In the theatre field, Bertolt Brecht could be counted as a representation of cross-cultural phenomenon. His Verfremdungseffekt theory, Marxist beliefs and wide application of Chinese elements made him a significant stop for every person in theatre who has a passion for Chinese culture. For this reason, I am studying Brecht as a representative innovator who adapted the Eastern Asian elements, especially those from China, into his work, to illustrate this cultural phenomenon and the artistic achievement of his works as well. As an old saying in the Confucian Analects, “Isn’t it delightful to have friends coming from far away? ”, Brecht is like an old friend of China even though he never went to there. Since his works have been introduced into China from 1930s to 1940s, research of Brecht experienced ups and downs through the different political eras. Even now, Brecht’s theory and practice still has a deep impact on the Chinese drama. I particularly focus on Brecht’s works toward China, and try to illustrate them based on the former research from the European and American scholars as well as from Chinese scholars. I will clarify the Chinese traditional philosophy as the foundation of the whole thesis as well as the beginning of the first chapter, and analyze the Chinese-styled abstraction of Brecht’s poetry. In Chapter Two, I will illuminate the interaction between Brecht and traditional Chinese opera based on Huang Zuolin’s research. In addition, I will clarify the long-term misunderstanding that Chinese drama had for Brecht. In Chapter Three, I will focus on A Good Woman of Sichuan and The Caucasian Chalk Circle as representations to interpret the relationship between Brecht’s and the original versions as well as the Chinese philosophy that Brecht’s version has employed. Finally, the conclusion contains not only the summary, but also the possibilities for Brecht research in the future. Hopefully my work could balance both the objective truth and my personal thoughts, and contribute to the ones who may need them in the future.

Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo dos agenciamentos indígenas acerca da questão da diferença, mais especificamente, dos processos de diferenciação entre os vários sujeitos que compõem os \"mundos vividos\" na região das Guianas. Parto de uma análise de variações míticas sobre a origem das cores dos pássaros, a origem dos grafismos e as sócio-gêneses, para em seguida lançar um olhar sobre a centralidade da produção de diferenças nas práticas sociais da região. Ao enfocar o tema da oscilação permanente entre contínuo e descontínuo, reúno em uma mesma geometria as mitologias e as sociocosmologias. / This study concerns indigenous agency around the question of difference, and more specifically, around processes of differentiation among the various persons that make up the \"lived worlds\" found in the region of the Guianas. The study takes as its starting point an analysis of variations in myths concerning the origins of the colours of birds, graphic patterns and human collectives, and goes on to explore the importance of the production of difference within social practices seen throughout the region. In focussing on the theme of permanent oscillation between the continuous and the discontinuous, the study brings together mythologies and sociocosmologies within a single frame of reference.

Many American preschool children enter kindergarten without the emergent literacy skills needed to learn to read. To address this problem, this multicase qualitative study investigated the emergent literacy practices at Steiner Waldorf-inspired and Reggio Emilia-inspired schools. The research questions focused on how alternative preschool philosophies help staff cultivate emergent literacy skills in young children. The conceptual framework came from Piaget's cognitive development theory, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. The study included eight participants from two Reggio Emilia-inspired and two Steiner Waldorf-inspired preschools. Data were collected through open-ended interviews, observations, and analyses of de-identified student work, then subjected to thematic cross-case analysis. Regarding the role of the two philosophies in the development of emergent literacy skills, findings indicated that teachers cited the philosophies leading them to honor their students, focus on the development of the whole child, and act as facilitators for children's oral language development through play. Regarding how program staff apply their program philosophies to creating emergent literacy through the learning environment key, the findings showed that both Steiner Waldorf-inspired and Reggio Emilia-inspired staff viewed the environment as another teacher. Reggio Emilia-inspired staff carefully organized the indoor and outdoor learning environments to provide numerous opportunities for authentic experiences and play, while Waldorf-inspired staff was more likely to draw from nature itself to create opportunities for imaginary play. When children start school with a solid foundation in emergent literacy, they are more likely to be successful readers.

