreted as a model for the spread of a virus in a population or a network. The aim of this thesis is to study the relationship of the local structure of the network and the global behavior of the contact process (the virus) on the whole network. Let $(G_n)$ be a sequence of random graphs converging weakly to a graph $G$. Then we study $tau_n$, the extinction time of the contact process on $G_n$ starting from full occupancy. We prove in some examples that there is a phase transition of $tau_n$ when $lambda$ - the infection rate of the contact process crosses a critical value $lambda_c(G)$ depending only on $G$. More precisely, for some models of random graphs, such as the configuration model, preferential attachment graph, random geometric graph, inhomogeneous graph, we show that $tau_n$ is of logarithmic (resp. exponential) order when $lambda < lambda_c(G)$ (resp. $lambda < lambda_c(G)$). Moreover, in some cases we also prove metastable results: in the super-critical regime, $tau_n$ divided by its expectation converges in law to an exponential random variable with mean $1$, and the density of the infected sites is stable for a long time.

Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST) is an established phase-change material that undergoes fast reversible transitions between amorphous and crystalline states with a high electro-optical contrast, enabling applications in non-volatile optical and electronic memories and optically-switchable structured metamaterials. This work demonstrates that optical anisotropy can be induced and recorded in pure and doped GST thin films using circularly polarised light (CPL), opening up the possibility of controlled induction of anisotropic phase transition in these and related materials for optoelectronic and photonic applications. While the amorphous-to-crystalline phase transition in GST has generally been understood to proceed via a thermal mechanism, significant optical anisotropy (measured by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in this work) strongly suggests that there is an electronic athermal component of the phase change induced by the handedness of circularly polarised nanosecond laser pulses and implies the existence of chiral structures or motifs. Optically active and inactive regions in the films have also been studied using X-ray and electron diffraction and spectroscopic techniques in order to obtain a structural picture that can be correlated to the optical changes observed and the findings offer surprising evidence of the nature of the phase transition. Regions exhibiting higher CD signal intensities were found to be mostly amorphous with elemental phase separation observed within modified surface features. Several mechanisms are proposed for the observed phenomena, including the retention of chiral crystalline fragments in laser- irradiated and melt-quenched amorphous regions, which could explain the results of CD spectroscopy. This may be extended to other material systems and harnessed in potential metamaterials, plasmonics, photonics or chiroptical applications.

The Heavy fermion URu2Si2 compound have attracted much interest in the last decades due to its unusual behaviors and still an unsolved problem in Condensed Matter Physics. Specific heat measurements in URu2Si2 compounds show that when the temperature is decreased the system undergoes a phase transition at 17,5K and another phase transition at 1,5K. The phase transition at 1,5K leads the system to a superconducting state. On the other hand, the phase transition at 17,5K leads the system to a unclear order known as Hidden Order. In the last three decades, URu2Si2 the system has been intensively experimental and theoretical investigated, nevertheless, the nature of the hidden order is still unclear. In presence of an external magnetic field Hz, the URu2Si2 system presents a interesting behavior. In particular, there are experimental results for the specific heat showing that above 25T, the specific heat anomaly becomes very sharp and narrow and loses its second-order character.Recentily proposed a theory based in the underscreened Anderson Lattice Model. Such theory has been also used to study a minimal model proposed to describe the hidden order in the URu2Si2 system. In the present work, the effects of an external magnetic field Hz on the specific heat of a minimal model are investigated. The specific heat has been calculated from the second-derivative of the Helmholtz Free-energy with respect to the temperature. For magnetic fields below approximately 28T, the present results show a second order character for the specific heat. However, for magnetic fields above 28T, the specific heat becomes very sharp and narrow indicating that the system reached a region of first-order transition. It is also important to note that these results are, at least, in qualitatively agreement with experimental results. / O composto férmion pesado URu2Si2 tem atraído muito interesse nas últimas décadas devido ao seu comportamento incomun, sendo ainda um problema não resolvido em Física da Matéria Condensada. Medidas de calor específico em compostos URu2Si2 mostram que, quando a temperatura é diminuída, o sistema sofre uma transição de fase a 17,5K e outra transição de fase a 1,5K. A transição de fase a 1,5 K leva o sistema para um estado supercondutor. Por outro lado, a transição de fase a 17,5 K leva o sistema para um estado conhecido como Ordem Oculta. Nas últimas três décadas, o sistema URu2Si2 tem sido intensamente investigado tanto experimental, como teoricamente, no entanto, a natureza da Ordem Oculta ainda não é clara. Na presença de um campo magnético externo Hz, o sistema URu2Si2 apresenta um comportamento interessante. Em particular, existem resultados experimentais para o calor específico, mostrando que, acima de 25T, o pico do calor específico torna-se muito intenso e estreito, perdendo o seu carácter de segunda ordem. Recentemente foi proposta uma teoria baseada no Modelo de Anderson Underscreened . Tal teoria foi também utilizada para estudar um modelo mínimo proposto para descrever a Ordem Oculta no sistema URu2Si2. No presente trabalho, os efeitos de um campo magnético externo, Hz, no calor específico de um modelo mínimo, são investigados. O calor específico foi calculado a partir da derivada segunda da energia livre de Helmholtz em relação à temperatura. Para campos magnéticos abaixo de aproximadamente 28T, os presentes resultados mostram uma característica de segunda ordem para o calor específico. No entanto, para campos magnéticos acima de 28T, o pico do calor específico torna-se muito intenso e estreito, o que indica que o sistema atingiu uma região de transição de primeira ordem. É importante ressaltar que estes resultados estão, pelo menos, qualitativamente de acordo com os resultados experimentais.

