Les espèces de Plasmodium induisent une réponse immunitaire spécifique, qui stimulent la libération de cytokines et entraînent des réponses protectrices ou pathologique. Dans les modèles murins, ses réponses dépendent des combinaisons de la souche de souris et de l’espèce Plasmodium utilisés. Les souris C57BL/6 infectées, avec un nombre relativement faible de Plasmodium chabaudi AS, expérimentent une infection qui n’est pas fatale et une résistance à l'infection associée avec une réponse inflammatoire forte qui implique l'interleukine-12 et l'activation précoce des cellules T CD4+ avec une production élevée de IFN-γ et TNF-α. Cette réponse pro inflammatoire est par la suite contrôlée par l'IL-10 qui mène au contrôle et à la résolution de l'infection. Cependant, les souris qui succombent à l’infection développent la parasitémie fulminante et une infection mortelle. La cause des différences de résolution n'est pas bien comprise, bien que les principaux composants de protection et les réponses immunitaires pathologiques sont bien connus. Cette étude utilise le modèle de Plasmodium chabaudi dans le souris C57BL/6, pour: 1) comparer la résolution de l'infection et de la pathologie entre le P. chabaudi AS qui est relativement non virulentes et la plus virulentes de P. chabaudi CB; 2) déterminer si les différences dans la réplication des parasites, charge parasitaire ou les réponses immunitaire de l'hôte contribuent a des différences pathologiques; 3) ) chercher à déterminer ce qui mène les différences dans la réponse immunitaire de l'hôte. P. chabaudi CB provoque une infection plus sévère chez les souris C57BL/6 par rapport à P. chabaudi AS, avec une mortalité de ±40% endéans 12 jours et une moyenne des pics de 50% par rapport à 30% observé dans des souris infectées avec P. chabaudi AS. Aucune différence n’a été observé entre la charge corporelle des parasites durant les infections de P. chabaudi AS comparée a celle de P. chabaudi CB. Un taux élevé de cellules NK a été constaté dans les rate des souris infectées par P. chabaudi AS au niveau maximum de parasitémie, tandis que le taux des cellules NK dans les rates des souris infectées par P. chabaudi CB est resté constant tout au long de l'infection. Par conséquent, la poussée du taux des cellules NK contribue a l’infection non virulente des clones P. chabaudi AS. Ceci est du à la capacité cytolytique des cellules NK ainsi qu’à la production des IFN- γ. Le nombre de lymphocytes T CD4+ présents dans les rates des souris C57BL/6 infectées par P. chabaudi CB était inférieur a celui des lymphocytes T CD4+ présent dans les rates des souris infectées par P. chabaudi AS ; 1 fois moins de cellules T CD4+l'IFN-γ+ et 2 fois moins de cellules l'IL-10 +T CD4+ ont été observés. Une analyse plus approfondie a illustré que les cellules l'IL-10+ IFN-γ+ T CD4+ sont plus fréquentes chez les souris infectées par P. chabaudi AS. L'absence des cellules d'IL-10+ IFN-γ+ T CD4+ chez les souris infectées par P. chabaudi CB contribue à la pathologie, parce que ces cellules limitent les réactions inflammatoires mortelles et améliorent la perte de poids, l'hypothermie et l'anémie, en régulant l'immunopathologie. Les différences observées dans les réponses immunitaires ne sont pas contrôlées par l'interaction des parasites spécifiques tel que glycophosphatidylinositol avec TLR2, mais plutôt par l'IFN-α/β. Bien qu’ IFN-α/β n’ont pas été détecté dans le plasma, des niveaux plus élevés d'IFN-α/β d'ARNm transcrits ont été trouvés dans la rate de C57BL/6 infectées par P. chabaudi CB au cinquième jour d’infection. Le manque d’IFN-α/βR limite la pathologie et l’infection P. chabaudi CB virulentes sans affecter les infections P. chabaudi AS non virulentes. / Plasmodium species induces a specific immune response, stimulating the release of cytokines, resulting in either protective or pathological responses. In mouse models, this is depended on mouse strain or parasite combination used. C57BL/6 infected with relatively low numbers of Plasmodium chabaudi AS pRBC experience a non-lethal infection and resistance is associated with robust inflammatory responses that involves IL-12, early activation of CD4+Th1 cells with production of high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, this pro-inflammatory response is subsequently controlled by IL-10 leading to control and resolution