<p><italic>Imagined Islands: A Caribbean Tidalectics</italic> confronts islands -at once as a problem, a concept, and a historical and mythical fact and product- by generating a tidalectical encounter between some of the ways in which islands have been imagined and used from without, primarily in the interest of the advancement of western capitalist coloniality, and from within, as can be gathered from Caribbean literatures. The perspective from without, predominantly based on negation, is explored in Section 1 using examples of islands in the Mediterranean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic, as well as a few canonical texts in various academic discourses. Section 2 discusses the perspective from within, an affirmative and creative counter-imagination on/of islands. Emerging from literary work by Derek Walcott, Edgardo Rodríguez Juliá, Édouard Glissant, and Alejo Carpentier, the chapters in Section 2 are organized around three key concepts associated with insularity -tropical light, the coast, and the sea/ocean- and the ways in which they force a rearrangement of enduring philosophical concepts: respectively, vision and sense perception, time and space, and history.<br><p> <italic>Imagined Islands'</italic> Introduction establishes, (1) the stakes of a project undertaken from an immanent perspective set in the Caribbean; (2) the method, inspired chiefly by Kamau Brathwaite's concept of <italic>tidalectics</italic>; (3) the epistemological problems posed by islands; (4) an argument for a different understanding of history, imagination, and myth inspired by Caribbean texts; and, (5) an overview of the academic debates in which <italic>Imagined Islands</italic> might make a significant contribution. The first section, "Islands from Without," comprising Chapter 1, provides an account of a few uses and imaginations of islands by capitalist coloniality as they manifest themselves both in the historical and the mythical imaginary realms. I focus on five uses and imaginations of islands (entrepôt island, sugar island, strategic island, paradise island, and laboratory island), with specific examples from the Mediterranean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic, and from five canonical texts ascribed to different disciplinary discourses: Plato's "Atlantis," Thomas More's <italic>Utopia</italic>, Daniel Defoe's <italic>Robinson Crusoe</italic>, Charles Darwin's <italic>The Origin of the Species</italic>, and Margaret Mead's <italic>Coming of Age in Samoa</italic>. I argue, on the one hand, that a dominant idea of the island based on negation (lack, dependency, boundedness, isolation, smallness, remoteness, among other characteristics) has coalesced in the expansionist and exploitative interests of capitalist coloniality, despite the fundamental promiscuity of the concept of "island." On the other hand, I find in the analyzed examples, especially in those of the mythical imaginary, residues in flight that remain open for creative reappropriation.<br><p> <italic>Imagined Islands'</italic> second section, "Islands from Within," encompassing Chapters 2 through 5, relocates the discussion within the Caribbean in order to argue that some of the region's literatures have produced a counter-imagination concerning insularity. This counter-imagination, resulting from an immanent and affirmative engagement with Caribbean islands, amounts to a way of thinking about and living the region and its possibilities in terms other than those of the dominant idea of the island. Each chapter opens with a historical and conceptual discussion of the ways in which light (Chapter 2), the coast (Chapters 3 and 4), and the sea/ocean (Chapter 5) have been imagined and deployed by capitalist coloniality, before turning to Caribbean literary texts as instances of a re-conceptualization of the aforementioned insular features and their concomitant rearrangement of apparently familiar philosophical concepts. Chapter 2 focuses on tropical light, vision, sense perception, Walcott's book-length poem <italic>Tiepolo's Hound</italic>, and Rodríguez Juliá's novel <italic>El espíritu de la luz</italic>. Chapter 3 turns to the insular coast, time, space, and the novels <italic>El siglo de las luces</italic> by Carpentier and <italic>The Fourth Century</italic> by Glissant. Chapter 5 goes out to sea and history with the help of Rodríguez Juliá's chronicles "El cruce de la Bahía de Guánica y otras ternuras de la Medianía" and "Para llegar a Isla Verde," as well as of sections from Glissant's <italic>Poetics of Relation</italic> and some of his poems from <italic>The Restless Earth</italic>. Finally, <italic>Imagined Islands'</italic> Coda points to some of the ripples this project produces for future study, and defends the urgent need to "live differently" the Caribbean archipelagoes.</p> / Dissertation

