A racionalização e a industrialização da construção civil têm promovido o sistema construtivo baseado em elementos de concretos pré-moldados. O comportamento das ligações entre os elementos pré-moldados constitui uma das principais preocupações dos projetistas, sendo as ligações entre a superestrutura e as fundações determinantes na estabilidade e na distribuição de esforços solicitantes da estrutura. O comportamento de blocos sobre estacas com ligações para pilares pré-moldados possui particularidades em razão do diferente mecanismo de transferência de forças do pilar para o bloco mediante a ligação. Neste trabalho é estudado o comportamento de blocos de fundação apoiados sobre quatro estacas com cálice totalmente embutido para ligação com pilar pré-moldado. O estudo baseou-se em análise numérica não-linear de modelos tridimensionais considerando a fissuração do concreto, a presença de armadura e a interface de ligação. O comportamento de blocos com pilares submetidos à força vertical centrada e excêntrica foi descrito em termos de força última, panorama de fissuração, fluxo de tensões principais e tensões nas armaduras do bloco. Os resultados indicam a ocorrência de transferência de esforços do pilar para a fundação a partir das paredes do cálice de interface lisa, entretanto com intensidade insuficiente para a formação de bielas de compressão, e o risco da ocorrência de punção em blocos onde os pilares são ligados por cálices de paredes lisas. / The rationalization and the industrialization of the civil constructions have stimulated the construction process based on precast elements. One of the main designer\'s worries is about the behavior of the joints between precast elements, and the joints between superstructure and the foundations which are determinant in the construction stability and behavior of elements. In reason of the mechanism of transference of the forces from column to pile-cap by socket connections, the behavior of pile-caps with joints for precast columns has some specificity. The behavior of four-pile caps with embedded socket for precast columns joints is studied in this research. The study is based in nonlinear numerical analysis of three dimensional models considering the cracking in concrete, the reinforcement and the joint interface. The behavior of pile caps under centered and eccentric vertical force is described by ultimate force, cracking patterns, principal stresses flow and reinforcements strains. The results suggests that occurs the transfer of forces from column to the pile cap in the socket walls with smooth interface, however the intensity is not enough to form the struts, and the risk of development of punching shear in pile caps which columns are connected by smooth interface socket walls.

Étant une des nouvelles sources délivrant des énergies électrique et thermique décentralisées, les piles à combustible offrent une meilleure efficacité énergétique et des émissions réduites pour un développement durable. Ce mémoire est axé particulièrement sur l’étude des piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons (PEM), et sur les phénomènes physico-chimiques dont elles sont le siège. Un modèle 2D dynamique a été développé et résolu numériquement par la méthode des éléments finis au moyen du logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics. Les caractéristiques statiques et dynamiques simulées sont confrontées aux mesures effectuées sur un banc de test équipé d’une monocellule de type PEM de 100cm2 du laboratoire GREEN. Des études paramétriques, telles que l’influence des conditions opératoires, différentes sollicitations en courant, ont été simulées et expérimentées. Le comportement dynamique de la monocellule à un échelon de courant, et plus particulièrement à un couplage direct sur une capacité, a souligné l’importance du phénomène de la double couche électrique aux interfaces membrane/électrode dans la description précise des transitoires rapides. Enfin, la spectroscopie d’impédance, très répandue comme outil de caractérisation de la pile, a été mise en œuvre en simulation, permettant ainsi l’analyse des effets de cette méthode de mesure sur les grandeurs locales du cœur de pile / Being a new source of supplying electrical and thermal decentralized energy, the fuel cells offer better energy efficiency and reduced emissions for sustainable development. This thesis deals with the physicochemical phenomena that occur in a single cell of fuel cell proton exchange membrane. A 2Ddynamic model was developed and solved numerically by the finite element method using thesoftware COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulated static and dynamic polarization curves are confronted with measurements made on a 100cm² single cell test bench that belongs to GREEN Laboratory. Aparametric study, such as the influence of operating conditions, different stress current has been simulated and tested. The single cell dynamic behavior to a current step and more particularly to adirect connection to capacitor has underlined the importance of the electrical double layer phenomenon, located at the membrane / electrode interfaces, to describe precisely fast transients.Finally, spectroscopy impedance as a tool widely used to characterize the cell has been implemented in simulation allowing the analysis of the effects of this measurement method on the local parameters

