Orientador: Jose Augusto Rosario Rodrigues / Dissertação ( mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T18:43:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pirolla_RenanAugustoSiqueira_M.pdf: 4621563 bytes, checksum: 4794daa19c9ceefe37205a1eed1b647b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O projeto explora o potencial catalítico de fosfolipases A2, isoladas de venenos de serpentes brasileiras para efetuar resolução enzimática de substratos com relevância científica, visto que nenhum trabalho anterior foi feito analisando-se sua enantiosseletividade. Foram feitos estudos sobre a resolução do Binol, do a-tetralol, do 1-feniletanol, do para-nitro-1-feniletanol, do ácido 3-(2-bromo-hexanoiloxi)-4-nitrobenzóico e ácido 3-(2-metil-hexanoiloxi)-4-nitrobenzóico.Devido a dificuldade de obtenção e purificação das fosfolipases, a enzima foi imobilizada utilizando a formação de um agregado com ligações cruzadas (Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregate . CLEA). Os agregados foram produzidos com quatro tipos de precipitantes (solução 55 % de sulfato de amônio, polietilenoglicol 600 Da, dimetoxietano e acetona) e dois adicionantes (TRITON-X100 e polietilenodiimina). Com os testes, observou-se que o CLEA formado com sulfato de amônio, sem adicionante apresentou os melhores resultados, sendo utilizado nas reações de biocatálise. A resolução dos substratos foi feita com a esterificação dos álcoois, formando-se ésteres (acetatos, propanoatos e hexanoatos), e posterior hidrólise com a enzima não-imobilizada e CLEA da fosfolipase A2, para comparação. Alíquotas das reações foram e analisadas por GC/FID com fase estacionária quiral para estudo dos excessos enantioméricos. As reações foram feitas a temperatura ambiente e a 45 °C. Os resultados indicam atividade enzimática sendo possível obter o tetralol com 16% de e.e. utilizando-se o CLEA e o p-nitro-1-feniletanol com 19% de ee usando-se a PLA2 livre. Os outros álcoois foram obtidos com baixos ee. O ácido 3-(2-bromo-hexanoiloxi)-4-nitrobenzóico não pode ser analisado por sofrer hidrólise química completa no meio reacional, e com a hidrólise do ácido 3-(2-metil-hexanoiloxi)-4-nitrobenzóico foi possível a obtenção do ácido 2-metil-hexanóico com 9 % utilizando-se CLEA e 7 % com a enzima livre. A baixa enantiosseletividade foi interpretada como decorrente da fraca interação dos substratos com o sítio ativo da enzima / Abstract: This project explores the catalytic potential of fosfolipases A2, isolated from poisons of brazilian serpents to effect enzymatic substrate resolution with scientific relevance, since no previous work was made analyzing its enantioselectivity. Studies on the resolution of several compounds had been made, including Binol, a-tetralol, 1-phenylethanol, para-nitro-1- phenylethanol, 3-(2-bromohexanoiloxy)-4-nitrobenzoic acid and 3-(2-methylhexanoiloxy)-4-nitrobenzoic acid.Due to difficulty of attainment and purification of the phospholipase, the enzyme was immobilized using the formation of an aggregate with cross-links (Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregate ¿ CLEA). These aggregates had been produced with four types of precipitation agents (ammonium sulphate solution 55%, polietileneglycol 600 Da, dimethoxyethane and acetone) and two additives (TRITON-X100 and poliethylenediimine). With the tests, it was observed that the CLEA formed with ammonium sulphate, without additives presented the best results, being used in the reactions of biocatalysis.The resolution of substrates was made with the alcohol¿s esterification, forming different (acetates, propanoates and hexanoates) followed by hydrolysis with the free enzyme and CLEA, for comparison. Aliquots of the reactions had been made and analyzed with GC/FID with quiral stationary phase for study of the enantiomerics excesses. The reactions had been made at ambient temperature and 45 °C.The results indicate enzymatic activity and was possible to get tetralol with 16% of ee using CLEA and p-nitro-1-phenylethanol with 19% of ee. The other alcohols had been gotten with low ee. The 3- (2-bromohexanoiloxy) - 4-nitrobenzoic acid cannot be analyzed by suffering complete chemical hydrolysis during the reaction, and with hydrolysis of acid the 3- (2-metilhexanoiloxi) - 