This study, conducted through an ¡¥aesthetics of reception¡¦ approach, analyzes the reception and transformation of Zhuangzi¡¦s philosophy in Taiwan¡¦s modern poetry, during the 1949 to 2008 period, with the focus on its development and accumulated value under Zhuangzi¡¦s influence. The value lies in the efforts of Taiwan¡¦s poets who inherited classical cultures from which they created a new spirit. This new spirit constructed the new aesthetics that paved the way for Taiwan¡¦s modern poetry (present and future), and even for Chinese poetry overall, in modern times. Chapters 2 and 3 respectively discuss how Taiwan¡¦s modern poetry received and transformed the fish and butterfly images in The Book of Zhuangzi. In Chapter 2, the metaphorical images in Taiwan¡¦s modern poetry, like the legendary Big Fish, the stranded fish trapped in a dry rut, spit on one another to stay wet, and small fish are also discussed with the conclusion reached that the images are actually projections, the poets¡¦ self-images. The fish images embody some significant archetypes and represent the aesthetics of self-forgetfulness. Chapter 3 discusses the butterfly images with metaphors of formless life, joys of rebirth, understanding of true self and the pursuit of reincarnation. The butterfly images also reflect significant archetypes and represent the concepts of metamorphosis and the anthropomorphic aesthetics of endowing objects with the philosophies of human beings. The archetypes and aesthetics of fish and butterfly images are also the key to evaluating the aesthetics in The Book of Zhuangzi. This key value has been influential in the reception and transformation of Zhuangzi¡¦s philosophy in Taiwan¡¦s modern poetry. Chapter 4 further explains that self-forgetfulness and the aesthetics of endowing objects with the philosophies of human beings can define the location of ¡¥I¡¦ in Zhuangzi¡¦s ¡§observing things by other things¡¨, the conceptual basis of Zhuangzi¡¦s insistence upon viewing all the natural beings from the same reflective perspective. These ideas not only served as spiritual nourishment for Taiwan¡¦s poets in hard times but also helped them to realize the unifying aesthetics: that all beings exist as a whole; this explains why Taiwan¡¦s modern poetry has a ¡¥self-forgetful¡¦ aesthetics in viewing things. It signifies a new stage of poetry and poetics in Taiwan. This study also labors on the interpretation of individual modern poems. Many excellent poems involving Zhuangzi¡¦s philosophy are considered difficult to interpret, which is mainly due to people¡¦s unfamiliarity with the allusions, images and thoughts in The Book of Zhuangzi. This study provides the methodology for interpreting poems involving Zhuangzi and provides approaches of such reading. In regard to modern poetry, it provides a basic and practical contribution. The Book of Zhuangzi has proven influential both to poets and modern poetry in general, in Taiwan, not only for the past 60 years but as the inspiration of a new spirit by enhancing the spiritual life of the whole of humanity.

Orientador: Alcides Cardoso dos Santos / Banca: Iná Camargo Costa / Banca: Maria Clara Bonetti Paro / Resumo: A obra de arte dramática, diferentemente de outras formas artístico-literárias, é a que de forma mais prática e imediata estabelece uma relação entre seu realizador e o público ao qual ela é destinada. Contudo, o drama moderno, produzido a partir do final do século XIX, passou por uma série de crises e adaptações quanto à forma e ao conteúdo, decorrentes de várias mudanças ocorridas nos mais diversos setores da sociedade. Edward Albee é um dos maiores dramaturgos norte-americanos da segunda metade do séc. XX. Seguindo uma tradição que produziria grandes talentos como Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams e Arthur Miller, o novo autor surge em 1958 com seu texto, The Zoo Story, associado ao Teatro do Absurdo. A peça de forma minimalista põe em cena dois bancos de praça e duas personagens: Peter que é a própria personificação do self made man, já que está enjaulado aos ideais e aos valores burgueses de vida, e Jerry o outsider ou o transeunte permanente que não se insere nos padrões, no código moral e de valores socialmente estabelecidos. Entretanto, ou por isso mesmo, possui uma capacidade reflexiva extremamente aguçada. O objetivo é tratar de um aspecto da peça - a questão da absurvidade e da liberdade, como formas de transcender a angústia existencial e a vida sem significado em um contexto destituído de símbolos metafísicos. Analisar-se-ão os elementos relacionados a estes tópicos bem como o modo que servem de instrumento para o esvaziamento da ideologia burguesa, que culmina na crítica ácida que Edward Albee desfere ao American way of life. / Abstract: Dramatic art, differently from other literacy-artistic forms, is the one that most practically and immediately establishes a relationship between its producer and the audience it is created for. However, modern drama, produced since the end of nineteenth century, has gone through many crises and adaptations in its form and content, originated from many changes occured in the various instances of society. Edward Albee is one of the major American playwrights of the second half of the twentieth century. Following a tradition which produced gifted authors such as Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller, the new author appears with his play The Zoo Story in 1958, associated to the Theater of the Absurd. The play, in a minimalist way, stages two park benches and two characters: Peter, the personification of the self made man, encaged in the bourgeois ideals and values of life; and Jerry, the outsider or the permanent transient who does not fill in the patterns, in the moral code or the established social values. However, or because of this, he has a sharpened reflexive ability. The aim of our search is to treat one aspect of the play - absurdity and freedom - a means of transceding existential anguish and life without meaning in a context deprived of metaphysical symbols. We intend to analyze elements related to these topics, as well as the way they function as instruments for the emptying bourgeois ideology which, ends up the sour criticism Albee aims at the American way of life. / Mestre

Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo dos agenciamentos indígenas acerca da questão da diferença, mais especificamente, dos processos de diferenciação entre os vários sujeitos que compõem os \"mundos vividos\" na região das Guianas. Parto de uma análise de variações míticas sobre a origem das cores dos pássaros, a origem dos grafismos e as sócio-gêneses, para em seguida lançar um olhar sobre a centralidade da produção de diferenças nas práticas sociais da região. Ao enfocar o tema da oscilação permanente entre contínuo e descontínuo, reúno em uma mesma geometria as mitologias e as sociocosmologias. / This study concerns indigenous agency around the question of difference, and more specifically, around processes of differentiation among the various persons that make up the \"lived worlds\" found in the region of the Guianas. The study takes as its starting point an analysis of variations in myths concerning the origins of the colours of birds, graphic patterns and human collectives, and goes on to explore the importance of the production of difference within social practices seen throughout the region. In focussing on the theme of permanent oscillation between the continuous and the discontinuous, the study brings together mythologies and sociocosmologies within a single frame of reference.

Notre travail de thèse consiste à mettre en lumière les différents apports des pensées indiennes qui ont influencé l’œuvre de Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). Les sources orientales, en particulier, les philosophies indiennes classiques,eurent un écho considérable dans la pensée de Jung. Le psychiatre suisse porte un regard à la fois critique et admiratif sur la spiritualité indienne, il tient compte des complexités de l'univers philosophique indien. On s'interrogera sur la manière dont Jung interprète les textes indiens sous l'angle de la psychanalyse en montrant en quoi les sotériologies indiennes et le bouddhisme se rapprochent des médecines de l'âme occidentales. / The purpose of our thesis is to bring to light the various contributions of Indianphilosophies that have influenced the works of Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961).Oriental sources, and Indian classical philosophies in particular, found asignificant echo in Jung's thought. The Swiss psychiatrist takes a look at Indianspirituality that is at once critical and admiring, taking into account thecomplexities of the Indian philosophical world. Our questions will revolvearound Jung's method of interpretation of Indian texts from a psychoanalyticalperspective, showing in the process the closeness of Indian soteriologies and ofBuddhism to the Western healing practices of the soul.

Knowledge economy management literature is prolific but very little of the retrieved literature relates to the application of these management philosophies within the library and information services industry. The assumptions that underlie this research are in the first instance that, if it is not reported in the literature, it is questionable whether library and information services are implementing the new management practices. Secondly, a perception exists that knowledge economy management philosophies are only truly applicable when managing knowledge workers. Although the traditional 'administrative' or back office library environment is not seen as a knowledge worker domain, for the purpose of this study it was presumed that the advantages of these knowledge economy management philosophies are such that they should also be applicable within the back office environment. The purpose of the study was therefore to test the applicability of knowledge era management practice within an environment not associated with typical knowledge workers. Intellectual capital management was chosen as the core management philosophy to apply but the knowledge management as well as learning organization philosophies were also briefly reviewed. To measure success, a variety of measuring methodologies were investigated. Within the context of the research the most suitable methodology was identified as a hybrid version of Kaplan and Norton's balanced scorecard, based on the philosophy of the intangible asset monitor and including aspects of the value chain scoreboard. An opinion was expressed that the monitoring of intellectual capital growth needs to take place at both the individual and the organizational level if monitoring is to be of real objective value. Implementation of the management practice (intellectual capital management) occurred in two phases and stretched over a period close on 18 months. A situation analysis was done at the start of the research period. Kaplan and Norton's adapted scorecard framework was then utilized to set objectives for each of the two implementation phases. An adapted version of Sveiby's Affärsvärlden model was utilized to identify specific implementation actions and initiatives to be taken. All activities were structured into human, structural, customer and financial capital related issues. This was done to ensure that all capitals were addressed and to be able to measure growth in all of these areas. Measurement results were reported in an intellectual capital report, which was prepared at the end of the study period. The report identified both strengths and weaknesses in the intellectual capital of the service section. From the weaknesses, a number of priority actions were identified while the strengths provided a good lead as to what could be considered the good practice that should be continued. Stakeholders were asked to make use of a list of priority actions and to assist in identifying only those items that should be addressed after the completion of the research. The last chapter of this report was used to: · report and reflect on the results achieved; · identify the lessons learnt in the process of implementing intellectual capital management; · to make recommendations for the service unit; and · to provide recommendations for further study. In brief it is possible to say that intellectual capital management has been an appropriate management philosophy to use within the chosen service environment. It was therefore seen as appropriate to recommend that the principles and practices of intellectual capital management be rolled out to the rest of the service unit. / Dissertation (DPhil (Information Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Information Science / unrestricted

