Orientadores: Italo Odone Mazali, Talita Mazon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:25:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Madalossi_NatiaraVaughn_M.pdf: 3988977 bytes, checksum: 5fd028b4052bd1c0173b1e06a840ab1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho reporta a síntese e caracterização de nanoestruturas de ZnO com morfologia de nanobastões hexagonais, crescidas verticalmente ao substrato de silício. Para o crescimento vertical dos nanobastões foi depositado um filme constituído por grãos de ZnO para atuar como camada de nucleação. Neste trabalho, as sínteses dos nanobastões e das camadas de nucleação foram preparadas por métodos químicos. As camadas de nucleação foram obtidas com a calcinação do filme de precursor polimérico e de 2-etilhexanoato de zinco, os quais foram depositados sobre o substrato de silício com o uso da técnica de spin coating e tratados termicamente em diferentes temperaturas para a formação dos grãos cristalinos de ZnO. Os nanobastões crescidos sobre as camadas de nucleação foram obtidos via síntese hidrotermal e síntese de deposição por banho químico (CBD). As camadas de nucleação e os nanobastões apresentaram estrutura cristalina tipo wurtzita com crescimento preferencial na direção [002] na qual a propriedade piezoelétrica se manifesta. As análises de espectroscopia Raman corroboraram com as análises de difração de raios X, sendo que não houve os deslocamentos das bandas do ZnO, indicando que os nanobastões não estavam no modo de confinamento quântico. Os nanobastões apresentam vários tipos de defeitos cristalinos, provocando a formação de defeitos eletrônicos na região da banda proibida, promovendo uma emissão centrada em 600 nm nas análises de espectroscopia de fotoluminescência. Para o estudo da resposta piezoelétrica dos nanobastões foi utilizado um substrato condutor de silício com um filme de platina para o crescimento dos nanobastões. O dispositivo constituiu-se de um eletrodo, formado pelo substrato condutor com as nanoestruturas e um contraeletrodo, formado pelo substrato condutor. Verificou-se que o dispositivo tem um comportamento de diodo tipo Schottky, sendo que a resposta piezoelétrica frente a uma deformação física foi de até 7 mV, indicando que os nanobastões podem ser utilizados como conversores de energia mecânica em energia elétrica / Abstract: This work reports the synthesis and characterization of nanostructures of ZnO with hexagonal nanorods morphology, growth vertically on silicon substrate. For the vertical growth a film constituted for ZnO grain was deposited over the substrate to act as nucleation layer. In this work, the synthesis of nanorods and nucleation layer was made by chemical methods. The nucleation layers were obtained by calcination of the polymeric precursor and 2-ethylhexanoate, being deposited on the silicon substrate by spin coating technique and annealed at different temperatures to promote the formation of ZnO crystalline grains. The growth of the nanorods on the nucleation layers were obtained by hydrothermal and chemical bath deposition (CBD) synthesis. The nucleation layers and the nanorods have wurtzite structure with preferential growth along the [002] axis, where the piezoelectric properties show up. Raman spectroscopy analyzes corroborate the x-ray diffraction, and there was no ZnO band shift, indicating that the nanorods would not be in quantum confinement. The nanorods showed different types of crystal defects, inducing the formation of electronic defects in the band gap. These defects showed an emission centered at 600 nm in photoluminescence spectroscopy. To study the piezoelectric response of the nanorods, a silicon substrate with a platinum film was used to grow the nanorods. The device consists of electrode formed by the conductive substrate with the nanorods and a contra-electrode, formed by the conductor substrate. It was found that the device is a Schottky type diode and the piezoelectric response was to 7 mV by physical deformation. Therefore, ZnO nanorods can be used as converter mechanical energy into electricity / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestra em Química

