Introduction: Magnesium is required by the human body in modest amounts for the maintenance of health and optimal functioning. Objectives: This portfolio of work sets out to investigate whether magnesium supplementation has hypotensive effects and to determine if habitual dietary magnesium intake or loading strategies modulate the effects of magnesium supplementation. The habitual dietary magnesium intake of hypertensive patients was also examined to ascertain adequacy of dietary magnesium in this cohort. A meta-analysis was performed on the effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure. Other variables such as dosage, duration and study design were considered and findings from the meta-analysis used to influence future work. A further objective was to examine the effect of supplementation on aerobic and resistance exercise and subsequent recovery. Finally, the efficacy of an alternative means of magnesium delivery in the form of a transdermal magnesium cream was investigated. Methods: A 300 mg.day-1 elemental magnesium aspartate or magnesium citrate was used as a supplementation in studies 1,2,4 and 5. Participants were instructed to continue with their normal diet and for study 6 participants were required to eat the same foods for the 24 hours prior to both laboratory blood taking sessions. With the exception of the meta-analysis, food diaries were kept for various lengths of time, detailed in the publications. Aerobic and resistance exercise protocols were carried out in studies 1,2 and 4, with both performance and cardiovascular parameters investigated for any effect from supplementation. Where supplementation was in the form of a transdermal cream, this was applied to the torso and absorption of the cream was determined by investigating changes in serum and urinary magnesium levels. Summary of results: Blood pressure decreased with magnesium supplementation of 300 mg.day-1 for 7 days with greater reductions in systolic versus diastolic blood pressure consistently evident. Magnesium supplementation of 300 mg.day-1 for 7 and 14 days increased power during resistance exercise but no changes in aerobic exercise performance were observed. A high habitual dietary magnesium intake attenuated the hypotensive effect derived from magnesium supplementation when compared to those on a low habitual dietary intake. The meta-analysis supported these results. A habitually low dietary magnesium intake was observed in a cohort of clinically diagnosed primary hypertensives. Conclusion: These studies show that there is a link between low habitual dietary magnesium intake and elevated blood pressure and that magnesium supplementation appears to be associated with blood pressure. An improvement in resistance exercise performance with magnesium supplementation was also observed. Finally, a transdermal magnesium cream was shown to increase serum magnesium levels and may provide an alternative to oral supplementation.

Recognized as one of the most prevalent and persistent concerns in cancer survivors, fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is defined as the "fear, worry, or concern relating to the possibility that cancer will come back or progress" (Lebel et al., 2016). Higher FCR severity leads to poor mental health, impaired functioning and reduced quality of life. It is well established that health behaviours can help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence in cancer survivors, but little is known about their relationship with FCR. The overall thesis objectives were: 1) to identify subgroups of cancer survivors by FCR severity and corresponding patient characteristics; 2) to explore the relationship between FCR and health behaviours (physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake) over time; and 3) to further examine the relationship between FCR severity subgroups and health behaviours using the Common-Sense Model (CSM). Data analyses were conducted on 2337 survivors of ten cancer sites who completed the American Cancer Society’s Studies of Cancer Survivorship-I survey at three time points (M =1.3, 2.2, and 8.8 years post-diagnosis). In study 1, group-based trajectory analyses revealed three FCR severity groups: low, moderate, and high. FCR significantly decreased from early to long-term survivorship and remained distinct for each group. Subsequently, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that patient characteristics prevalent in the high FCR group were being female, of younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, having more advanced cancer stage (II-III) and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Across FCR groups, only a minority of survivors adhered to the recommended physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. Survivors in the high FCR group reported significantly fewer of these health behaviours than other survivors. In study 2, cross-sectional path analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between FCR and health behaviours using the CSM framework across the FCR severity groups. Results indicated good-fitting