The rise of disruptive technologies and the rapid growth of innovative initiatives have led to a trend of decentralization, deregulation, and distribution of regulated/centralized services. As a result, there is an increasing number of requests for the connection of distributed generators to distribution networks and the need for power utilities to quickly assess the impacts of distributed generators (DGs) to keep up with these requests. Grid integration of DGs brings about protection issues. Current protection systems were not designed for bi-directional power flow, thus the protective devices in the network lose their ability to perform their main functions. To mitigate the impact of distributed generation (DG), some standards and policies constrain the number of DG that can be connected to the distribution network. The problem with these limits is that they are based only on overload and overvoltage, and do not adequately define the DG size/threshold before the occurrence of a protection issue (NRS 097-2-3). The other problem with distributed generation is the vast difference in the technology, location, size, connection sequence, and protection scheme requirements which results in future DG network planning inadequacies – The Network DG Planning Dilemma. To determine the amount of DG to connect to the network, a detailed analysis is required which often involves the use of a simulation tool such as DIgSILENT to model the entire network and perform load flow studies. Modelling networks on DIgSILENT is relatively easy for simple networks but becomes time-consuming for complex, large, and real networks. This brings about a limitation to this method, planning inadequacies, and longer connection approval periods. Thus, there is a need for a fast but accurate system-wide tool that can assess the amount of DG that can be connected to a network. This research aims to present a technique used for calculating protection-based DG penetration limits on MV networks and develop a model to determine medium voltage opportunity network maps. These maps indicate the maximum amount of DG that can be connected to a network without the need for major protection scheme changes in South Africa. The approach to determining protection-based penetration limits is based on supervised machine learning methods. The aim is to rely on protection features present in the distribution network data i.e. fault level, Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) curve, pick-up current settings, Time Multiplier Settings (TMS), calculated relay operating times and relay positions to see how the network responds at certain DG penetration levels (‘actual' relay operating times). The dataset represents carefully anonymized distribution networks with accepted protection philosophy applied. A supervised machine learning algorithm is applied after nontrivial data pre-processing through recommendation systems and shuffling. The planning dilemma is cast into three parts: the first part is an automated pattern classification (logistic regression for classification of protection miscoordination), the second part involves regression (predicting operating time after different levels of DG penetration), and the last part involves developing a recommendation system (where, when and how much photovoltaic (PV) DG will be connected). Gradient descent, which is an optimisation algorithm that iterates and finds optimal values of the parameters that correspond to the local or global minimum values of the cost function using calculus was used to measure the accuracy of each model's hypothesis function. The cost function (one half mean squared error) for the models that predict ‘actual' relay operating times before DG penetration, at 35%, 65%, and 75% DG penetration converged to values below 120, 20, 15, and 15 seconds2 , respectively, within the first 100 iterations. A high variance problem was observed (cross-validation error was high and training error was low) for the models that used all the network protection features as inputs. The cross-validation and training errors approached the desired performance of 0.3±0.1 for the models that had second-order polynomials added. A training accuracy of 91.30%, 73.91%, 82.61%, and a validation accuracy of 100%, 55.56%, 66.67% was achieved when classifying loss of coordination, loss of grading and desensitization, respectively. A high bias problem was observed (cross-validation error was high and training error was high) for the loss of grading classification (relay positions eliminated) model. When the models (horizontal network features) were applied to four MV distribution networks, loss of coordination was not predicted, the loss of grading model had one false positive and the de-sensitization model had one false negative. However, when the results were compared to the vertical analysis (comparing the operating times of upstream and downstream relays/reclosers), 28 points indicated a loss of coordination (2 at 35%, 1 at 65% and 25 at 75% DG penetration). Protection coordination reinforcements (against loss of grading and desensitization) were found to be a requirement for DG connections where the MV transformer circuit breaker TMS is between 0.5 and 1.1, and where the network fault level is between 650 and 800A. Distribution networks in affluent neighbourhoods similar to those around the Western CapeSomerset West area and Gauteng- Centurion area need to be reinforced to accommodate maximum DG penetration up to the limit of 75% of the After Diversity Maximum Demand (ADMD). For future work, the collection of more data points (results from detailed analytical studies on the impact of DG on MV feeders) to use as training data to solve the observed high variance problem is recommended. Also, modifying the model by adding upstream and downstream network features as inputs in the classification model to solve the high bias problem is recommended.