4-nitrobenzoic the attainment of the acid 2-metilhexanoic with 9% was possible using CLEA and 7% with the free enzyme. The low enantioselectivity was explained due to the weak interaction of substrates with the active site of enzyme / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Abstract Phospholipids are the main components of cell membranes, lipoproteins and other membrane structures in living organisms. Properties of lipid molecules are important to the overall behaviour and interactions of membranes. Furthermore, characteristics of the biological membranes act as important regulators of membrane functions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied in this thesis to study properties of biological membranes. A certain degree of acyl chain polyunsaturation is essential for the proper functioning of membranes, but earlier MD simulations had not addressed the effects of polyunsaturation. Therefore a solvated all-atom bilayer model consisting of diunsaturated 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine (PLPC) molecules was simulated. The analysis of the simulation data was focused on the effects of double bonds on a membrane structure. Self-organising neural networks were applied to the analysis of the conformational data from the 1-ns simulation of PLPC membrane. Mapping of 1.44 million molecular conformations to a two-dimensional array of neurons revealed, without human intervention or requirement of a priori knowledge, the main conformational features. This method provides a powerful tool for gaining insight into the main molecular conformations of any simulated molecular assembly. Furthermore, an application of MD simulations in the comparative analysis of the effects of lipid hydrolysis products on the membrane structure was introduced. The hydrolysis products of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme are known to have a role in a variety of physiological processes and the membrane itself acts as an important regulator of this enzyme. The simulations revealed differences in the bilayer properties between the original and hydrolysed phospholipid membranes. This study provides further evidence that MD simulations on biomembranes are able to provide information on the properties of biologically and biochemically important lipid systems at the molecular level.

BACKGROUND. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) in nontransplant patients. We evaluated the association between Lp-PLA2, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) assessed by 3D intravascular ultrasound, and incidence of cardiac adverse events in heart transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Fasting blood samples were obtained and stored from a cross-section of 112 cardiac transplant recipients attending the Mayo cardiac transplant clinic in 2000 to 2001, mean of 4.7 years after transplant. Lp-PLA2 was measured in plasma aliquots using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Fifty-six of these patients subsequently underwent two 3D intravascular ultrasound studies in 2004 to 2006 12 months apart. Cardiovascular (CV) events included percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45% secondary to CAV and CV death. RESULTS. High Lp-PLA2 level was associated with increase in plaque volume (r=0.43, P=0.0026) and percent plaque volume (r=0.45, P=0.0004). The association remained significant after adjusting for clinical and lipid variables. During follow-up of 5.1±1.6 years, 24 CV adverse events occurred in 15 of 112 (13%) heart transplant patients. Lp-PLA2 level>236 ng/mL (higher tertile) identified a subgroup of patients having a 2.4-fold increase of relative risk for combined endpoint of CV events (percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG, LVEF<45%, and CV death; 95% CI 1.16-5.19, P=0.012) compared with patients with Lp-PLA2≤236 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS. Lp-PLA2 is independently associated with progression of CAV and predicts a higher incidence of CV events and CV death in transplant patients. This finding supports the concept that systemic inflammation is an important mediator of CAV. Lp-PLA2 may be a useful marker for risk of CAV and a therapeutic target in posttransplant patients.