models for the low, moderate, and high FCR groups. Engaging in physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake did not influence FCR in most participants. Yet, in the low FCR group, survivors reporting more health behaviours had lower FCR severity. In the low and moderate FCR groups, health behaviours were related to control over health and self-efficacy to manage health, suggesting that cancer survivors use health behaviours to manage illness outcomes. For survivors in the high FCR group, results suggest that self-efficacy to manage health is a better predictor of FCR than engaging in physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake In conclusion, most cancer survivors fail to meet the recommended physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake throughout cancer survivorship, with survivors in the high FCR group being at greater risk of engaging in fewer health behaviours. Health behaviours appear unrelated to FCR severity for most cancer survivors, except for survivors with low FCR, who might be experiencing less FCR when engaging in more health behaviours. Findings suggests that clinical interventions should be tailored by FCR severity groups and that health behaviour research among cancer survivors should account for FCR severity groups. Further investigations are required to assess cancer survivors’ perceived usefulness of health behaviours to manage the risk of cancer recurrence by FCR severity group

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 grisi_rnf_dr_rcla.pdf: 539280 bytes, checksum: 4fc5f6f1bfecc345b5404e9c7599b306 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre o nível de atividade física habitual (NAFH) e a prática de AF realizada na infância em escolares do Ensino Fundamental de João Pessoa-PB. Caracterizou-se como um estudo descritivo, exploratório, quantitativo, de base escolar. A amostra constituiu-se de 342 escolares, com idade entre 9 e 17 anos (12,9 ± 1,3), sendo 196 (57,3%) do sexo feminino e 146 (42,7%) do masculino. O NAFH foi avaliado por meio do Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), que investigou a prática de esportes e jogos, AF na escola e no tempo de lazer. O escore final foi efetuado pela média de todas as questões, cujos valores de (1) muito sedentário a (5) muito ativo indicaram a classificação dos escolares: inativos (escores < 3) ou ativos (escores ≥ 3). Para avaliar o nível de AF (NAF) infantil, foram incluídas duas perguntas no questionário aplicado aos pais/responsáveis, atribuindo-se, para cada alternativa, os valores: (0) não; (1) raramente e (2) frequentemente, cujo escore correspondeu à soma de todas as AF realizadas. O escore final foi obtido por meio de medidas de posição, com valores acima do percentil 75 (P75), como ativos. Desse modo, no NAF infantil de 0-4 anos de idade, os escolares foram classificados: inativos (escores ≤ 8 pontos) e ativos (escores ≥ 9) e no NAF infantil, de 5-10 anos, inativos (escores ≤12 pontos) e ativos (escores ≥ 13). Para análise descritiva, utilizou-se médias, desvios-padrão, porcentagens, valores mínimos e máximos. Nas análises multivariáveis, optou-se pela Regressão Logística, como medida de associação, cuja Razão de Odds (RO), nos modelos bruto e ajustado, considerou o intervalo de confiança (IC) em 95% e a inatividade física (IF) dos escolares como desfecho. Foi estabelecido o nível de significância de p < 0,05 em todas as análises. Foram analisadas as... / This study aimed mainly to investigate the association between the habitual physical activity level (HPAL) and the practice of PA performed in childhood in primary schools in João Pessoa/PB. A descriptive, exploratory and quantitative of school-based study was developed. The sample consisted of 342 schoolchildren aged between 9 and 17 years (12.9 ± 1.3), 196 female (57.3%) and 146 males (42.7%). The HPAL was assessed by the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), which investigated the practice of sports and games, PA in school and in leisure time. The final score was made by averaging all the issues, the values of (1) very sedentary (5) very active to classify scholars in: inactive (scores < 3) or active (scores ≥ 3). For assessing the children PA level (PAL), two questions were included in questionnaire for the parents/guardians. For each alternative, the values were: (0) no, (1) rarely and (2) often, which score according to the sum of all the PA offered. The final score was obtained by position’s measures with values above the 75th percentile (P75) as active. Thus, in the children’s PAL of 0-4 years, the students were classified: inactive (score ≤ 8 points) and active (scores ≥ 9) and in the children’s PAL of 5-10 years, the schoolchildren were classified: inactive with scores ≤ 12 points and inactive as active with scores ≥ 13. We used means, standard deviations, percentages, minimum and maximum values for descriptive analysis. In multivariable analysis, we chose Logistic Regression as a measure of association whose odds ratio (OR) considered crude and adjusted models and the confidence interval (CI) in 95% and physical inactivity (PI) of the students as an outcome. We established the significance level of p <0.05 in all analysis. Variables were analyzed: sex, age, NAF children of 0-4 and 5-10 years, NAF parents/guardians, body mass index (BMI) ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Destaca-se a importância que a prática de atividade física tem no tratamento e prevenção do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Porém, mais estudos são necessários para fornecer um entendimento completo das relações físicas e sociais entre a percepção do ambiente e o estilo de vida em diferentes contextos brasileiros e populações, em especial o DM2. Nesta direção, este estudo de natureza descritiva observacional buscou analisar a percepção do ambiente para a prática de atividade física de lazer e caminhada como forma de deslocamento de pessoas com DM2 da cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Participaram do estudo 86 pessoas participantes do projeto de pesquisa \"Apoio Telefônico para o Monitoramento em Diabetes mellitus - ATEMDIMEL\", entrevistados no momento inicial do estudo, atendidas no Distrito Oeste de Saúde no município de Ribeirão Preto - SP, em 2013. Foram utilizados dados de três instrumentos: um questionário contendo as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas; o International Physical Activity Questionnaire versão longa, utilizado a avaliação dos domínios na atividade física de lazer e o domínio do transporte, sendo a caminhada como forma de deslocamento; e a escala adaptada Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale que avalia a relação entre ambiente e atividade física na comunidade. Das 86 pessoas entrevistadas, a maioria, eram pessoas acima de 60 anos, mulheres, aposentados e com baixa renda. Em relação ao controle metabólico, muitos dos dados clínicos foram considerados alterados, como a glicemia de jejum, o colesterol de lipoproteína de alta densidade, triglicérides, e hemoglobina glicada. A maioria não atingiu a recomendação de pelo menos 150 minutos por semana de prática atividade física de lazer e caminhada como forma de deslocamento. A cada conveniência mais próxima da residência do sujeito, teve 0,60 chances de praticar atividade física de lazer, e quem recebe convites amigos e vizinhos teve 10,58 mais chances. Quase 50% dos sujeitos identificaram que existe praça ou local para caminhar a menos de 10 minutos de sua residência, e a maior parte do ambiente percebido foi considerada boa ou regular. Porém, locais considerados mais propícios para a prática de atividade física, como parque, clube, quadra de esportes, campo de futebol e academia de ginástica/musculação foram percebidos como longe da residência dos sujeitos. Quando identificaram feira próxima de sua residência e ruas planas próximas a residência, apresentaram 0,15 e 5,37 vezes mais chance de caminhar como forma de deslocamento, respectivamente. Diante dos resultados observados, podemos considerar a necessidade de ações para adequação dos espaços e de educação da população para um estilo de vida mais ativo. É importante que se estimule o paciente utilizar o ambiente físico e social para benefício de sua saúde, como espaços públicos adequados que propiciem a prática de atividade física de lazer e caminhada como forma de deslocamento como parte do tratamento, assim como o apoio social, entre amigos e familiares, para o suporte contínuo das atividades. Estudos mais específicos e abrangentes são necessários para que possamos investigar melhores intervenções para o incremento de atividade física nessa população / It highlights the importance of the practice of physical activity has in the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). However, further studies are needed to provide a thorough understanding of the physical and social relations between the perception of the environment and the lifestyle in different Brazilian contextspopulation, especially DM2. In this direction, thisobservational descriptive study sought to analyze the perception of the environment for the practice of physical activityas leisureandjoggingas a form of people displacement with DM2 from the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP.There were 86 people participating in the research project \"Telephone Support for Monitoring in Diabetes mellitus - ATEMDIMEL\", interviewed at baseline of the study, treatedatHealth West District in the city of RibeirãoPreto-SP, in 2013. We used data from three instruments: a questionnaire containing the sociodemographic and clinical variables; the International Physical Activity Questionnairelong version, used the evaluation of fields from physical activityas leisure and the transport fields, being the walk as a way of shift; and the adapted scale Neighborhood Walkability Environmental Scalethat evaluates the relationship between environment and physical activity in the community.The majority of the 86 people interviewedwereover 60 years, women, retirees and low income. In relation to the metabolic control, many of the clinical data were considered changed, such