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la modélisation dynamique d’une pile à combustible (PàC) PEM en vue de son utilisation en électronique de puissance. Un modèle statique basé sur une expression de la tension en fonction du courant débité est tout d’abord présenté. Le modèle dynamique est élaboré ensuite. Il est montré que l’impédance électrochimique de diffusion-convection (Zd) s’apparente à une ligne de transmission de type RC. Une discrétisation en un nombre fini d’éléments a été effectuée. Afin d’obtenir un modèle simple, deux branches RC différentes sont considérées pour l’impédance Zd auxquelles sont ajoutées la capacité de double couche, les résistances de transfert et de la membrane. Ce modèle est validé sur deux PàC de 500 W et 5 kW sur une gamme de fréquence 5 mHz à 2 kHz, lors d’échelons de courant et lors du débit sur un hacheur élévateur. Il est montré que l’utilisation du découpage haute fréquence du convertisseur permet un diagnostic de l’état d’humidification de la membrane / This thesis deals with dynamic modelling of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a view to integrate it into power electronics environment. Firstly a static model based on an expression that links current and voltage is presented. The dynamic model is then obtained. It is shown that the electrochemical diffusion-convection impedance (Zd) is similar to a RC transmission line. A discretization on a short number of elements is carried out. In order to obtain a simple model, two different RC branches for Zd impedance, a double layer capacitor, a transfer resistance, and a membrane resistance are considered. This modelling is validated on two 500 W and 5 kW PEMFC, for frequencies varying from 5 mHz to 2 kHz. The model is validated for both fuel cells during current step responses and operation with a boost converter. In this case it is shown how the high frequency switching of the converter can be used to obtain a diagnostic on the humidification state of the membrane

La pile à combustible convertit l’énergie chimique des réactants en énergie électrique continue, en chaleur et en eau. Elle est généralement utilisée autour d’un point de fonctionnement (ou zone) correspondant à un maximum de puissance électrique. Le courant continu produit par la réaction d’oxydo-réduction est proportionnel à la surface active de la pile et la tension, qui est d’environ 0,6 V au point de nominal de fonctionnement, peut être augmentée par la mise en série de plusieurs cellules (constituant un stack). En raison de son faible niveau de tension continue, son utilisation dans des systèmes électriques nécessitent de l’associer à des convertisseurs de puissance. Les travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse s’intéressent au potentiel d’une source électrique continue basse tension et plus exactement à l’utilisation de la pile à combustible en fonctionnement source de courant commandée (par le débit d’un des réactants). L’expertise du laboratoire GREEN dans le domaine des supraconducteurs, nous a conduits naturellement vers une application innovante à savoir substituer les alimentations de puissance dédiées aux dispositifs supraconducteurs par une pile à combustible. Un premier essai prometteur mené sur une bobine supraconductrice de 4 mH a mis en évidence tout le potentiel d’une telle application et nous a encouragés à étendre l’étude à des bobines supraconductrices fortement inductives, des plusieurs henrys. En effet, les énergies mises en jeu sont alors plus importantes et exigent de dimensionner avec soin le banc d’essai, aussi bien du point de vue de la protection de la pile que des conditions opératoires. Pour ce faire, une modélisation et une expérimentation d’un ensemble pile à combustible/bobine supraconductrice ont également été réalisées. En parallèle du travail mené sur la partie alimentation de la bobine supraconductrice, nous avons travaillé sur le dimensionnement d’un dispositif supraconducteur innovant, communément appelé aimant vectoriel, à