Le sujet de thèse concerne l’analyse de la propagation des ondes dans les structures complexes et leurs exploitations pour le contrôle semiactif et le contrôle de santé de structures intelligentes. Les structures composites munies de patches piézoélectriques sont la cible principale des investigations. Les patches piézoélectriques sont disposés avec une périodicité. Des travaux précédents ont montré l’intérêt de ce type de configuration pour l’amortissement actif de modes de structures en basses fréquences. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est l’extension de ces constatations dans une bande de fréquences plus large : basses et moyennes fréquences. La maîtrise des paramètres de propagation et de diffusion des ondes est la finalité recherchée. Dans ce cadre, les travaux proposés se baseront sur une technique particulière développée au sein de l’équipe Dynamique des Systèmes et des Structures: la technique WFE (Wave Finite Element), Ondes par éléments finis. Cette approche, construite à l’aide d’un modèle éléments finis d’une cellule représentative de l’essentiel des paramètres de propagation et de diffusion des ondes dans les structures. Elle a été validée sur des cas simples de structures, principalement isotrope monodimensionnel. La modélisation dans ce cas des sandwichs plaques composites munies de couches piézoélectriques sera opérée. Des simulations numériques poussées seront effectuées afin de cerner le cadre d’application de la WFE pour ce type de structures. Des optimisations pourront être réalisées avec ces outils numériques afin d’obtenir des paramètres géométriques et électriques optimaux dans la conception des structures intelligentes. Les travaux de cette thèse sont intégrés dans le projet CALIOP en collaborant avec le laboratoire de Mécanique Appliquée R.Chaléat de l’Institut FEMTOSTet G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering de Georgia Institute of Technology. / The analysis of wave propagation in complex structures and its application for the semi-active control of smart structures and health monitoring of these structures are dealt with in this thesis. The design of composite structures with shunted piezoelectric patches is one of the main objectives of all the investigations. This kind of smart composite structures is equipped with periodically distributed shunted piezoelectric patches. Former studies have shown the great interest of such a configuration for the active damping of structural modes at low frequencies. This thesis is focused on the extension of all these interesting characteristics of the smart structures to a larger frequency band: low and medium frequencies. The mastering of the propagation parameters and energy diffusion characteristics is targeted. In this context, the proposed work is based on techniques specifically developed in the research team "Dynamics of Systems and Structures"(D2S): the Wave Finite Element (WFE) method and Diffusion Matrix Model(DMM). The WFE approach is constructed via the finite element model of a unit cell, representative of the waveguide structure. It enables the calculation of essential wave propagation parameters like wavenumbers. The DMM, associated with the WFE approach, enables the calculation of energy diffusion characteristics like reflection and transmission coefficients of specific wave modes. These approaches are extended to consider shunted piezoelectric elements and then to evaluate the performance of shunted piezoelectric patches on the control of wave propagation in the aforementioned smart composite structures. Intensive optimizations can be carried out, with these tools, so as to obtain optimal geometric and electric parameters in the design of these smart structures. The present work is integrated in the CALIOP project in cooperation with the Laboratory of Applied Mechanics R.Chaléat at FEMTO-ST Institute and the G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering of Georgia Institute of Technology.