as fasting glucose, cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin. Most of the participants did not reach the recommendation of at least 150 minutes a week to practice physical activity as leisure and joggingas a way of moving.In each convenience nearest to the residence of the subject, had 0.60 chances to practice physical activity of leisure, and who receives friends and neighbors invitations had 10.58 more chances.Almost 50% of the subjects have identified that there is a square or a place to walk less than 10 minutes from their home, and most of the perceived environment was considered good or regular.However, locations considered most conducive to the practice of physical activity, such as park, club, sports court, football field and gym/weight room were perceived as far from the residence of the subject.When identified fair near his residence and flat streets near the residence, showed 5.37 and 0.15 times more chance of walking as a way to displacement, respectively.On the results observed, we can consider the need ofactions to adapt spaces and theeducation of the population for more active lifestyle. It is important to encourage the patient to use the social and physical environment for the benefit of their health, such as adequate public spaces that allow the practice of physical activity as leisureandjoggingas a way to offset as part of treatment, as well as social support, between friends and family, to the ongoing support of activities. More specific and comprehensive studies are needed so that we can investigatebetterinterventions to increase physical activity in this population

INTRODUÇÃO: A atividade física (AF) é reconhecida como uma boa alternativa de prevenção de doenças e promoção do bem-estar físico, mental e social das populações. Não obstante esse consenso, os programas de AF para idosos têm dificuldades para encontrar métodos que sejam capazes de proporcionar, simultaneamente, eficácia nos efeitos desejados e permanência dos participantes. OBJETIVO: comparar a aquisição, a retenção e a permanência dos efeitos biopsicossociais de dois modelos de intervenção de AF para idosas em Moçambique. MÉTODO: um grupo de 69 mulheres idosas com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos participaram do estudo, tendo sido criteriosamente selecionadas e aleatoriamente distribuídas para dois grupos: Formal (prática de atividades físicas formais) e Lúdico (prática de atividades lúdicas). A intervenção foi realizada em duas fases e as aulas tiveram frequência de 3 vezes por semana em dias alternados (segundas, quartas e sextas feiras), sessões diárias de uma hora de duração e orientadas por monitores credenciados. Na primeira fase (Fase 1) que durou 12 semanas, o Grupo Formal (n=35) realizou sessões de 20 minutos de trabalho aeróbio em cicloergômetro com intensidade de esforço controlada de 65 à 85% da frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmáx.), mais 8 exercícios de resistência muscular com 15 repetições máximas (RM) enquanto o Grupo Lúdico (n=34) realizou atividades físicas de caráter lúdico compostas por jogos, atividades recreativas ativas incluindo danças tradicionais. Na segunda fase (Fase 2) que durou 8 semanas, cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos que combinados resultaram na formação de 4 subgrupos: Formal (n=18/14); Lúdico (n=17/15); Formal + Lúdico (ForLuD; n=17/14) e Lúdico + Formal (LudFor; n=17/16). Um dos subgrupos continuou a realizar o mesmo tipo de atividade da fase 1 (retenção), enquanto o outro realizou AF que antes não tinha realizado (permanência). Antes do início da intervenção e no final de cada fase as participantes foram submetidas aos mesmos testes (pré; pós1 e pós2) que incluía: (1) antropometria (peso, altura, perímetro da cintura e porcentagem da gordura por bioimpedância); (2) fatores de risco de doença cardiovascular (pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica; glicemia; colesterol, lipoproteína de alta densidade e triglicerídeos); (3) teste de aptidão física de Rikli e Jones (1999) (sentar e levantar; rosca; sentar e alcançar; agilidade e caminhada); (4) nível da atividade física habitual (acelerômetro por 7 dias) e (5) variáveis psicossociais (autoeficácia; autopercepção do desempenho; autoestima, autoimagem e motivação intrínseca). Os dados foram analisados no SPSS.20 com 95% de intervalo de confiança e obedeceu aos pressupostos da normalidade de dados (ANOVA mista) e não normalidade (Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon e Qui quadrado). RESULTADOS: As participantes apresentaram elevada prevalência de risco de saúde no início do estudo, quadro que permaneceu até o final da intervenção. Na fase de aquisição ambos os grupos melhoraram a capacidade cardiorrespiratória e aumentaram o nível de confiança em continuar a participar do programa. Na retenção e na permanência todos os subgrupos diminuíram a porcentagem de gordura corporal e melhoraram a agilidade. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na comparação intergrupos (na aquisição) e intersubgrupos (na retenção e na permanência). CONCLUSÃO: Os dois modelos de intervenção foram similares nos efeitos biopsicossociais da AF, o que permite sugerir que o modelo lúdico é uma alternativa real e viável de programa de intervenção para idosas moçambicanas, consideradas as condições culturais, sociais e econômicas do país / INTRODUCTION: Physical activity (PA) is recognized as a good alternative to prevent disease and to promote populations physical, mental and social well being. Beside this agreement, PA programs for the elderly have faced difficulties to find methods that can congregate the efficacy of the effects and the permanence of people on the program. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to compare the acquisition, retention and permanence of biopsychosocial effects of two types of PA program for Mozambican older women. METHOD: 69 older women (>=60 years old) were randomlly distributed to two groups: FAG (formal activity group) and LAG (ludic activity group). The intervention program was carried out in two phases with 3 practice sessions (one hour of duration) per week (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays), and were oriented by credited trainers. The first phase of the study lasted 12 weeks and the participants of FAG (n=35) practiced 20 min of aerobic work on the treadmill with standard intensity control procedure (65 to 85% HR max) followed by 8 muscular endurance exercises with 15 maxim repetitions (RM). On the other hand participants of LAG (n=34) practiced games, dance and recreational activities. On the second phase, the study had 8 weeks of practice, and both groups were further divided into 2 sub-groups whose combination resulted in 4 sub-groups: Formal activity (FFAG; n=18/14); Ludic activity (LLAG; n=17/15); Formal+Ludic activity (FLAG; n=17/14) and Ludic+Formal activity (LFAG; n=17/16). Two of the sub-groups continued to practice the same activity of the first phase and another two sub-groups changed to the activities practiced by the other group in the first phase. The participants were submitted to the anthropometry test batteries (weight, height, west and body fat) and risk factor of cardiovascular disease test (systolic blood press and diastolic blood press; glycemic; cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides). Additionally they were submitted to fitness test (chair stand; arm curl; chair sit-and-reach; 8-foot up-and-go and 6-minute walk), physical activity level test (by accelerometer for seven consecutive days) and psychosocial factors test (self-efficacy; self-perception skill, self-esteem; self-image and intrinsic motivation). The data were analyzed by SPSS.20 with 95% of confidence interval. When normality criterion was achieved parametric test was used (mixed ANOVA) and nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and X square tests) were used when normality criterion was not achieved. RESULTS: the participants showed high level of health risk factor from the beginning to the end of the intervention. In the acquisition all groups improved the cardiorespiratory fitness and the level of the confidence to continue on the PA program. In the retention and permanence, all sub-groups reduced the level of body fat and improved agility. Inter-group comparisons reveled no statistical difference between groups (acquisition) and sub-groups (retention and permanence). CONCLUSION: The two types of PA program were similar in acquisition, retention and permanence of the biopsychosocial effects. Thus, it can be suggested that the ludic model of PA program is a real and viable alternative program for Mozambican older women, especially taking into account the cultural, social and economic conditions of the country

Com o envelhecimento há aumento da incidência de problemas gastrointestinais relacionados com a motilidade intestinal. A atividade física pode promover mudanças funcionais significantes, atuando como minimizadora dos efeitos deletérios do processo de envelhecimento. O controle das funções gastrointestinais é feito pelo sistema nervoso entérico composto por um conjunto de neurônios intramurais, entretanto, nada se sabe sobre os efeitos da atividade física regular sobre o envelhecimento dos neurônios mioentéricos. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar as alterações quantitativas e morfométricas causadas pelo envelhecimento e pela atividade física nos neurônios mioentéricos NADH e NADPH-diaforase positivos do duodeno de ratos de meia idade. E ainda verificar em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão as possíveis alterações na morfologia e ultraestrutura do plexo, e na espessura da túnica muscular. Para tanto, foram utilizados 45 ratos Wistar distribuídos em três grupos: C (seis meses de idade sedentário), S (doze meses de idade sedentário) e T (doze meses de idade submetidos à atividade física). Os animais do grupo T realizaram atividade física cinco vezes por semana, durante seis meses. Nenhuma alteração morfológica foi encontrada entre os grupos, entretanto verificou-se a membrana basal mais bem delineada e fibras colágenas mais agrupadas