L'influence du désordre sur les phénomènes critiques est jusqu'à présent essentiellement étudiée théoriquement. La motivation principale de ces études est de comprendre dans quelle mesure la différence de comportement entre les systèmes réels et les modèles théoriques idéaux résulte du désordre. Cette thèse aborde ce problème expérimentalement en étudiant la condensation de l'hélium 4 dans un aérogel de silice. En effet, ce système offre la possibilité de contrôler continûment l'influence du désordre. Plus précisément, nos résultats indiquent que ce phénomène est une réalisation expérimentale du modèle d'Ising avec champ aléatoire (Random Field Ising Model, RFIM) athermique étudié par Sethna et coll. (Phys. Rev. Lett., 70, 3347 (1993)). Pour cela, nous observons deux propriétés spécifiques à ce modèle, en accord avec les simulations numériques effectuées par Detcheverry et coll. sur un modèle de gaz sur réseau (Phys. Rev. E, 72, 051506 (2005)) : l'existence de points critiques contrôlés par le désordre ainsi que la mémoire du point de demi-tour (Return Point Memory, RPM). Les points critiques se manifestent par un changement de forme des isothermes d'adsorption mesurées par diffusion de la lumière. Nous avons mis au point une technique utilisant la grande sensibilité du speckle à la configuration microscopique locale des domaines liquide-gaz en vue de détecter les avalanches prédites par le modèle de Detcheverry et coll. Bien qu'aucune avalanche individuelle n'ait pu être isolée de façon claire, cette méthode a permis la première mise en évidence du RPM microscopique dans un système expérimental, justifiant ainsi le caractère athermique du système. Ces mesures sont les premières à observer le comportement du RFIM athermique dans un système non-magnétique. / Up to now, the effect of disorder on critical phenomena has been mainly studied theoretically. The motivation of these studies is to understand to what extent the difference between the behavior of the real systems and the ideal theoretical models is due to disorder. This thesis addresses this problem experimentally through the condensation of helium 4 in silica aerogels. This system provides the opportunity to tune the disorder strength. More precisely, we show that this phenomenon is an experimental realization of the athermal Random Field Ising Model (RFIM) studied by Sethna et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., 70, 3347 (1993)). To this end, we observe two properties of this model, in agreement with numerical simulations done by Detcheverry et al. on a lattice gas model (Phys. Rev. E, 72, 051506 (2005)): the existence of disorder driven critical points and the Return Point Memory (RPM). The change of shape of the adsorption isotherms measured by light scattering is interpreted as the signature of the disorder driven critical points. In order to detect the avalanches predicted by the Detcheverry et al.'s model, we have developed a technique based on the great sensitivity of the speckle patterns to the local microscopic liquid-gas domains. Although no single avalanche could be clearly resolved, this method allowed the first observation of microscopic RPM in an experimental system, showing the athermal character of the system. These are the first measurements to exhibit the athermal RFIM behavior in a non-magnetic system.