The work and results presented in this dissertation concern two complimentary studies that are rooted in surface acoustic waves and transducer study. Surface acoustic wave devices are utilized in a variety of fields that span biomedical applications to radio wave transmitters and receivers. Of interest in this dissertation is the study of surface acoustic wave interaction with polydimethylsiloxane. This material, commonly known as PDMS, is widely used in the microfluidic field applications in order to create channels for fluid flow on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate. The size, and type of PDMS that is created and ultimately etched on the surface of the substrate, plays a significant role in its operation, chiefly in the insertion loss levels experienced. Here, through finite element analysis, via ANSYS® 15 Finite Element Modeling software, the insertion loss levels of varying PDMS sidewall channel dimensions, from two to eight millimeters is investigated. The simulation is modeled after previously published experimental data, and the results demonstrate a clear increase in insertion loss levels with an increase in channel sidewall dimensions. Analysis of the results further show that due to the viscoelastic nature of PDMS, there is a non -linear increase of insertion loss as the sidewall dimensions thicken. There is a calculated variation of 8.31 decibels between the insertion loss created in a microfluidic device with a PDMS channel sidewall thickness of eight millimeters verse a thickness of two millimeters. Finally, examination of the results show that insertion loss levels in a device are optimized when the PDMS sidewall channels are between two and four millimeters. The second portion of this dissertation concerns the calibration of an ultrasonic transducer. This work is inspired by the need to properly quantify the signal generated by an ultrasonic transducer, placed under a static loading condition, that will be used in measuring ultrasonic bone conducted frequency perception of human subjects. Ultrasonic perception, classified as perception beyond the typical hearing limit of approximately 20 kHz, is a subject of great interest in audiology. Among other reasons, ultrasonic signal perception in humans is of interest because the mechanism by which either the brain or the ear interprets these signals is not entirely understood. Previous studies have utilized ultrasonic transducers in order to study this ultrasonic perception; however, the calibration methods taken, were either incomplete or did not properly account for the operation conditions of the transducers. A novel transducer calibration method is detailed in this dissertation that resolves this issue and provides a reliable means by which the signal that is being created can be compared to the perception of human subjects.

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Les convertisseurs de puissance sont de plus en plus utilisés, notamment avec l’explosion des objets nomades/connectés, certes de faibles puissance (<100 W), mais où les contraintes de volume, d’épaisseur ou de rendement sont forte. Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation des matériaux piézoélectriques constitue une excellente alternative aux convertisseurs à base d’inductances. Ces matériaux possèdent en effet de nombreux avantages comme des densités de puissances élevées, une géométrie fine et plane et sont notamment plus faciles à intégrer comparé aux inductances magnétiques classiquement utilisées. Un nouveau type de convertisseurs piézoélectrique, sans inductance, est présenté dans lequel le résonateur piézoélectrique assure une fonction de stockage d’énergie. À chaque période de résonance, le résonateur piézoélectrique prélève de l’énergie à la source d’entrée, la stocke provisoirement sous forme mécanique et la redistribue à la charge permettant ainsi la conversion de puissance. Des commutations à zéros de tension sont également garanties pour assurer des rendements élevées à fréquences élevées. Une première topologie (chapitre 2 et 3) intégrant ces principes est présentée. Un modèle analytique incluant les pertes mécaniques décrivant le comportement du convertisseur ainsi qu’un modèle de simulation sont élaborés. Le concept est validé expérimentalement et l’on obtient des rendements très élevés (jusqu’à 98%) sur une grande plage de puissance (de quelques mW à 1,8 W) pour plusieurs gains en tension (1,5 à 3). L’étude de cinq résonateurs de dimensions différentes renseigne sur l’influence de la géométrie sur les performances des convertisseurs et permet de concevoir une méthodologie de dimensionnement de ce résonateur. D’autres topologies plus complexes (chapitre 4) sont explorées et des perspectives d’améliorations et de mises sur le marché sont présentées. / The increasing demand for power convertors in various application fields implies specific constraints and specific technological solutions. In this context, working with piezoelectric material constitutes an excellent alternative of classical inductor-based converter. Indeed, these materials enable a high-power density, thin and planar geometry and can be integrated on silicon more easily than popular wire-wound magnetic components. A new kind of piezoelectric inductorless converter, in which the piezoelectric material acts as an energy storage element, is presented. At each resonant period, the piezoelectric resonator takes energy from the input source, stores it temporarily and releases it to the load (and therefore enabling the power conversion). Soft switching is assured to maintain very high efficiencies for high frequencies. A first topology (chapter 2 and 3) in which those principles are applied is introduced. An analytical model which integrates the mechanical losses and a simulation model are developed enabling a good understanding of the converter behavior. The concept is experimentally validated and very high efficiency conversions (up to 98 %) are achieved for a large range of output power (from mW to 1.8 W) and for different output gains. The study of five different-size piezoelectric resonators enables to understand the impact of geometric parameters of the resonator on the converter performances and therefore to propose a resonator design methodology. More complex topologies are also described (chapter 4) and a discussion on improvement possibilities and perspectives to have a complete and industrialized converter concludes the thesis.