Les médiateurs lipidiques de l'inflammation comprennent plusieurs familles de molécules biologiquement actives, incluant le leucotriène B₄ (LTB₄) et le facteur activant les plaquettes (PAF). Ces médiateurs s'avèrent être particulièrement importants dans la pathogenèse de maladies inflammatoires comme l'arthrite. Effectivement, ils participent directement au recrutement et à l'activation des neutrophiles au site inflammatoire. La biosynthèse du LTB₄ et du PAF implique la phospholipase A₂ de groupe IVA (cPLA₂α); en effet, cette enzyme libère les substrats nécessaires à la biosynthèse de ces médiateurs à partir des phospholipides membranaires. Les mécanismes de régulation de la cPLA₂α sont encore aujourd'hui peu compris. Cette présente étude visait à mieux comprendre et à élucider de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation de la cPLA₂α, première enzyme impliquée dans la biosynthèse du LTB₄ et du PAF dans les neutrophiles humains. Les résultats démontrent que, dans les neutrophiles humains, l'activité de la cPLA₂α est inhibée par son produit, l'acide arachidonique (AA) et que l'AA induit la translocation de l'enzyme aux membranes. Nos résultats suggèrent également une interaction directe du produit (AA) avec l'enzyme et que cette interaction se fait probablement au site catalytique. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de révéler un nouveau mécanisme de régulation de la cPLA₂α jamais identifié, la régulation négative de la cPLA₂α par l'AA. Le site d'interaction de l'AA sur l'enzyme lors de cette régulation reste à être confirmé.

Les précurseurs des lymphocytes T appelés thymocytes se développent dans le thymus, un organe lymphoïde primaire, via différents processus de sélections aboutissant à l’élimination par apoptose de ceux qui sont inutiles ou dangereux (autoréactifs). Le développement des thymocytes nécessite de nombreuses molécules comme les cytokines et les chimiokines. Bien que le rôle des médiateurs lipidiques dans l’immunité soit bien décrit, leur rôle dans la maturation des thymocytes l’est peu. Nous avons étudié le rôle de la phospholipase A2 cytosolique du groupe IVA (cPLA2α), une enzyme clé pour la biosynthèse des médiateurs lipidiques, dans le développement des thymocytes. En utilisant des approches génétiques (délétion de la cPLA2α) et pharmacologiques (utilisation d’un inhibiteur de la cPLA2α, la pyrrophénone) nous montrons que la maturation des thymocytes se déroule indépendamment de la cPLA2α suggérant que la plupart des produits dérivés de l’acide arachidonique ne sont pas nécessaires au développement des thymocytes. Au cours des processus de sélections dans le thymus, environ 98% des thymocytes sont éliminés par apoptose. Des études ont montré que le lysophosphatidylcholine, obtenu suite au clivage d’un phospholipide membranaire par une phospholipase A2, permet une élimination efficace des cellules apoptotiques. Nous avons étudié le rôle des phospholipases A2 sécrétées (sPLA2) IIA, V et X dans l’élimination des thymocytes apoptotiques. Ces enzymes sont exprimées dans le thymus mais leur fonction est pour le moment inconnue. Nous montrons in vitro que toutes les sPLA2 testées, excepté la IIA humaine, éliminent les thymocytes apoptotiques et que ceci est dépendant de leur activité enzymatique. De nombreuses études ont émis l’hypothèse que les sPLA2 peuvent affecter la détection et la quantification des microparticules (MPs) formées suite à l’activation cellulaire ou l’apoptose. Nous observons que les sPLA2 V et X humaines éliminent partiellement les MPs de thymocytes apoptotiques humains (il y a une grande quantité de thymocytes apoptotiques dans le thymus) mais pas celles de d’autres origines cellulaires. Nous montrons également que certaines sPLA2 affectent la détection et la quantification des MPs selon l’espèce étudiée, l’origine cellulaire des MPs et le moyen de détection employé. Finalement l’impact de ces enzymes est dépendant de leur activité enzymatique. / T cell precursors called thymocytes develop in the thymus, a primary lymphoid organ, by different selection processes that eliminate by apoptosis useless or dangerous (auto reactive) thymocytes. Numerous molecules such as cytokines and chemokines are needed for thymocyte development. While the roles of eicosanoids in immunity are described their role in thymocyte maturation remains uncertain. We have studied the role of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 of group IVA (cPLA2α), a key enzyme in lipid mediator biosynthesis, in thymocyte development. Using genetic (deletion of cPLA2α) and pharmacological approaches (using an inhibitor, pyrrophenone) we demonstrate that thymocyte maturation occurs independently of cPLA2α suggesting that most arachidonic acid metabolites are dispensable in thymocyte development. During selection processes occurring in the thymus, around 98% of thymocytes are eliminated by apoptosis. Studies demonstrated that the lysophosphatidylcholine, produced by phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, induces an efficient elimination of apoptotic cells. We investigated the role of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) IIA, V and X in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes. These enzymes are expressed in the thymus but their functions in this organ are currently unknown. In vitro, we demonstrated that all sPLA2 tested, except the human IIA, eliminate apoptotic thymocytes and that their enzymatic activity is required. Several studies have hypothesized that the sPLA2 could affect the detection and quantification of microparticles (MPs) produced during cell activation or apoptosis. We demonstrated that human sPLA2 V and X eliminate partially apoptotic thymocyte (there are many apoptotic thymocytes in thymus) MPs but not the MPs of other cellular origins. We also observed that certain sPLA2 enzymes impair the quantification of microparticles, depending on the species studied, the cellular source of microparticles and the means of detection employed. Finally, the sPLA2 impact on MPs is dependent on their enzymatic activity.