trois axes. Ce système peut servir comme charge pour une pile à combustible mais aussi, et surtout, comme outils de caractérisation d’échantillons supraconducteurs. Cet aimant vectoriel permet d’orienter dans les 3 directions de l’espace un champ magnétique de plusieurs teslas, uniforme à plus de 95 % dans une sphère de 100 mm de diamètre. Ce dimensionnement, nous a permis de concevoir et réaliser la structure supportant le bobinage du fil et de choisir un certain fil supraconducteur. Le système complet devant coûter moins de 50 k€, cryostat inclus, nous nous sommes orientés vers du fil supraconducteur à basse température critique, refroidi à l’hélium liquide / The fuel cell (FC) converts the chemical energy of the reactants into direct electrical energy, heat and water. The FC is generally used around an operating point (or area) corresponding to a maximum of electric power. The direct current produced by the redox reaction is proportional to the active surface of the single cell and its voltage, which is approximately 0.6 V at the nominal operating point, can be increase by connecting several cells in series (constituting a stack). Due to its low DC voltage amplitude, its use in electrical systems requires the use of power converters. In this work, we have been interested taking benefit of such DC low voltage power source and more precisely the use of the FC as a current source controllable by the one of the reactant flow rates. The expertise of GREEN laboratory in the field of superconductors has naturally led us to an innovative application, namely to substitute the power supplies dedicated to the superconducting devices by a FC. A first promising test conducted on a 4 mH superconducting coil highlighted the full potential of such an application and encouraged us to extend the study to highly inductive superconducting coils where the energies involved are more important. This requires to carefully design the test bench with a protection system for the FC as well as operating conditions. To this end, a FC model supplying a superconducting coil has been developed and tested experimentally. At the same time, we have focused on the supply part of the superconducting coil by designing an innovative superconducting device, commonly called a three-axis vector magnet. This system can be used as a load for a fuel cell, but also, and above all, as a tool for the characterization of superconducting samples. This vector magnet allows to orient a magnetic field of several tesla in the three space directions, with a uniformity of more than 95 % in a 100 mm sphere of diameter. This design allowed us to realize the windings supporting structure and to choose a superconducting wire. The complete system has to cost less than 50 k€, including the cryostat, we have finally choose a superconducting wire with low critical temperature, cooled by liquid helium

Les sources hydrothermales profondes sont des édifices géologiques formés par l’infiltration d’eau de mer dans la croûte océanique, formant un fluide chaud (>400 °C), riche en métaux qui précipite pour former des cheminées dans lesquelles circulent un courant électrique. Les travaux de recherche présentés ici avaient pour objectif de révéler la présence de microorganismes capable de participer à la production de ce courant électrique ou d’utiliser cette électricité pour vivre au sein de ces cheminées électriquement conductrices. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur les microorganismes capables de survivre à haute température (entre 60 et 95°C). Différentes communautés microbienne en interaction et électroactives ont pu être cultivées permettant de poser des hypothèses crédibles quant à la colonisation primaire de ces environnements extrêmes. Ces hypothèses pourraient également s’appliquer aux théories d’origine de la vie en contexte hydrothermal. / Deep hydrothermal vents are geologic structures formed by the infiltration of seawater into the oceanic crust, forming a hot metal-rich fluid (> 400 ° C) that precipitates to form chimneys in which an electric current flows. The purpose of the research presented here was to reveal the presence of microorganisms capable of participating in the production of this electric current or of using this electricity to live within these electrically conductive chimneys. We focused on microorganisms able to survive at high temperatures (between 60 and 95 ° C). Different interacting and electroactive microbial communities have been cultivated, allowing the building of credible hypotheses about the primary colonization of these extreme environments. These hypotheses could also be applied to theories of origin of life in a hydrothermal context.