nos gânglios dos animais dos grupos C e T em relação aos animais do grupo S. Na análise quantitativa observou-se diminuição dos neurônios NADPH-diaforase positivos com o envelhecimento e com a prática de atividade física. Os neurônios NADH-diaforase positivos diminuíram com o envelhecimento, porém aumentaram com a atividade física (P&gt;0,05). Nenhuma alteração significativa (P&gt;0,05) foi verificada na área do perfil neuronal dos neurônios NADPH e NADH-diaforase positivos com o envelhecimento. Em relação à atividade física, observou-se, somente nos neurônios NADPH-diaforase positivos, diminuição significativa na área do perfil celular. Nenhuma alteração significativa (P&gt;0,05) foi constatada na espessura da camada muscular do duodeno. / With ageing, there is an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal problems related to intestinal motility. Physical activity may promote significant functional alterations, acting to minimize the deleterious effects of the ageing process. The control of gastrointestinal functions is carried out by the enteric nervous system, composed of a network of intramural neurons. However, nothing is known about the effects of regular physical activity on the ageing of myenteric neurons. Therefore, the object of this study was to analyze the quantitative and morphological alterations caused by ageing and physical activity on the NADH and NADPH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons in the duodenum of middle-aged rats and, furthermore, to verify, through light and transmission electron microscopy, any alterations in the morphology and ultrastructure of the plexus and the thickness of the muscular tunica. To this end, 45 Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group C (six months old - sedentary), group S (twelve months old - sedentary) and group T (twelve months old - submitted to physical activity). The animals of group T underwent physical activity five times a week for six months. No morphological alteration was found among the groups. However, it was found that the basal membrane had a stronger outline and collagen fibers were more grouped in the ganglia of the animals of groups C and T, compared to those of group S. In the quantitative analysis, a reduction in NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons with ageing and with the practice of physical exercise was observed. There was also a decrease in NADH-diaphorase positive neurons with ageing, although there was a slight increase with physical activity (P>0.05). No significant alteration was observed in the area of the neuronal profiles of the NADPH and NADH-diaphorase positive neurons with ageing (P>0.05). With regards to physical activity, a significant reduction in cellular profile area was only found in the NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons. No significant alteration was found in the thickness of the muscular layer of the duodenum (P>0.05). Key words: Myenteric plexus, ageing, physical activity.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-08T14:29:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 MARILIA AVILA VALANDRO ok.pdf: 1044698 bytes, checksum: 07606147cdffad848dc4db44d0162dd3 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-08T14:30:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 MARILIA AVILA VALANDRO ok.pdf: 1044698 bytes, checksum: 07606147cdffad848dc4db44d0162dd3 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T14:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 MARILIA AVILA VALANDRO ok.pdf: 1044698 bytes, checksum: 07606147cdffad848dc4db44d0162dd3 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / A endocardiose valvar (EV) é a cardiopatia mais prevalente na espécie canina, capaz de alterar o balanço autonômico pela ativação crônica do sistema nervoso simpático, relacionado ao risco de morte súbita e pior prognóstico. Diversos programas de treinamento com caminhada foram eficazes no restabelecimento do equilíbrio autonômico em seres humanos cardiopata, verificados a luz da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de oito semanas de caminhada, realizadas três vezes por semana, durante 30 a 50 minutos, de moderada intensidade (60 a 80% da frequência cardíaca máxima), sobre a função autonômica cardíaca de cães com EV, utilizando a VFC no domínio do tempo e da frequência como ferramenta. Para tanto, 20 cães com EV foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle - não treinado (GC, n=9) e grupo treinamento (GT, n=11), e avaliados nos momentos basal (T0), quatro semanas (T1) e oito semanas (T2). No domínio do tempo, a variável média rMSSD (raiz quadrada da média ao quadrado das diferenças sucessivas entre os intervalos NN) foi maior no GT em quatro (155,5+42,07) e oito semanas (199,8+83,54) em relação ao GC (91,17+35,79 e 88,17+57,51) (p<0,05). No domínio da frequência, a variável High Frequency (HF) foi a mais representativa, e apresentou aumento no GT (30950+25810) após quatro semanas quando comparado ao GC (19090+23210) (p<0,05) e dentro do grupo GT após oito semanas de treinamento (40300+33870) em