This study explored the available adfreeze data published in literature and the techniques used to obtain it. Two methods were selected and modified to complete series of adfreeze bond test. A model pile pull-out method consisting of pulling a pile out a large specimen of soil was the first method used. The second method was modified from an interface shearing apparatus developed by Dr. Fakharian and Dr. Evgin at the University of Ottawa in 1996 and allowed preparing, freezing and testing the specimen in place. The material and soil tested for this study were provided by EXP Services Inc. The model pile, a galvanized HSS 114.3 x 8.6 section, is commonly used to install solar panels. Soil was taken from a future solar farm site in proximity to Cornwall, Ontario. The study had for objective to develop a low cost adfreeze laboratory testing method. Limitations of the technics and apparatus used were observed. While the results of a model pile pull-out test compared to previous data publish by Parameswaran (1978), the interface shear series of test presented more limitations. The interface shearing method has been previously study by Ladanyi and Thériault (1990). Issues with the interface shear method due to the water content of the soil as well as the range of normal stress applied to the specimen both during testing and freezing. The data obtained was inconclusive and the method will be studied in future research program. This studied approach the adfreeze testing with new improvement. The main contribution of this study is the data obtained by measuring and observing adfreeze of ice poor sand with varying water content. The measurements allowed to study the effect that increasing water content has on the interface bond strength. The modifications made to interface shear apparatus are also major new contribution provided by this research. The apparatus was converted in a small freezer chamber using insulation panel and vortex tubes. Which was used to freeze the specimen in the testing chamber and testing adfreeze in place without handling the shear box arrangement.

Die erreichte Zerkleinerung und die Form des Haufwerks sind die beiden wichtigsten Ergebnisse einer Tagebausprengung. Schnelle Informationen über die Eigenschaften des gesprengten Haufwerks ermöglichen eine zielgerichtete und effiziente Produktionsplanung und Kenntnisse über die erreichte Zerkleinerung ermöglichen außerdem Anpassungen in der weiteren Zerkleinerungskette. Durch den Einsatz von UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) gemeinsam mit modernen Algorithmen aus dem Bereich Computer Vision und des maschinellen Lernens soll eine schnelle Erfassung und Interpretation der Daten bei gleichzeitiger Integration in die herkömmlichen betrieblichen Abläufe ermöglicht werden, und außerdem können Schwächen bodengebundener Systeme hinsichtlich Vollständigkeit und Repräsentativität umgangen werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird einerseits auf den relevanten Stand des Wissens und der Technik eingegangen und andererseits wird die verfolgte Stoßrichtung bei der Systementwicklung dargelegt sowie erste Arbeiten präsentiert. / The fragmentation and the shape of the muck pile are the two major outcomes of open pit mine and quarry blasts. Fast information about the muck pile properties will help to improve the production scheduling and furthermore this information could be used to optimize the blasting patterns of future production blasts. The combined use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and modern machine learning and computer vision systems offers a new way of acquiring spatial data to determine on-site fragment size distribution, while at the same time enabling integration into common work flows and mitigating the weaknesses of ground-based systems with special regard to completeness and representativeness. In the present paper, we will discuss the relevant related work, present the planned path for system development and give examples of first work.