of infection. However, mice that succumb to infection develop fulminant parasitaemia and increase mortality. The cause of the differences in infection outcome is not well understood, although the principal components of protective and pathological immune responses are well known. Using the model of Plasmodium chabaudi in C57BL/6, this study addresses the following; 1) compares the course of infection and pathology between the relatively avirulent P. chabaudi AS and the more virulent P. chabaudi CB; 2) investigates whether differences in parasite replication, parasite load or host immune responses contribute to differences in pathology; 3) what mediates the differences in host immune response? P. chabaudi CB causes a more severe infection in C57BL/6 compared to P. chabaudi AS, with ±40% mortality within 12 days and mean peak parasitaemia of 50% compared to 30% in P. chabaudi AS infected mice. There was no difference in total body parasite load between the P. chabaudi AS and CB infections. A High number of NK cells was found in the spleen of P. chabaudi AS infected mice at peak parasitaemia, whereas NK cells numbers in spleen of P. chabaudi CB infected mice remained constant throughout infection. Hence, the elevated NK cells contribute to parasite clearance in the avirulent P. chabaudi AS clone, because of its IFN-γ production and cytolytic activity. P. chabaudi CB infected C57BL/6 were found to have reduced number of CD4+T cells in the spleen, with 1-fold decrease in IFN-γ+CD4+T cells and 2-fold decrease in IL-10+ CD4+T cells when compared to CD4+T cells from P. chabaudi AS infected mice. Further analysis showed that IL-10+IFN-γ+CD4+T cells were more prevalent in P. chabaudi AS infected mice. The absence of IL-10+IFN-γ+CD4+T cells in P. chabaudi CB infected C57BL/6 contributes to pathology, because these cells limit lethal inflammatory responses and ameliorate weight loss, hypothermia and anemia, by regulating immunopathology. The differences observed in immune responses are not mediated by interaction of parasite specific GPIs with TLR2, but rather by IFN-α/β. Although IFN-α/β were not detected in plasma, higher levels of IFN-α/β mRNA transcripts were found in the spleen of P. chabaudi CB infected C57BL/6 on day 5. IFN-α/βR deficiency limits virulent P. chabaudi CB infections with no effect on avirulent P. chabaudi AS infections.

A imunidade à malária é de curta duração e os indivíduos curados são susceptíveis a reinfecções. Algumas evidências sugerem que a deficiência na produção de anticorpos específicos ao parasito possa explicar a dificuldade em se desenvolver uma resposta imune eficaz contra a malária. As células B são selecionadas em um ambiente altamente regulado, denominado centro germinativo, localizado nos órgãos linfoides secundários. A interação entre as células T foliculares (Tfh) e células B do centro germinativo permite a produção de plasmócitos de vida longa que secretam anticorpos com alta afinidade pelo antígeno e a geração de células B de memória. Estudos recentes mostraram que a sinalização do receptor P2X7 pelo ATP extracelular afeta a resposta das células T. Na infecção pelo Plasmodium chabaudi, o receptor P2X7 contribui para o controle do parasito favorecendo a produção de células Th1 produtoras de IFN-y em detrimento da população de células Tfh. Neste trabalho, buscamos avaliar a participação do receptor P2X7 na produção das células Tfh e células B do centro germinativo em camundongos infectados pelo Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL. Este estudo justifica-se uma vez que a proteção contra o P. yoelli 17XNL depende principalmente dos anticorpos, enquanto o IFN-y é essencial para o controle da infecção aguda pelo o P. chabaudi. Nossos resultados mostram que camundongos nocautes para o receptor P2X7 (P2X7-/-) apresentaram menores parasitemias que os camundongos C57BL/6 na fase aguda da infecção. Porém, o tempo decorrido até pico de parasitemia e o controle do parasito foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Observamos ainda uma anemia menos acentuada na ausência do receptor P2X7, mas este achado deve ser confirmado pois trata-se de um único experimento. Camundongos P2X7-/- infectados apresentaram maior aumento no número de células T CD4+, células Tfh, células B, células B do centro germinativo e plasmócitos no baço, em relação