O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em aprofundar o entendimento dos mecanismos que controlam o atrito lateral sob arrancamento de estacas instaladas por fluidização em areia. A técnica de instalação é estudada como uma alternativa para a utilização de estacas torpedo na fixação de plataformas offshore. Trabalhou-se em laboratório com o arrancamento de estacas metálicas circulares em modelo reduzido. Foram utilizados três diâmetros de estacas modelo, simulando três diferentes escalas: 14 mm (1:76), 16,2 mm (1:67) e 21,3 mm (1:50). Foram realizados 8 ensaios de arrancamento (24 horas após a fluidização) em estacas modelo instaladas por fluidização em solo arenoso com densidade relativa de 50% e submetido à sobrecarga de 2,236 kPa. Foram também realizados 17 ensaios de arrancamento em estacas modelo pré-instaladas (sem fluidização) em areia com densidade relativa de 30%, simulando uma instalação sem perturbação do solo, uma vez que esta é a densidade relativa aproximada que a areia atinge após o processo de fluidização. Os resultados foram comparados com pesquisas anteriores de arrancamento de estacas instaladas por fluidização em areia. Para um aumento médio de 2 vezes a tensão vertical efetiva nas estacas modelo instaladas por fluidização com sobrecarga, observa-se um ganho médio de 1,8 na resistência. O coeficiente de empuxo lateral de serviço para estes ensaios não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao mesmo tipo de ensaio sem sobrecarga. As estacas instaladas por fluidização com sobrecarga e estacas pré-instaladas (sem perturbação) apresentam valores de constantes e independentes das profundidades instaladas, com respectivas médias de 0,15 e 0,31. O valor de parece aumentar com o tempo para as estacas fluidizadas (efeito setup) devido à reconstituição das tensões radiais. Os valores de estacas cravadas em areia densa diminuem seu valor com o aumento da profundidade instalada (e da tensão efetiva média atuante), por restrição de dilatação, tendendo ao valor de encontrado para ensaios pré-instalados realizados neste trabalho. / The main goal of this study is to deepen the understanding of the shaft friction behavior under tension loads of piles installed by fluidization in Osório sand. The installation technique is studied as an alternative for the use of torpedo piles in offshore platforms anchoring. This work was done in laboratory with metallic circular piles in reduced model. Three diameters of model piles were used, simulating three different scales: 14 mm (1:76), 16,2 mm (1:67) and 21,3 mm (1:50). Eight pullout tests (24 hours after fluidization) were carried out on model piles installed by fluidization in sandy soil with a relative density of 50% and subjected to a surcharge of 2,236 kPa. Eighteen pullout tests were performed on pre-installed (non-fluidized) model piles in sand with a relative density of 30%, simulating an installation without soil disturbance, since this is the approximate relative density reached after the process of fluidization. The results were compared with previous studies of pullout resistance of fluidized piles in sand. For an average increase of 2 times the vertical effective stress in the model piles installed by fluidization with surcharge, an average increase of 1,8 times is observed in the pullout resistance. The lateral earth pressure coefficient on the pile shaft for these tests did not show significant differences in relation to the same type of test without surcharge. For tests installed by fluidization and pre-installed tests (without soil disturbance), remains constant and independent of the installed depths, with respective averages of 0,15 and 0,31. The value seems to increase with time for fluidized tests (setup effect) due to the reconstitution of the radial tensions. The values for pullout tests in driven model piles in dense sand decrease their value with the increase of the installed depth (and the increase of the vertical effective stress), by restriction of the expansive behavior, tending to the value found for pre-installed tests carried out in this work.

Na prática de fundações por estacas helicoidais submetidas a esforços de tração (também conhecidas como ancoragens helicoidais) frequentemente são observadas discrepâncias entre valores de capacidade de carga previstos por métodos teóricos e medidos em provas de carga. Entre outros fatores, estas diferenças ocorrem pelo fato de nenhum dos métodos teóricos existentes considerarem adequadamente o efeito da instalação no comportamento deste tipo de ancoragem. Durante a penetração por rotação das hélices da estaca/ancoragem no terreno, os parâmetros de resistência e de rigidez do solo penetrado, e as tensões radiais em torno da estaca são modificados. O nível de degradação do solo que suportará as cargas aplicadas na ancoragem é dependente do tipo e características do solo, e do número e geometria das hélices. Diante deste cenário de incertezas provenientes do efeito da instalação, duas distintas abordagens probabilísticas são apresentadas nesta dissertação. A primeira abordagem tem o intuito de verificar o efeito da variabilidade de distintas variáveis influentes no comportamento de ancoragens helicoidais. Para este fim, foi utilizado o método de expansão em Polinômio de Caos, baseado na modelagem numérica de ancoragens helicoidais em areia, calibrada com os resultados