Crowdfunding is a growing form of start-up funding and is estimated to turn over 5.1 billion USD in the future (Teigland & Ingram, 2013). This may not be a big part of the global economy but still very important, because this capital helps start-up ventures to emerge and help them to evolve in a way they could not if it was not for crowdfunding. The findings of this paper deduces that nationality does not have an impact on the transactions decision of Swedish crowdfunders. Support for other hypothesis are also found, which could be helpful for future research about how crowdfunders transaction decisions is influenced.

Agile based development seems to become a favorable model for offshore development. It allows both on and offshore team to work in small iterations minimizing the effect of change in software requirements and at the same time developing regular communication between them. However different factors such as physical distance and lack of communication between on and offshore team becomes a hurdle between them leading to misunderstandings about software requirements. This research work gives an insight about these challenges from the software industry by presenting and discussing the responses of four software companies located in different countries, collected through an online questionnaire. The authors found that lack of communication between on and offshore site is seen as a major challenge for better understanding of software requirements. Shorter iterations at the offshore site require more communication with the onshore site. The language problem seems to exist only when both on and offshore site who are non-English speakers communicate in English. Regular long distance meetings would help in better understanding of software requirements. Previous domain and product knowledge is helpful in better understanding of software requirements. This research work would allow different stakeholders within agile based on/offshore setting to better understand these challenges and deal accordingly with them.

Covid-19 pandemic has brought many social disturbances and changes into our daily life.With the expansion of the pandemic all countries have established new restrictions andrules around the world. One which seems a bit more challenging is the social distancing(physical distancing). In this research, we are studying the impacts of social distancing onthe social life of students. The aim of this research is to study how the students areaffected by the covid-19 restrictions and how they feel affected by the restrictions. Wehave used a qualitative research method for this study, and conducted a semi-structuredinterview involving 10 participants who are currently studying at Linköping University.Our qualitative results have guided us to the understanding that due to the restrictionscaused by covid-19 students have experienced some difficulties in maintaining their sociallife quality and keeping their daily routine and health balanced. According to the data thathave been collected from this study, indicates that the effects of social distancing haveaffected most students' both their social lives and well-being.

La ciudad del Cusco es una de las provincias del estado peruano que cuenta con mayor cantidad de visitantes al año, cabe resaltar que esta posicionada en una de las principales ciudades turisticas a nivel mundial. Por ende, es una ciudad que su economica gira entorno a la actividad turistica. Es por esta razon que actividad turista en la ciudad a superado su demanda hacia los clientes. En paises sub desarrollados tienen otra tendencia las empresas que se dedican al rubro de turismo, es decir muchas de estas pequeñeas empresas estan internacionalizadas, lo cual genera una pequeña liberacion a la actividad turistica en la ciudad. Sin embargo, se considera que actualmente estas pequeñas y medianas empresas tienen muchas obstaculos al comenzar el proceso de internacionalizacion. Por lo que, en el siguiente trabajo de investigacion analizaremos los factores que promueven en la internacionalizacion de las pymes en el turismo receptivo en cusco a traves de la metodologia uppsala. Para dicha investigacion usaremos una metodologia cualitativa. Se analizará y estudiará factores relacionados con la metodología de expansión Uppsala. Entre estos las teorias como distancia psiquica, distancia geografica, distancia psicologica, teoria de redes. / The city of Cusco is one of the provinces of the Peruvian state that has the highest number of visitors per year, it should be noted that it is positioned in one of the main tourist cities worldwide. Therefore, it is a city that its economy revolves around tourist activity. It is for this reason that tourist activity in the city has exceeded its demand towards customers. In underdeveloped countries, companies that are dedicated to the tourism sector have another tendency, that is, many of these small companies are internationalized, which generates a small release to tourist activity in the city. However, these small and medium-sized companies are currently considered to have many obstacles when starting the internationalization process. Therefore, in the following research work we will analyze the factors that influence the internationalization of SMEs in receptive tourism in Cusco through the Uppsala methodology. For this research we will use a qualitative methodology. Factors related to the Uppsala expansion methodology will be analyzed and studied. Among these theories such as psychic distance, geographical distance, psychological distance, network theory. / Tesis