aos camundongos C57BL/6 infectados. Além disso, as frequências de células mortas nas populações de células T CD4+ e B eram menores na ausência do receptor P2X7. Entretanto, na fase aguda da infeção, os níveis séricos de anticorpos IgM e IgG2c específicos ao parasito eram semelhantes nos camundongos P2X7-/- e C57BL/6. Concluindo, este estudo mostra que o receptor P2X7 prejudica a expansão das populações de células Tfh e B do centro germinativo, assim como o controle da malária causada pelo P. yoelli 17XNL. / Immunity to malaria is short-lived and cured individuals are susceptible to reinfections. Some evidence suggests that deficiency in the production of parasite-specific antibodies may explain the difficulty in developing an effective immune response against malaria. B cells are selected in a highly regulated environment, named the germinal center, located in the secondary lymphoid organs. The interaction between follicular T cells (Tfh) and germinal center B cells allows the production of long-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies with high affinity for the antigen and generation of memory B cells. Recent studies have shown that P2X7 receptor signaling by extracellular ATP affects the T cell response. In Plasmodium chabaudi infection, the P2X7 receptor contributes to parasite control by favoring the production of Th1 cells secreting IFN- to the detriment of the Tfh cell population. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the participation of the P2X7 receptor in the production of Tfh cells and germinal center B cells in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL. This study is justified since the protection against P. yoelli 17XNL depends mainly on antibodies, whereas IFN- is essential for the control of acute P. chabaudi infection. Our results show that P2X7 knockout mice (P2X7-/-) displayed lower parasitemias than the C57BL/6 mice in the acute phase of infection. However, the time elapsed until the peak of parasitemia and control of the parasite were similar in both groups. We also observed less marked anemia in the absence of the P2X7 receptor, but this finding must be confirmed because a single experiment was performed. Infected P2X7-/- mice showed a greater increase in the number of CD4+ T cells, Tfh cells, B cells, germinal center B cells and plasma cells in the spleen, compared to infected C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the frequencies of dead cells in the populations of CD4+ T cells and B cells were lower in the absence of the P2X7 receptor. Nevertheless, in the acute phase of infection, serum levels of parasite-specific IgM and IgG2c antibodies were similar in P2X7-/- and C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, this study shows that the P2X7 receptor impairs the expansion of the Tfh cell and germ center B cell populations, as well as the control of P. yoelli 17XNL malaria.

Orientadores: Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa, Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:56:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NaranjoPrado_IsabelCristina_M.pdf: 2482256 bytes, checksum: 0074002c6c9825a945839bdec23357f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A malária é responsável por cerca de 300 milhões de casos de infecção e 1 milhão de mortes por ano. No Brasil, em 2012, foram registrados cerca de 1500 casos sendo a malária vivax responsável por 85% destes. Ainda, é frequentemente reportada falha terapêutica aos antimaláricos convencionais (como cloroquina e mefloquina) em infecções por P. falciparum, principalmente, mas também por P. vivax. Sendo assim, terapias combinadas com artemisinina e seus derivados (ACT) são atualmente recomendadas. No entanto, resistência aos derivados da artemisinina já é evidente e a busca por novos compostos com atividade antimalárica é urgente. A violaceína, pigmento violeta extraído de bactérias Gram negativas, demostrou apresentar elevada atividade antimalárica in vitro e in vivo em trabalho anterior de nosso grupo. Neste sentido, este projeto tem como objetivo aprofundar a investigação a respeito da atividade antimalárica da violaceína avaliando seu papel em isolados amazônicos de P. falciparum adaptados recentemente em cultura, e em P. vivax após imediata coleta de sangue de pacientes infectados. Além disso, investigamos o