This diploma thesis describes the piezoelectric phenomenon and its use for positioning with nanometric precision in laboratory use. In the thesis is description of direct and indirect piezoelectric phenomenon, various types of piezoelectric actuators and ways of their control with the aim of eliminating their hysteresis. The goal is to design a controller for piezo actuator built in the three-axis nanometric manipulator Thorlabs MAX341/M.

Piezoelectric power harvesting is a field of active research. Most piezoelectric power harvesters are designed around harvesting energy from vibrations. This thesis is a feasibility study in collaboration with SKF to investigate whether or not a useful amount of power can be extracted from a piezoelectric tube mounted inside the roller of a bearing, based purely on harvesting power from mechanical strain instead of ambient vibrations, with the goal of replacing bulky single-use batteries as the power source for SKF's sensor roller technology. The methodology consisted of constructing and simulating a multiphysics model in COMSOL Multiphysics, and simulations were performed using three sets of parametric studies. Necessary material properties for the middle epoxy layer bonding the roller and piezo tube together were determined, before characterizing the piezoelectric behavior in relation to the magnitude of the applied load and the rotation of the roller. Simulation results indicate that approximately 0.64mW of power can be harvested from a single piezo tube under nominal operation in the test case, which is sufficient to power the sensor roller circuitry. In addition to simply replacing batteries as a power source, the technology opens up possibilites for more widespread adoption of sensor rollers in other applications.

<p>  </p> <p>Integrated photonics has provided an elegant way to bring the table-top bulky optical systems from the research lab to our daily life, thanks to its compact size, robustness, and low power consumption. Over the past decade, Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) photonics has become a leading material platform, benefiting from its record-low loss, large Kerr nonlinearity, and compatibility with the foundry process. However, the lack of electro-optical effect makes it challenging to actively tune the Si3N4 photonic circuits for advanced applications, such as LiDAR, spectroscopy, and atomic clocks. During my PhD research, I have developed a new platform of piezoelectric control of Si3N4 photonics through stress-optical effect. By integrating an<br> Aluminum Nitride (AlN) piezoelectric actuator, I demonstrated the tuning of Si3N4 optical microring resonator at sub-microsecond speed with nano-Watt power consumption. Microwave frequency (GHz) acousto-optic modulation (AOM) is realized by exciting high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonant modes (HBAR), which are tightly confined in an acoustic Fabry-Pérot cavity. Maximum of 9.2 GHz modulation is achieved which falls into the microwave X-band. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The applications of the Piezo-on-Photonic platform are extensively explored in the quasi-DC and high frequency regimes. By working as a stress-optical tuner at low frequency, it allows me to actively tune a Kerr frequency comb into different states, and stabilize it over several hours, which can serve as the light source for the next-generation chip-based LiDAR engine. On the other hand, the GHz frequency AOM has helped me demonstrate a magnetic-free integrated optical isolator, a device that transmits light in only one direction. Three AlN HBAR actuators are integrated closely on the same Si3N4 microring resonator, which generate an effective rotating acoustic wave and break the transmission reciprocity of the light. A maximum of 10 dB isolation is achieved under 300 mW total radiofrequency power, with minimum insertion loss of 0.1 dB. Finally, the application of the same technique in quantum microwave to optical converter is theoretically analyzed, showing potential for building future quantum networks. The initial experimental attempt and outlook for future improvements are investigated. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In conclusion, this thesis investigated a novel Piezo-on-Photonic platform for flexible and efficient control of the Si3N4 photonic system, and its applications in a wide variety of advanced devices are demonstrated, with the potential of being key building blocks for future optical systems on-chip.  </p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19299号 / 工博第4096号 / 新制||工||1631(附属図書館) / 32301 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 正愛, 教授 川瀬 博, 教授 竹脇 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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