The thesis seeks to demonstrate that during the period between 1986 and 2006, some of the principal cities of the Spanish metropolitan system1, have undergone significant change in terms of their European competitiveness. It is suggested that in the case of Madrid and Barcelona in particular this change has been of such a magnitude to proportion them a much more important place within the European spatial configuration than that which they occupied in the mid-1980s. Empirical evidence is offered to support this conjecture. The thesis lies wholly within the framework of spatial planning at the European territorial scale.It charts the comparative ascent of the Spanish cities from the moment of Spain's entry into the European Union (EU) in 1986 against the background of the development of European spatial policy, increased economic integration across Europe, the increased importance of the 'territorial' dimension of EU cohesion policy and an eventual waning of the applicability of the terminology of 'core' and 'periphery' to describe European geographical location.Part One (Chapter 1) addresses the processes of urbanisation in general from a global perspective and then focuses on metropolitan growth in a number of different historical contexts from the start of the 19th Century. Parts Two (Chapters 2-5) and Three (Chapters 6-9) of the thesis carry out analyses at two contrasting but complementary spatial scales. Part Two examines the metropolitan growth processes in Spain, in the period since 1857, detecting the historical moments in which there were surges in the metropolitan populations of the seven cities of the metropolitan system. The dimensions of the spatial units of analysis corresponding to the seven Spanish metropolitan urban regions are described, based upon a methodology first developed by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in the context of a transnational spatial planning project of the INTERREG community initiative2. These seven spatial units form the basis for a socio-economic analysis of the structure of the metropolitan system, drawing upon data principally from the 2001 Census. If by 1930 one of the key characteristics of Spain's urban system was having not just one but two cities (Madrid and Barcelona) belonging to the group of 27 cities across the world with populations in excess of 1 million inhabitants3, this same differentiation between the country's two largest cities and the remainder of the urban system is equally valid today. Spain's urban system remains clearly bicephalous in being dominated by these same two cities in terms of demographic and economic strength.Part Three begins by examining the evolution of European spatial policy against the background of an ever-enlarging European Union and changes with regard to the notion of cohesion - from a concept understood in terms of economic and social factors, to one in which the territorial dimension has become increasingly important. The European urban system is then critically examined through a number of key and influential studies, with particular regard to the rankings and hierarchies of metropolitan urban regions deriving there from and the changes in the placing of the Spanish metropolitan urban regions therein.Taking inspiration from the seminal contribution of Manuel Castells4 in the context of the structural changes resulting from the informational and technological revolution, the thesis seeks to replicate the concept of a 'space of flows'. This is carried out through a 'network analysis' approach drawing upon air passenger flows between some 28 European metropolitan urban regions of the EU15+2 group of countries, enabling the analysis of the interaction between these 28 cities. This methodology enables arriving at a number of descriptive indicators which in turn, through the application of a multi-dimensional scaling mathematical technique, permits comparing the functional and physical distances of each of the metropolitan urban regions from the centre of the 'conceptual space of air passenger flows' and the centre of gravity. The resulting map of the functional positioning of the cities offers a spatial vision of metropolitan Europe quite different to that based upon Cartesian coordinates. Such an approach enables demonstrating that cities such as Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisbon and Athens, traditionally considered as physically peripheral to the European core area, appear to be more favourably positioned in functional terms. Furthermore in the case of Spain the results indicate that Barcelona lies closer to the centre of the conceptual 'space of air passenger flows' than Madrid.In light of this empirical evidence, together with the signs of increased economic integration across some parts of Spain, the prospects of Spain forming part of a wider European territorial concentration of flows and activities, and the recognition of the territorial capital of Madrid and Barcelona within recent EU spatial policy declarations, the thesis concludes in Part Four that these two metropolitan regions have undergone a clear consolidation and (re)positioning within the European metropolitan hierarchy.