potencial da violaceína como terapia combinada junto ao artesunato no tratamento de parasitas murinos resistentes a este e a outros antimaláricos como a cloroquina. Inicialmente foram testadas dois diferentes tipos de violaceína in vitro contra P. falciparum 3D7: uma comercial extraída de Janthinobacterium lividum (vJl- IC50: 227 nM) e outra extraída de Chromobacterium violaceum (vCv- IC50: 390 nM). Apesar de não termos encontrado uma diferença na atividade antimalárica entre as duas violaceínas, a extraída de C. violaceum teve uma baixa toxicidade em eritrócitos (<400 nM) em células de hepatoma humano (<800 nM). Devido a esta baixa toxicidade, somente vCv foi avaliada quanto sua atividade antimalárica. Demonstramos que vCv apresentou IC50 similar ao encontrado para P. falciparum 3D7 (IC50 média= 419,8 nM) em 7 isolados de campo de P. falciparum. Ainda, em ensaios in vivo, utilizando cepas murinas de P. chabaudi, vCv conseguiu diminuir significativamente (P<0,05) a parasitemia no dia pico da infeção em cepas resistentes à cloroquina (30CQ) e a artesunato e mefloquina (ATNMF1). Adicionalmente, nos testes realizados em P. vivax a vCv parece evitar o amadurecimento parasitário nos quatro isolados testados. Coletivamente, podemos concluir que a vCv apresentou um efeito antimalárico em cepas de P. falciparum e pode ser especialmente útil quando usada em combinação com artesunato no tratamento de camundongos infectados com cepas resistentes. Finalmente, ensaios adicionais de amadurecimento com isolados de P. vivax necessitam ser conduzidos para a comprovação do efeito da vCv nesta espécie / Abstract: Malaria is responsible for about 300 million infections and one million deaths per year. In Brazil in 2012, about 1500 cases were reported and malaria vivax accounts for 85% of these. Still, it is frequently reported treatment failure with conventional antimalarials (as chloroquine and mefloquine) mainly in infections with P. falciparum but also by P. vivax parasite. Because of that combination therapies with artemisinin and its derivatives (ACT) are now currently recommended. In a previous work, our group demonstrated that violacein was able to inhibit the in vitro growth of laboratory strains of P. falciparum and also to strongly control the parasitemia of mice infected with P. chabaudi. This project aims to investigate further the antimalarial activity of violacein evaluating its activity in Amazonian isolates of P. falciparum recently adapted in culture, and in P. vivax isolates immediately after collecting blood from infected patients. Furthermore, we investigate the potential of violacein as combination therapy with artesunate in the treatment of murine strains which are resistant in different levels to artesunate, mefloquine and chloroquine. The antimalarial activity of violacein were initially investigated in vitro against P. falciparum 3D7 using two different types of violacein, one comercial, extracted from Janthinobacterium lividum (vJl-IC50: 227 nM), and another extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum (vCv-IC50: 390 nM) by our collaborators. In spite of no difference in the antimalarial activity between the two violaceins, the one extracted from C. violaceum had the lowest toxicity in erythrocytes (<400 nM) and in human hepatoma cells (<800 nM). Because of this, the antimalarial activity only of vCv was evaluated against 7 field isolates of P. falciparum showing a similar IC50 to that found for P. falciparum 3D7 (IC50= 419.8 nM). The antimalarial activity was also evaluated in murine strains of P. chabaudi showing a significant (P < 0.05) parasitemia decrease in the peak day in the two clones of P. chabaudi tested, one resistant to chloroquine (30CQ) and another resistant to artesunate and mefloquine (ATNMF1). Additionally, in P. vivax vCv was capable to reduce the parasite maturation in the four isolates tested. Therefore we can conclude that the vCv has an antimalarial effect on field isolates of P. falciparum and can be especially useful when used in combination with artesunate in the treatment of mice infected with resistant strains. Moreover, more assays should be conducted using blood infected with P. vivax to corroborate its effect in inhibiting the maturation of trophozoites / Mestrado / Imunologia / Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_vanusa_pousada_hora.pdf: 