relação à avaliação basal (29340+20950) (p<0,05). As demais variáveis não sofreram influências do programa de treinamento proposto. Esses resultados demonstram que o treinamento físico com a utilização de caminhadas foi capaz de alterar a VFC, indicando uma maior participação parassimpática em cães com EV. / Valvular endocardiosis is the most prevalent cardiopathy in canine specie. This disease is able to change autonomic balance, which is related to sudden death and worse prognostic, through chronic activation of sympathetic nervous system. Looking at heart rate variability, various walk training plans were efficient for the autonomic balance reestablishment in cardiophats people. In this way, this study focused on evaluate the effect of 8 weeks walking plan on cardiac autonomic function of dogs with valvular endocardiosis. These walking plans were consisted of moderated intensity walking (reaching from 60 to 80% of maximum heart rate) during 30 to 50 minutes, three times a week. Heart rate variability was analyzed by utilizing time and frequency domain as a tool. Thus, 20 dogs with valvular endocardiosis were divided into two groups: Control group, with no training (CG, n=9), and Training group (TG, n=11). They were evaluated at basal moment (T0), 4 weeks (T1), and 8 weeks (T2). At time domain, only the medium variable rMSSD (the root mean square of successive differences between the square NN intervals) was higher in the TG in four (155.5+42.07) and eight weeks (199.8+83.54) than CG (91.17+35.79 and 88.17+57.51) (p<0.05). At frequency domain, the high frequency variable was the most representative and after four weeks, it showed higher on TG (30950+25810) than CG (19090+23210) (p<0.05). After eight weeks, within TG there was higher frequency (40300+33870) when compared to basal evaluation (29340+20950) (p<0.05). The proposed training program did not affect the other variables. These results suggest that the physical training with utilization of walking plans were able to change the heart rate variability what indicated a higher parasimpathetic participation of dogs with valvular endocardiosis.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are serious health issues that continue to affect many nations. Specifically, the sub-Saharan African region has the highest prevalence of HIV and AIDS worldwide. Africans living in informal settlements or townships have the highest prevalence of HIV in South Africa. Persons of low socioeconomic status (SES) in general become socialised into unhealthy behaviours and risk factors at early ages, and experience poor health outcomes. Physical activity (PA) is one cost-effective, non-pharmacological approach that has been reported as conjunctive therapy for HIV to effectively address these impairments. Aim: The aim of the study was to develop a contextualized intervention that promotes PA among persons living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) of low SES. Methods: A mixed methods approach was used. Studies included (1) a systematic review which assessed (a) specific and useful intervention techniques that were previously used in successful PA interventions (b) relevant behaviour change theories used to develop the intervention content, (2) a narrative review which examined the available literature on PA, social support and SES with a view to inform the design of effective PA interventions for PLWHA of low SES, (3) a cross sectional study which aimed at determining if age, body weight, height, gender, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), educational attainment, employment status, CD4+ cell count, and body mass index (BMI) could predict overall PA among PLWHA of low SES in Cross roads Township in the Western Cape Province, South Africa (4) a cross-sectional study which (a) examined the PA profile of PLWHA of low SES based on PA domains and intensity and (b) determined whether employment status and level of education can predict PA among PLWHA of low SES in Cross roads Township in the Western Cape Province, South Africa (5) a mixed methods study which investigated the benefits and barriers of PA for HIV-positive women of low SES using the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale and focus group discussions, (6) a study which sought to develop a contextualised intervention for promoting PA among PLWHA of low SES and (7) a crossover study conducted at a community centre caring for HIV positive Black African Xhosa-speaking women of low SES in Nyanga Township in the Western Cape Province in South Africa. Results: The systematic literature review showed that the following techniques, namely, ‘provide feedback on performance’, ‘goal setting (behaviour)’, and ‘plan social support/social change’ were the most frequently used behavioural change techniques in interventions focusing on promoting PA for the management of chronic diseases amongst individuals of low SES. The review also showed that the Transtheoretical model of behaviour change and the Social Cognitive theory were the common theoretical frameworks of most study interventions.