Secreted phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is an interfacial enzyme that catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids to free fatty acids and lyso-phospholipid, which are further converted to eicosanoids and platelet activating factor with broad biological activities. PLA2 is inactive in solution, but undergoes interfacial activation upon binding to biological membranes. Despite extensive studies on secreted PLA2s, the structural basis for interfacial activation and the effects of site-directed mutations remain largely uncharacterized. Two mutants of human group IIA PLA2, with tryptophans incorporated at the 3rd or 5th position in the N-terminal helix, display dramatic differences in activity compared to the wildtype enzyme. This project analyzes the distinct structural changes that occur in PLA2 and two Trp-mutants during interfacial activation, which are responsible for the observed disparities in activity. Additionally, the thermal stability of both mutants was determined in order to explore possible correlations between resistance to thermal denaturation and enzymatic activity. The V3W mutant shows enhanced activity and a higher optimal temperature compared to the wildtype, which may be promoted at least partially by the high affinity of tryptophan for the lipid-aqueous interface. Contrastingly, the FSW enzyme, which has a tryptophan within the substrate-binding pocket, displays greatly diminished activity compared to both the wild-type and V3W mutant, suggesting inefficient loading of substrate. Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies reveal that the differences in activity of the mutants result from distinct structural changes upon activation. Furthermore, thermal denaturation of V3W was partially reversible, whereas F5W showed no recovery of secondary structure following decrease of temperature. Thus, tryptophan incorporation at two close positions modulates the activity of PLA2 in strikingly different ways, which are associated with defined changes in the secondary structure and the thermal stability of the enzyme. Our results may find industrial or pharmaceutical applications, such as production of fatty acids or development of antibacterial agents.

No description available.

La flore intestinale, composée de l’ensemble des microorganismes retrouvés dans le tractus digestif, joue un rôle essentiel dans le développement et l’homéostasie du système immunitaire. Son altération est associée à de multiples maladies inflammatoires ayant des répercussions non seulement à l’intestin, mais bien dans l’ensemble de l’organisme. Les causes de cette dérégulation restent toutefois méconnues. Parmi les multiples facteurs susceptibles de moduler sa composition, on retrouve plusieurs enzymes bactéricides produites à l’intestin. L’une de ces protéines, la phospholipase A2-IIA sécrétée (sPLA2-IIA), est fortement surexprimée en condition inflammatoire. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la surexpression de la sPLA2-IIA à l’intestin au cours de maladies inflammatoires pourrait altérer la composition de la flore intestinale, contribuant ainsi à la physiopathologie de ces maladies. L’utilisation de souris surexprimant la sPLA2-IIA humaine (sPLA2-IIATGN) nous a permis d’observer l’apparition spontanée d’un désordre immunitaire encore jamais caractérisé dans ce modèle. En nous intéressant à l’impact de cette enzyme sur la flore intestinale, nous avons pu identifier plusieurs altérations dans le microbiome de ces souris. Nos résultats suggèrent également que l’environnement, et plus spécifiquement le microbiote intestinal, joue un important rôle dans le développement de ce désordre immunitaire. Nos résultats suggèrent que la modulation de l’inflammation systémique par la sPLA2-IIA est dépendante de la flore intestinale. / The mammalian digestive tract harbors trillions of microorganisms that collectively form the intestinal microbiota. This flora has been shown to play a prominent role in the development and homeostasis of the immune system. As such, its alteration was associated with a wide array of inflammatory diseases with intestinal and systemic afflictions. However, the cause of this unbalance remains poorly understood. While the intestinal flora may be regulated by a large number of environmental factors, multiple endogenous intestinal enzymes have been shown or