1554436 bytes, checksum: 0fd840bde10d345ca60494edec79f15c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / Malaria and schistosomiasis are the major human parasitic diseases in developing countries and their coexistence is frequently observed in tropical regions of these countries. Co-infection by these two parasites may have an important influence on the regulation of inflammatory factors associated with the development of these infections and their respective morbidity. There is no safe and effective vaccine available to control these diseases. The Schistosoma mansoni proteins Sm29 and Sm14 and the Plasmodium spp. antigen AMA-1 are promising vaccine candidates against schistosoma and malaria infections, respectively. For a subunit vaccine, selection of the adjuvant is important. The non-toxic derivatives of the heat-labile toxin of Escherichia coli LTB and LTK63 have been reported as powerful adjuvants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaccine efficacy of recombinant Sm29, Sm14 and AMA-1 antigens formulated with LTB or LTK63, in infection and co-infection models with S. mansoni and P. chabaudi strain AS (prior to immunizations, naïve mice, pre-infected with S. mansoni and cured or P. chabaudi AS or infected with both and cured). Overall, rLTK63 stimulated high levels of antigen specific antibodies (IgG1, IgG2a and total IgG) and cytokines (IFN-, TNF-α and IL-13) to rSm29 and rAMA-1 than rLTB. Co-infected-cured mice immunized with rLTK63+rSm29 reduced the parasitic load by 46.45% in the schistosomiasis model. Naïve or co-infected-cured mice immunized with rLTK63+rAMA-1 had a reduction in the P. chabaudi parasitemia. Taken together, these data suggest that co-infection showed a positive trend in vaccine efficacy of rSm29 and rAMA-1 when formulated with rLTK63. rSm14 antigen was fused or co-administered with LTB and the best administration rote and protection induced was assessed. The rSm14 was more efective when fused to LTB and administrated by subcutaneous route. Despite the fact that rLTB-Sm14 induced a balanced ratio of IgG1/IgG2a and high levels of IgA and total IgG, rLTB-Sm14 did not protect mice against S. mansoni infection. / Malária e esquistossomose são as principais doenças parasitárias humanas nos países em desenvolvimento e a sua coexistência é frequentemente observada em regiões tropicais desses países. A co-infecção por estes dois parasitas pode ter uma importante influência na regulação dos fatores inflamatórios associados ao desenvolvimento destas infecções e suas respectivas morbidades. Não há uma vacina segura e eficaz disponível para o controle dessas doenças. As proteínas Sm29 e Sm14 de Schistosoma mansoni e a proteína AMA-1de Plasmodium spp. são promissores candidatos à vacinas contra esquistossomose e malária, respectivamente. Para qualquer vacina de subunidade, a seleção do adjuvante é importante. Os derivados não-tóxicos da toxina termolábil de Escherichia coli LTB e LTK63 têm sido relatados como potentes adjuvantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia vacinal dos antígenos Sm29, Sm14 e AMA-1 formulados com LTB ou LTK63 recombinantes em modelos de infecção e co-infecção com S. mansoni e P. chabaudi cepa AS (camundongos não infectados, pré-infectados com S. mansoni ou P. chabaudi e curados ou co-infectados com ambos e curados). Em geral, rLTK63 induziu níveis mais altos de anticorpos antígeno específicos (IgG1, IgG2a e IgG total) e citocinas (IFN-, TNF-α e IL-13) para rSm29 e rAMA-1 do que a rLTB. Camundongos co-infectados, curados e imunizados com rLTK63+rSm29 apresentaram redução na carga parasitária de 46.45 % em modelo de esquistossomose. Camundongos não infectados ou co-infectados, curados e imunizados com rLTK63+rAMA-1 tiveram redução na parasitemia de P. chabaudi. Tomados em conjunto, esses dados sugerem que a co-infecção mostrou uma tendência positiva na eficácia da vacinas rSm29 e rAMA-1 quando formuladas com rLTK63. O antígeno rSm14 foi fusionado ou co-administrado com LTB e posteriormente foi avaliada a melhor via de administração e proteção induzida. A rSm14 foi mais efetiva quando fusionada à LTB e administrada por via subcutânea. Apesar da rLTB-Sm14 ter induzido uma razão equilibrada de IgG1/IgG2a e altos níveis de IgA e IgG totais, rLTB-Sm14 não protegeu camundongos contra infecção por S. mansoni.