Com o envelhecimento há aumento da incidência de problemas gastrointestinais relacionados com a motilidade intestinal. A atividade física pode promover mudanças funcionais significantes, atuando como minimizadora dos efeitos deletérios do processo de envelhecimento. O controle das funções gastrointestinais é feito pelo sistema nervoso entérico composto por um conjunto de neurônios intramurais, entretanto, nada se sabe sobre os efeitos da atividade física regular sobre o envelhecimento dos neurônios mioentéricos. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar as alterações quantitativas e morfométricas causadas pelo envelhecimento e pela atividade física nos neurônios mioentéricos NADH e NADPH-diaforase positivos do duodeno de ratos de meia idade. E ainda verificar em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão as possíveis alterações na morfologia e ultraestrutura do plexo, e na espessura da túnica muscular. Para tanto, foram utilizados 45 ratos Wistar distribuídos em três grupos: C (seis meses de idade sedentário), S (doze meses de idade sedentário) e T (doze meses de idade submetidos à atividade física). Os animais do grupo T realizaram atividade física cinco vezes por semana, durante seis meses. Nenhuma alteração morfológica foi encontrada entre os grupos, entretanto verificou-se a membrana basal mais bem delineada e fibras colágenas mais agrupadas nos gânglios dos animais dos grupos C e T em relação aos animais do grupo S. Na análise quantitativa observou-se diminuição dos neurônios NADPH-diaforase positivos com o envelhecimento e com a prática de atividade física. Os neurônios NADH-diaforase positivos diminuíram com o envelhecimento, porém aumentaram com a atividade física (P&gt;0,05). Nenhuma alteração significativa (P&gt;0,05) foi verificada na área do perfil neuronal dos neurônios NADPH e NADH-diaforase positivos com o envelhecimento. Em relação à atividade física, observou-se, somente nos neurônios NADPH-diaforase positivos, diminuição significativa na área do perfil celular. Nenhuma alteração significativa (P&gt;0,05) foi constatada na espessura da camada muscular do duodeno. / With ageing, there is an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal problems related to intestinal motility. Physical activity may promote significant functional alterations, acting to minimize the deleterious effects of the ageing process. The control of gastrointestinal functions is carried out by the enteric nervous system, composed of a network of intramural neurons. However, nothing is known about the effects of regular physical activity on the ageing of myenteric neurons. Therefore, the object of this study was to analyze the quantitative and morphological alterations caused by ageing and physical activity on the NADH and NADPH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons in the duodenum of middle-aged rats and, furthermore, to verify, through light and transmission electron microscopy, any alterations in the morphology and ultrastructure of the plexus and the thickness of the muscular tunica. To this end, 45 Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group C (six months old - sedentary), group S (twelve months old - sedentary) and group T (twelve months old - submitted to physical activity). The animals of group T underwent physical activity five times a week for six months. No morphological alteration was found among the groups. However, it was found that the basal membrane had a stronger outline and collagen fibers were more grouped in the ganglia of the animals of groups C and T, compared to those of group S. In the quantitative analysis, a reduction in NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons with ageing and with the practice of physical exercise was observed. There was also a decrease in NADH-diaphorase positive neurons with ageing, although there was a slight increase with physical activity (P>0.05). No significant alteration was observed in the area of the neuronal profiles of the NADPH and NADH-diaphorase positive neurons with ageing (P>0.05). With regards to physical activity, a significant reduction in cellular profile area was only found in the NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons. No significant alteration was found in the thickness of the muscular layer of the duodenum (P>0.05). Key words: Myenteric plexus, ageing, physical activity.

yes / This systematic review of reviews aims to investigate how brief interventions (BIs) are defined, whether they increase physical activity, which factors influence their effectiveness, who they are effective for, and whether they are feasible and acceptable. We searched CINAHL, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, DARE, HTA database, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index-Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index, and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network from their inception until May 2015 to identify systematic reviews of the effectiveness of BIs aimed at promoting physical activity in adults, reporting a physical activity outcome and at least one BI that could be delivered in a primary care setting. A narrative synthesis was conducted. We identified three specific BI reviews and thirteen general reviews of physical activity interventions that met the inclusion criteria. The BI reviews reported varying definitions of BIs, only one of which specified a maximum duration of 30 min. BIs can increase self-reported physical activity in the short term, but there is insufficient evidence about their long-term impact, their impact on objectively measured physical activity, and about the factors that influence their effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability. Current definitions include BIs that are too long for primary care consultations. Practitioners, commissioners and policy makers should be aware of this when interpreting evidence about BIs, and future research should develop and evaluate very brief interventions (of 5 min or less) that could be delivered in a primary care consultation. / Citation sent on from Donna. Emailed Laura Lamming for final draft 16/03/2017 -sm