La réaction d'oxydation électrocatalytique hétérogène de l’éthanol (ethanol oxidation reaction - EOR) en phase gazeuse a été étudiée sur une plage de température comprise entre 120 °C à 180 °C dans les conditions d’une pile à combustible à membrane d'échange de protons (proton exchange membrane fuel cell - PEM-FC).Les piles à combustible à éthanol direct (direct ethanol fuel cell - DEFC) offrent la possibilité de produire de l'énergie électrique à partir d'un carburant renouvelable doté d’une infrastructure de production et de distribution préexistante. Cependant, l'efficacité énergétique théorique élevée qui est l'un des principaux avantages de la pile à combustible ne peut pas encore être atteinte avec l'éthanol. Les raisons en sont la formation des produits d'oxydation incomplète et la présence des adsorbats inertes qui entravent l'oxydation électrocatalytique de l'éthanol. Une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme de la réaction et de l'influence des conditions de la réaction est donc cruciale pour l'optimisation de la technologie DEFC. Plusieurs études ont été réalisées sur la EOR en solution aqueuse, mais aucune jusqu'à présent en phase gazeuse.À cet effet, une cellule de test à trois électrodes a été mise au point. Celle-ci peut fonctionner à des températures allant jusqu'à 180 °C et est reliée en série à un spectromètre de masse. Les produits d'oxydation volatils présents dans l'échappement de la pile à combustible peuvent être détectés grâce à la spectrométrie de masse électrochimique différentielle (differential electrochemical mass spectrometry - DEMS). Ainsi, la quantité de dioxyde de carbone produite lors de l'oxydation complète de l'éthanol peut être mesurée et permet de tirer des conclusions sur l'efficacité de la réaction sous différentes conditions. En outre, une détection qualitative des produits secondaires de la EOR est possible.L'effet de la température sur l'EOR a été étudié sur catalyseur Pt black à des températures comprises entre 120 °C à 160 °C. L’attention s’est aussi portée sur l'effet de la concentration d’éthanol sur des catalyseurs Pt / C et PtRh / C sur support carbone à 150 °C et la façon dont l'addition de Rh influe sur la performance ainsi que la sélectivité du produit de la EOR. / The heterogeneous electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in the gas phase has been studied in the temperature range of 120 °C to 180 °C under proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) conditions. Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC) offer the possibility to gain electrical energy from a renewable fuel with a pre-existing distribution infrastructure. However the high theoretical energy efficiency that is one of the major advantages of fuel cells cannot be achieved to date with ethanol. Reasons for this are the formation of incomplete oxidation products and inert adsorbates that hinder the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol. A better understanding of the reaction mechanism and the influence of reaction conditions is crucial for the optimization of DEFC technology. Several studies have been done on the EOR in aqueous solution, but none so far in the gas phase.For this purpose a test cell with a three electrode assembly has been built. It can operate at temperatures up to 180 °C and is connected to a mass spectrometer for online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) measurements to detect volatile oxidation products in the fuel cell exhaust. Thus the amount of the complete oxidation product carbon dioxide formed during electrooxidation of ethanol can be obtained and allows drawing conclusions on the efficiency of the reaction under varying conditions. In addition a qualitative detection of the side products of the EOR is possible. The effect of temperature on the EOR has been studied on Pt black catalyst in the temperature range of 120 °C to 160 °C. Another focus is the effect of the ethanol concentration on carbon supported Pt/C and PtRh/C catalysts at 150 °C and how the addition of Rh influences the performance and product selectivity of the EOR.