Resistance to antimalarial drugs continues to be a major obstacle in controlling and eradicating malaria. The identification of genetic markers of resistance is vital for disease management but they can be difficult to predict before resistance arises in the field. This thesis describes an alternative approach to gene identification, combining an in vivo experimental evolution model, Linkage Group Selection (LGS) and Solexa genome re-sequencing. Here this model was used to resolve the genetic basis of chloroquine and artemisinin resistance in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi. AS-30CQ is a parasite with high resistance to chloroquine and resistance to artemisinin. It was crossed with the genetically different drug-sensitive strain AJ. The resulting progeny were selected with drugs and backcrossed to the sensitive parent. Both crosses were treated with increasing concentrations of chloroquine and artemisinin. The frequency of markers from the sensitive parasite were analysed in order to characterize the signatures of drug selection. Three loci involved progressively in chloroquine resistance were identified on chromosomes 11, 3 and 2. One main locus on chromosome 2 was identified with artemisinin selection. The Solexa platform was used to re-sequence the genomes of both AS-30CQ and its sensitive progenitor, AS-sens. The differences between the two genomes were integrated with the LGS data to identify: 1) a strong candidate for the main CQresistance determinant - a putative amino acid transporter on chromosome 11 (aat1) 2) two candidates for high level chloroquine resistance on chromosome 3. and 3) a mutation in ubp1 gene on chromosome 2 that is likely to contribute to the highest level of chloroquine resistance and be main determinant of the artemisinin resistance phenotype. In addition the last section of this thesis describes two otherwise isogenic clones showing low- and high levels of chloroquine resistance were grown competitively to evaluate the effect of these mutations on parasite fitness. The highly resistant strain demonstrated a loss of fitness in relation to its more sensitive progenitor and was outcompeted in untreated and low-treated infections.

Severe anemia is a major life-threatening complication of malaria. Inappropriately low reticulocytosis in malaria patients with anemia suggests insufficient erythropoiesis, of which the mechanisms and implications are not clear. The principle growth factor that promotes erythropoiesis is erythropoietin (Epo). Studies determining the serum level of Epo in malaria infected patients have been inconclusive. Furthermore, the role of Epo and the erythropoietic response to Epo stimulation during malaria have never been examined. The purpose of the experiments performed in this thesis was, thus, to investigate the role of Epo and erythropoiesis in relation to anemia during blood-stage malaria using the murine model of Plasmodium chabaudi AS. A murine Epo specific ELISA, which was determined to be less biased by the presence of other cytokines in the samples as compared to the conventional Epo bioassay, was first developed to facilitate the research. The kinetics of Epo production in the kidney and the levels in the serum were characterized. It was demonstrated that Epo production during blood-stage malaria is mainly regulated by the degree of anemia and that renal cytokines may have only a minor effect on this response. Next, the roles of Epo and erythropoiesis during blood-stage malaria were investigated by neutralization of endogenous Epo or by administration of exogenous Epo. Timely onset of Epo-induced reticulocytosis was shown to be important for the alleviation of malarial anemia and survival. However, reticulocytosis in response to Epo stimulation is severely suppressed by infection with malaria. Dissection of the upstream events of erythropoiesis demonstrated that blood-stage malaria compromises the generation of reticulocytes by suppressing the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of erythroid-lineage cells at various stages of erythroid development. Taken together, our data provide important insights for understanding the patho

No description available.