medidos em modelos testados em centrifuga. Foi verificado nesta parte o nível de influência de cada parâmetro de entrada do solo no comportamento carga x deslocamento da ancoragem. No segundo enfoque, foi proposto e avaliado um modelo probabilístico para simular a curva carga x deslocamento, obtida em provas de carga. Nesta parte, foi realizada uma análise de confiabilidade para verificação do estado limite de serviço de ancoragens helicoidais baseada em resultados de provas de carga executadas no Brasil. São também apresentadas nesta análise as incertezas provenientes da variabilidade do fator de torque utilizado na verificação da capacidade de carga durante a instalação da ancoragem. / Discrepancies between predicted and measured results of uplift capacity of helical piles (or helical anchors) have been commonly observed in the practical experience. Among other factors, these differences occur because the existing theoretical methods do not consider adequately the installation effect on the behavior of this type of anchor. During the anchor installation, the penetration by rotation of the helical plates into the ground modifies the soil strength and stiffness parameters, and the radial stresses around the pile. The degradation degree of the soil penetrated is dependent on the type and characteristics of the soil, and also on the number and geometry of helices. Against this background of uncertainty due to the installation effect, two different probabilistic approaches are presented in this dissertation. The first approach is used to verify the effect of the variability of different influential variables on the behavior of helical anchors. For this purpose, the probabilistic method named Sparse Polynomial Chaos Expansion was used, based on the numerical modeling of helical anchors in sand, calibrated with measured results obtained from reduced models tested in centrifuge. As a result, the level of influence of each soil input parameter on the anchor load-displacement behavior is presented. In the second approach, a probabilistic model to simulate the load-displacement curve obtained in load tests was proposed and evaluated. For this part, a reliability analysis was performed to check the serviceability limit state of helical anchors, based on the results of field load tests performed in Brazil. In addition, the uncertainties arising from the variability of the torque factor were evaluated. The torque factor is frequently used to verify the uplift capacity of helical anchors during installation.

Esta pesquisa estuda o comportamento de blocos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas utilizado na ligação pilar-fundação de estruturas de concreto pré-moldado, submetida a ação de força centrada. Nessa situação, a ligação pilar-fundação pode ocorrer por meio do cálice de fundação, que por sua vez pode estar embutido, parcialmente embutido com parte do colarinho saliente, ou externo com o colarinho saliente em relação ao bloco de fundação. Apresenta-se nesta pesquisa o estudo experimental e numérico de blocos de fundação sobre duas estacas com cálice externo, parcialmente embutido e embutido, submetidos à ação centrada utilizando modelos em escala reduzida 1:2. Nos modelos analisados, considerou-se a conformação das paredes do cálice e do pilar com e sem rugosidade. Os resultados são comparados a dois blocos de referência, os quais apresentaram ligação monolítica entre o pilar e o bloco. Foi desenvolvida análise numérica tridimensional utilizando programa baseado no método dos elementos finitos (MEF), na qual foi considerada a não-linearidade física dos materiais. Observa-se que os blocos da série com rugosidade apresentaram maior rigidez e maior força última comparados aos blocos da série sem rugosidade. A armadura adicional utilizada nos modelos sem interface rugosa conferiu aumento na resistência dos modelos na ordem de 15%, o que não ocorreu nos modelos com rugosidade. Particularmente, no caso de blocos com cálice embutido e sem rugosidade, observou-se comportamento de bloco flexível, diferente dos demais modelos. / The present research studies the behavior of two pile caps reinforced concrete used in column-foundation connection of precast concrete structures, submitted to centered load. This situation allows that pile-foundation connection can occur by socket, which can be embedded, partially embedded or external, with socket walls over the pile caps. The research presents an experimental and numerical study of two pile caps reinforced concrete with external, partially embedded and embedded socket, submitted to centered load, using 1:2 scaled models. These models present the socket walls with rough and smooth interface. The results are compared with two reference models, which present a monolithic connection between pile caps and column. Three-dimensional numerical analyses using software based on finite element method (FEM) were developed considering the nonlinear physical behavior of the material. It was observed that pile caps with rough interface present stiffness and ultimate load greater than pile caps with smooth interface. Additional reinforcement using on models with smooth interface add a 15% resistance on models, but this effect did was not observed on the model with rough interface. Particularly, models with smooth interface and embedded socket present a flexible pile caps behavior.