The design of pile foundations in conventional geotechnical engineering practice is based on the soil mechanics principles for saturated soils. These approaches are also extended to pile foundations that are placed totally or partially above the ground water table (i.e., vadose zone), where the soil is typically in a state of unsaturated condition. Such approaches lead to unrealistic estimations of the load carrying capacity and the settlement behavior of pile foundations. Some studies were undertaken in recent years to understand the influence of the matric suction towards the bearing capacity of model pile foundations placed in unsaturated fine-grained and coarse-grained soils. The conventional   and methods were modified to interpret the contribution of shaft carrying capacity of single piles in fine-grained soils (e.g., Vanapalli and Taylan 2011, Vanapalli and Taylan 2012). Also, the conventional method has been used to understand the contribution of matric suction towards the shaft resistance in unsaturated sands (Vanapalli et al. 2010). One of the key objectives of the present research study is directed to determine the contribution of matric suction towards the bearing capacity and settlement behavior of model single pile foundations in unsaturated sands. A series of single model pile load tests were performed in a laboratory environment to study the contribution of the matric suction towards the total, shaft, and base bearing capacity of the model piles with three different diameters (i.e., 38.30, 31.75, and 19.25 mm) in two unsaturated sands (i.e., a clean commercial sand and a super fine sand). Hanging column method (i.e., plexi glass water container) was used to control the matric suction values in the compacted sands in the test tank by varying the water table. The results of the testing programs indicate the significant contribution of the matric suction towards the bearing capacity of single model piles (i.e., 2 to 2.5 times of base bearing capacity and 5 times of shaft bearing capacity under unsaturated conditions in comparison with saturated condition). The test results were interpreted successfully by modifying the conventional methods for estimating the pile shaft bearing capacity (i.e., β method) and base bearing capacity (i.e., Terzaghi 1943, Hansen 1970 and Janbu 1976). In addition, semi-empirical methods were proposed for predicting the bearing capacity of single model piles using the effective shear strength parameters (i.e., c' and ϕ') and the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC). There is a good agreement between the measured and the predicted bearing capacity of single model piles using the semi-empirical models proposed in this study. In addition, numerical investigations were undertaken using the commercial finite element analysis program SIGMA/W (Geostudio 2007) to simulate the load-displacement (i.e., p-δ) behavior of the single model piles for the two sands (i.e., clean commercial sand and super fine sand) under saturated and unsaturated conditions. An elastic-perfectly plastic Mohr-Coulomb model that takes into account the influence of the matric suction was used to simulate the load-displacement (i.e., p-δ) behavior. The numerical approach proposed in this thesis is simple and only requires the information of the effective shear strength parameters (i.e., c' and ϕ'), the elastic modulus (i.e., Esat) under saturated conditions, the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC), and the distribution of the matric suction with respect to depth. The approaches proposed in this thesis can be extended to determine the in-situ load carrying capacity of single piles and also simulate the load-displacement (i.e., p-δ) behavior. The studies presented in this thesis are promising and encouraging to study their validity in-situ conditions. Such studies will be valuable to implement the mechanics of unsaturated soils into geotechnical engineering practice.

This study deals with crystal orientation effect along with the effects of microstructure on the pile-ups which affect the nanoindentation measurements. Two metal classes, face centered cubic (FCC) and body centered cubic (BCC, are dealt with in the present study. The objective of this study was to find out the degree of inaccuracy induced in nanoindentation measurements by the inherent pile-ups and sink-ins. Also, it was the intention to find out how the formation of pile-ups is dependant upon the crystal structure and orientation of the plane of indentation. Nanoindentation, Nanovision, scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattered diffraction techniques were used to determine the sample composition and crystal orientation. Surface topographical features like indentation pile-ups and sink-ins were measured and the effect of crystal orientation on them was studied. The results show that pile-up formation is not a random phenomenon, but is quite characteristic of the material. It depends on the type of stress imposed by a specific indenter, the depth of penetration, the microstructure and orientation of the plane of indentation. Pile-ups are formed along specific directions on a plane and this formation as well as the pile-up height and the contact radii with the indenter is dependant on the aforesaid parameters. These pile-ups affect the mechanical properties like elastic modulus and hardness measurements which are pivotal variables for specific applications in micro and nano scale devices.

No description available.