Le paludisme est une maladie tropicale causée par un parasite du genre Plasmodium. Chez l’Homme, un niveau élevé de phospholipase A2 sécrétée de groupe IIA humaine (hGIIA) est mesuré dans le plasma des patients impaludés. Cette enzyme est connue pour son rôle antibactérien et pro-inflammatoire. Cependant, son rôle dans le paludisme n’a jamais été exploré. Pour comprendre le rôle in vivo de la hGIIA dans cette pathologie, nous avons entrepris la caractérisation hématologique, histopathologique et immunohistochimique de l’infection de souris C57BL/6, transgéniques (Tg+) pour l’enzyme humaine, par l’espèce murine Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi 864VD. Ce modèle reproduit un paludisme non létal. Nos résultats ont permis d’établir que les souris Tg+ ont un meilleur contrôle de l’infection au moment du pic de crise parasitaire (J14 post-inoculation), avec une diminution de 27% de la parasitémie, comparé aux souris « littermates » non transgéniques (Tg-). L’injection de hGIIA recombinante aux jours 12, 13 et 14 p.i. (0,125 mg/kg deux fois par jour) à des souris C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) infectées par P. c. chabaudi 864VD provoque une diminution d’environ 19% de la parasitémie à J14 p.i., démontrant un rôle direct de la hGIIA dans la diminution de la population parasitaire. Les données hématologiques montrent que l’infection chez la souris Tg+ provoque une anémie plus durable que chez la souris Tg- et une élévation nettement plus importante du nombre de leucocytes, en particulier des polynucléaires neutrophiles. Chez la souris Tg+ parasitée, on observe aussi l’activation d’un nombre important de lymphocytes et une activation spécifique des monocytes avant le pic de crise. Chez la souris Tg- infectée, les données histologiques mettent en avant une meilleure récupération des lésions histopathologiques du foie et une hyperplasie des lymphocytes B dans la rate, tandis que les souris Tg+ infectées présentent des lésions hépatiques tardives et une hématopoïèse extramédullaire splénique. Les résultats des analyses par RT-qPCR suggèrent que l’ARNm de la hGIIA augmente au pic parasitaire dans le foie des souris Tg+ infectées, mais diminue dans la rate et les cellules sanguines. L’injection de hGIIA recombinante au début de la phase patente est sans effet sur la parasitémie, ce qui laisse supposer que des événements plus tardifs dans l’infection sont nécessaires à l’activité antiparasitaire de l’enzyme. L’étude du rôle des lipoprotéines oxydées comme substrat potentiel de l’activité antiparasitaire de l’enzyme, basée sur des résultats in vitro, est abordée. En conclusion, nos études ont permis de dresser un tableau large de l’infection à Plasmodium chez la souris exprimant la hGIIA, et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans l’analyse du rôle de l’enzyme dans la physiopathologie du paludisme. / Malaria is a tropical disease caused by a parasite of the Plasmodium genus. High levels of circulating human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) have been reported in malaria patients. The enzyme is well known for its bactericidal and pro-inflammatory actions. However, so far its role in malaria is unknown. In order to address the in vivo role of hGIIA in malaria, we performed a hematological, histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of C57BL/6 hGIIA transgenic mice (Tg+ mice) infected with P. chabaudi chabaudi (864VD strain), a murine Plasmodium species and strain which causes non-lethal chronic malaria. Infected Tg+ mice present a 27% reduction of parasitaemia at the peak of infection (D14 post-inoculation, p.i.) compared to infected non-transgenic littermates (Tg- mice). Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant hGIIA at D12, D13 and D14 p.i. (0.125 mg/kg twice a day) into P. chabaudi 864VD-infected WT C57BL/6 mice leads to a 19% reduction of the parasitaemia at D14 p.i., demonstrating the direct and acute role of hGIIA in lowering parasite population and presumably ruling out a potential effect linked to chronic overexpression of hGIIA in Tg+ mice. Hematological data show a durable anemia in Tg+ mice compared to Tg- mice during the infection and an important increase of leucocytes, especially of polynuclear neutrophils. The parasitized Tg+ mouse also presents a higher activation of lymphocytes and a specific activation of monocyte cells at the pic of crisis. In the infected Tg- mouse, histological data show a better histopathological recovery in the liver and B cells hyperplasia in the spleen, whereas the infected Tg+ mouse presents late hepatic injuries and splenic extra-medullar hematopoiesis. RT-qPCR analyses suggest that hGIIA mRNA increases at the pic of infection in the liver of infected Tg+ mice, but decreases in spleen and blood. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant hGIIA at the patent phase is without effect on parasitaemia, which suggests that later infection events are needed for the enzyme antiparasitic activity. Involvement of oxidized-lipoproteins as potential hGIIA substrates, based on in vitro studies, is discussed. In conclusion, our studies allowed us to elaborate a larger picture of the infection of Plasmodium in the mice expressing hGIIA and open new perspectives in the analysis of the role of the enzyme in malaria pathophysiology.