Objetivou-se estudar o comportamento de estacas escavadas de grande diâmetro em uma obra de um Shopping Center na cidade de São Paulo. As estacas foram submetidas a carregamentos axiais de compressão, sendo que as estacas foram instrumentadas em profundidade. Utilizou-se de teorias amplamente conhecidas no meio técnico com o propósito de interpretar as curvas carga vs recalque, obtendo-se resultados como os diagramas de transferência de carga ao longo do fuste e atrito lateral unitário, gráficos do produto ES das estacas ensaiadas, gráficos de rigidez das estacas e as duas relações modificadas de Cambefort. O presente trabalho visa conseguir parâmetros que pudessem proporcionar uma redução no comprimento das estacas em obra e apresentar resultados que auxiliem os projetistas no dimensionamento de fundações usando-se estacas escavadas de grande diâmetro, sempre tendo cuidado e critério na extrapolação dos resultados em solos diferentes dos apresentados aqui. / The objective of this Msc Thesis is to study the behavior of large diameter drilled pile in the construction of a shopping mall in Sao Paulo. The piles were subjected to axial compression loads and instrumented in depth. Widely known theories were used to interpret load vs settlement curves, obtaining such results as transfer loads diagrams along the shaft and lateral friction unit, ES product and stiffness grafics of tested piles and two modified Cambefort Laws. This paper aims to achieve parameters that will allow a reduction in pile lengths and to present results that will aid designers in the design of large diameter drilled pile, provided that the needed care is taken when extrapolating results to soils of different geological origins from those presented here.

La pile à combustible (PàC) est une source d’énergie qui produit de l’électricité à partir de l’hydrogène et de l’oxygène.Elles sont très prometteuses pour la production d'énergie électrique. Néanmoins, la PàC souffre encore d’imperfections limitant ainsi sa commercialisation à grande échelle, tout particulièrement pour les applications de transport.C’est pourquoi, l’hybridation des différentes sources d’énergies est devenue une réalité pour les applications non-stationnaires telles que les véhicules tout électriques.Cependant ces applications nécessitent des solutions de gestion de l’énergie fiables prenant en compte toutes les contraintes du système électrique hybride.Par conséquent, le développement de plateforme de validation est nécessaire.Dans ce contexte, le Hardware In the Loop (HIL) est une technique très prometteuse, où une partie d’un système réel peut être remplacée par un système virtuel tout en respectant la communication entre ces sous-systèmes physiques et virtuels.Ce mémoire détaille des modèles dynamiques d'une pile à combustible échangeuse de proton (PEMFC) hybridée à des supercondensateurs.Par ailleurs, on détaille la gestion d’énergie entre ces deux sources, ainsi que le pronostic de la pile basé d’une part d’un filtre de Kalman étendu (EKF) pour l’estimation de l’état de santé (SoH) réel de la pile, et d’autre part, de la méthode Inverse First Order Reliability Method (IFORM) en vue d’estimer la durée de vie utile restante de la pile, tout cela dans une approche Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL). / The fuel cell is a source of energy that generates electricity from hydrogen and oxygen.They are very promising candidates for the production of electric power.Nevertheless, the fuel cell still suffers from imperfections limiting its commercialization on a full scale, in particular for transport applications.This is the reason why, hybridization of different energy sources has become a reality for non-stationary applications such as all-electric vehicles.However, these applications require reliable energy management solutions that take into account all the constraints of the hybrid electrical system.Therefore, the development of validation platform is necessary.In this context, the Hardware In the Loop (HIL) is a very promising technique, where part of a real system can be replaced by a virtual system while respecting the communication between these physical and virtual subsystems.This document details the dynamic models of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) associated with supercapacitors.Furthermore, the energy management between these two sources and the prognostic of the fuel cell composed of a extenced Kalman Filter filter (EKF) for the estimation of the real state of health (SoH) of the stack and, on the other hand, of the Inverse First Order Reliability Method (IFORM) in order to estimate the remaining useful life of the stack, all implemented in an FPGA control board in a Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) context.