proposed to play an important part in the shaping of its composition. One of those enzymes, the secreted phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA), possesses great bactericidal properties and is overexpressed during multiple inflammatory disorders. We hypothesized that the overexpression of sPLA2-IIA in the intestine during inflammatory processes could alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of those diseases. To verify this hypothesis, we used transgenic mice overexpressing the human sPLA2- IIA (sPLA2-IIATGN) and observed a yet uncharacterized spontaneous immune disorder in this model. We aimed to evaluate the impact of sPLA2-IIA on the intestinal flora in this model. We identified multiple alterations in the microbiome of sPLA2-IIATGN mice. Our results also suggest that the environment, and more specifically the intestinal microbiota, play a prominent role in the development of this immune disorder. Our results suggest that the modulation of systemic inflammation by sPLA2-IIA is dependent upon the intestinal flora.

Le paludisme est une maladie tropicale causée par un parasite du genre Plasmodium. Chez l’Homme, un niveau élevé de phospholipase A2 sécrétée de groupe IIA humaine (hGIIA) est mesuré dans le plasma des patients impaludés. Cette enzyme est connue pour son rôle antibactérien et pro-inflammatoire. Cependant, son rôle dans le paludisme n’a jamais été exploré. Pour comprendre le rôle in vivo de la hGIIA dans cette pathologie, nous avons entrepris la caractérisation hématologique, histopathologique et immunohistochimique de l’infection de souris C57BL/6, transgéniques (Tg+) pour l’enzyme humaine, par l’espèce murine Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi 864VD. Ce modèle reproduit un paludisme non létal. Nos résultats ont permis d’établir que les souris Tg+ ont un meilleur contrôle de l’infection au moment du pic de crise parasitaire (J14 post-inoculation), avec une diminution de 27% de la parasitémie, comparé aux souris « littermates » non transgéniques (Tg-). L’injection de hGIIA recombinante aux jours 12, 13 et 14 p.i. (0,125 mg/kg deux fois par jour) à des souris C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) infectées par P. c. chabaudi 864VD provoque une diminution d’environ 19% de la parasitémie à J14 p.i., démontrant un rôle direct de la hGIIA dans la diminution de la population parasitaire. Les données hématologiques montrent que l’infection chez la souris Tg+ provoque une anémie plus durable que chez la souris Tg- et une élévation nettement plus importante du nombre de leucocytes, en particulier des polynucléaires neutrophiles. Chez la souris Tg+ parasitée, on observe aussi l’activation d’un nombre important de lymphocytes et une activation spécifique des monocytes avant le pic de crise. Chez la souris Tg- infectée, les données histologiques mettent en avant une meilleure récupération des lésions histopathologiques du foie et une hyperplasie des lymphocytes B dans la rate, tandis que les souris Tg+ infectées présentent des lésions hépatiques tardives et une hématopoïèse extramédullaire splénique. Les résultats des analyses par RT-qPCR suggèrent que l’ARNm de la hGIIA augmente au pic parasitaire dans le foie des souris Tg+ infectées, mais diminue dans la rate et les cellules sanguines. L’injection de hGIIA recombinante au début de la phase patente est sans effet sur la parasitémie, ce qui laisse supposer que des événements plus tardifs dans l’infection sont nécessaires à l’activité antiparasitaire de l’enzyme. L’étude du rôle des lipoprotéines oxydées comme substrat potentiel de l’activité antiparasitaire de l’enzyme, basée sur des résultats in vitro, est abordée. En conclusion, nos études ont permis de dresser un tableau large de l’infection à Plasmodium chez la souris exprimant la hGIIA, et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans l’analyse du rôle de l’enzyme dans la physiopathologie du paludisme. / Malaria is a tropical disease caused by a parasite of the Plasmodium genus. High levels of circulating human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) have been reported in malaria patients. The enzyme is well known for its bactericidal and pro-inflammatory actions. However, so far its role in malaria is unknown. In order to address the in vivo role of hGIIA in malaria, we performed a hematological, histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of C57BL/6 hGIIA transgenic mice (Tg+ mice) infected with P. chabaudi chabaudi (864VD strain), a murine Plasmodium species and strain which causes non-lethal chronic malaria. Infected Tg+ mice present a 27% reduction of parasitaemia at the peak of infection (D14 post-inoculation, p.i.) compared to infected non-transgenic littermates (Tg- mice). Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant hGIIA at D12, D13 and D14 p.i. (0.125 mg/kg twice a day) into P. chabaudi 864VD-infected WT C57BL/6 mice leads to a 19% reduction of the parasitaemia at D14 p.i., demonstrating the direct and acute role of hGIIA in lowering parasite population and presumably ruling out a potential effect linked to chronic overexpression of hGIIA in Tg+ mice. Hematological data show a durable anemia in Tg+ mice compared to Tg- mice during the infection and an important increase of leucocytes, especially of polynuclear neutrophils. The parasitized Tg+ mouse also presents a higher activation of lymphocytes and a specific activation of monocyte cells at the pic of crisis. In the infected Tg- mouse, histological data show a better histopathological recovery in the liver and B cells hyperplasia in the spleen, whereas the infected Tg+ mouse presents late hepatic injuries and splenic extra-medullar hematopoiesis. RT-qPCR analyses suggest that hGIIA mRNA increases at the pic of infection in the liver of infected Tg+ mice, but decreases in spleen and blood. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant hGIIA at the patent phase is without effect on parasitaemia, which suggests that later infection events are needed for the enzyme antiparasitic activity. Involvement of oxidized-lipoproteins as potential hGIIA substrates, based on in vitro studies, is discussed. In conclusion, our studies allowed us to elaborate a larger picture of the infection of Plasmodium in the mice expressing hGIIA and open new perspectives in the analysis of the role of the enzyme in malaria pathophysiology.

Les biotechnologies de la reproduction sont aujourd’hui largement utilisées dans le contrôle de la fertilité animale et humaine. Ces techniques présentent cependant des rendements faibles et font actuellement l’objet de nombreuses recherches. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte et se focalise sur la recherche de nouvelles molécules pro-fertilité dans l’espèce bovine, et s’articule autour de deux axes : le premier consiste à tester les propriétés pro-fertilité d’une enzyme du métabolisme lipidique sur la maturation ovocytaire, la fécondation et le développement embryonnaire préimplantatoire in vitro, et le deuxième à découvrir des molécules permettant d’améliorer la fécondance des spermatozoïdes. Nous démontrons ici que l’application de l’enzyme améliore de manière significative le nombre et la qualité des embryons au stade blastocyste. Un savoir-faire quant à l’utilisation de cette enzyme (fenêtre de traitement, concentration,…) a été développé. Cette thèse a également permit de caractériser différents composés avec des propriétés différentes dont une molécule originale permettant d’augmenter la vitesse des spermatozoïdes. Ce composé est prometteur car il est aussi actif sur des spermatozoïdes issus du testicule, de l’épididyme ou de l’éjaculat, avant ou après congélation. / The reproductive biotechnologies are now widely used in control of animal and human fertility. However, these technics have low yields and are currently the subject of much research. In this context, the present thesis focuses on the search for new pro-fertility molecules in cattle, organized around two axis : the first one is to test the pro-fertility properties of an enzyme from lipid metabolism on maturation, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development in vitro, and the second one is to discover molecules to improve sperm fertilizing ability. Here, we show that application of the enzyme significantly improve the number and quality of embryos at the blastocyst stage. Expertise in the use of this enzyme (time of treatment, concentration, etc.) was developed. This thesis also allowed the characterization of different compounds with different properties. Among them, one original molecule increase sperm velocity. This compound is promising because it works on sperm from the testis, epididymis or ejaculate before or after freezing.