Durante a ativação policlonal induzida pelo P. chabaudi a maior fonte de IL-2 são as células CD4+ ativadas, além disso, acorre a expansão de células Treg. No dia 7 após a infecção, a ausência de células Treg leva a uma exacerbação da ativação de células CD4+, além de altos níveis de anticorpos anti-P.chabaudi e auto-anticorpos. A neutralização da IL-2, com Mab anti-IL-2 JES6-1, na fase aguda da infecção leva a uma redução no número de células Treg. No dia 20 de infecção, a freqüência de células CD4+ ativadas esteve elevada e as células Treg voltaram aos níveis basais. Experimentos in vitro mostraram que a neutralização da IL-2 não altera a proliferação antígeno-específica de células CD4+ da fase aguda da infecção, porém, em tempos tardios da infecção houve um drástico aumento na freqüência de células CD4+ que proliferam em resposta a eritrócitos parasitados. Podemos concluir que a IL-2 e as células Treg são capazes de limitar a ativação policlonal induzida pelo P. chabaudi ainda que com cinéticas distintas. / Polyclonal activation during P. chabaudi infection results on a huge IL-2 production by activated CD4+ T cells, besides a considerable expansion of Treg cells. At day 7 after infection in the absence of Treg cells there is an enhanced response of activated CD4+ T cells, an increase of Abs anti-P.chabaudi and autoantibody production. Neutralization of IL-2 with Mab anti-IL2 JES6-1 during acute infection reveals a markedly reduction in Treg-cells number. At day 20 of infection we can observe an increase on activated CD4+ T cells frequency. Moreover, Treg cells return to values similar to controls. IL-2 in vitro assays during acute infection results on Ag-specific CD4+ T cells proliferation, on the other hand, at the late infection, we observed a huge increase of CD4+ T cells frequency that strongly response to PRBC. Our findings suggest that IL-2 and Treg cells are capable of restricting PLA during P.chabaudi infection, although with different kinetics.

A malária permanece um sério problema de saúde em países subdesenvolvidos. O estágio sanguíneo da infecção é responsável por todos os sintomas associados com a malária. Recentemente, tem sido mostrado que receptores imunes inatos são capazes de detectar sinais de dano, tais como a adenosina trifosfato ATP. O receptor P2X7 detecta altas concentrações de ATP extracelular. Ao avaliarmos a parasitemia e os parâmetros clínicos da doença em camundongos C57BL/6 e P2X7-/-, observamos uma semelhança em ambos os grupos até o dia 7 p.i., mas após este período os camundongos P2X7-/- tiveram dificuldade de controlar a parasitemia e restaurar os parâmetros clínicos. O ineficiente controle da parasitemia durante o período agudo e crônico em camundongos P2X7-/- foi associado com a baixa produção de IFN&#947;. Além disso, o receptor P2X7 aumenta a expressão de T-bet em células Th1 e controla o número de células Tfh. Este estudo mostra que o equilíbrio mediado pelo receptor P2X7 entre os fatores de transcrição Bcl-6 e T-bet ajusta a imunidade celular e humoral na malária. / Malaria remains a serious healthcare problem in developing countries. The blood stage of infection is responsible for all symptoms associated with malaria. Recently, it has been shown that innate immune receptors are able to detect signals as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). P2X7 receptor detects high levels of extracellular ATP. Evaluating the parasitemia and clinical parameters in C57BL/6 (B6) and P2X7-/- mice, we observed a similarity in both groups to day 7 p.i., but after this period the P2X7-/- mice had difficulty in controlling the parasitemia and restoring the clinical parameters. The inefficient parasite control in acutely and chronically infected P2X7-/- mice was associated with low production of IFN&#947;. Furthermore, P2X7 receptor increases the expression of T-bet in Th1 cells and controls the Tfh cell number. This study provides a new insight into immunology by showing that the balance between T-bet and Bcl-6 transcriptional factors tunes the cellular and humoral immunity in malaria.