Des méthodes efficaces s'appuyant sur des outils statistiques pour réaliser dela reconnaissance de mouvement ont été développé. Ces méthodes reposent surl'apprentissage de primitives situé dans des espaces approprié, par exemplel'espace latent de l'espace articulaire et/ou d'espace de tâches adéquat. Lesprimitives apprises sont souvent séquentielle: un mouvement est segmenté selonl'axe des temps. Dans le cas d'un robot humanoïde, le mouvement peut êtredécomposé en plusieurs sous-tâches simultanées. Par exemple dans un scénario deserveur, le robot doit placer une assiette sur la table avec une main tout enmaintenant son plateau horizontal avec son autre main. La reconnaissance nepeut donc pas se limiter à une seule et unique tâche par segment de tempsconsécutif. La méthode présenté dans ces travaux utilise la connaissance destâches que le robot est capable d'accomplir, ainsi que des contrôleurs quigénèreront les mouvements pour réaliser une rétro ingénierie sur un mouvementobservé. Cette analyse est destinée à reconnaître des tâches qui ont été exécutéde manière simultanées. La méthode repose sur la fonction de tâche et lesprojections dans l'espace nul des tâches afin de découpler les contrôleurs.L'approche a été appliqué avec succès sur un vrai robot pour distinguer desmouvements visuellement très proches, mais sémantiquement différents / Efficient methods to perform motion recognition have been developed usingstatistical tools. Those methods rely on primitives learning in a suitablespace, for example the latent space of the joint angle and/or adequate taskspaces. The learned primitives are often sequential : a motion is segmentedaccording to the time axis. When working with a humanoid robot, a motion can bedecomposed into simultaneous sub-tasks. For example in a waiter scenario, therobot has to keep some plates horizontal with one of his arms, while placing aplate on the table with its free hand. Recognition can thus not be limited toone task per consecutive segment of time. The method presented in this worktakes advantage of the knowledge of what tasks the robot is able to do and howthe motion is generated from this set of known controllers to perform a reverseengineering of an observed motion. This analysis is intended to recognizesimultaneous tasks that have been used to generate a motion. The method relieson the task-function formalism and the projection operation into the null spaceof a task to decouple the controllers. The approach is successfully applied ona real robot to disambiguate motion in different scenarios where two motionslook similar but have different purposes

What happens if you never clear the drawing board? If nothing really should be abandoned, what will that mean? Spoiled material, ideas, fragments, duplicates, rubber marks, traces, what are they and how do they affect and interact in architectural processes? What are the patterns, measurements, lines, tectonics of the discarded? And is there, so to speak, a "dark" architecture, a reflection or a shadow of the wanted? Or as Kelley points out in Le Va’s scatter pieces, an anti-architecture. What if I could flip that anti-architecture, into a architecture, what would that mean and what would that look like?

Firebrand pile ignition of adjacent materials requires an in-depth understanding of heat transfer and flow profile within the firebrand pile. Modeling the firebrand pile as a fibrous porous medium, this study identified a porosity-permeability correlation that accurately describes the transport properties of a firebrand pile. The conduction-based model and Kozeny-Carman model were identified and examined by experiment, where firebrand porosity and permeability were collected with a wind tunnel. The conduction-based model was more stable and more accurate in the porosity range of interest. Pore network models were developed for the simulation of flow profiles utilizing the permeability data collected. The non-uniform network, which better represents a randomly stack firebrand pile, resulted in a more complex multidimensional flow within the pile. / Master of Science / Firebrands are known to be one of the primary ways wildfires can spread. They are mostly small pieces of flammable materials originating from vegetation or wooden structures that can be carried by wind ahead of the fire. The accumulation of firebrands on flammable materials tends to create ignitions, which calls for an in-depth understanding of temperature and airflow within the firebrand pile. Simplifying the firebrand pile as a porous medium, this study identified a relationship between how much void is present in the pile and the resistance of airflow of a firebrand pile. The conduction-based model and Kozeny-Carman model were identified and examined by experiment with a wind tunnel. The conduction-based model was determined to better describe the relationship. Pore network models were developed for the simulation of flow through the firebrand pile utilizing the data collected in the experiment, which provided an understanding of how airflow behaves inside the pile. A non-uniform flow network inside the pile led to a more complex, multidimensional flow through the firebrand pile.

Yes / Seabed consolidation state is one of important factors for evaluating the foundation stability of the marine structures. Most previous studies focused on the seabed consolidation around breakwaters standing on the seabed surface. In this study, a numerical model, based on Biot’s poro-elasticity theory, is developed to investigate the unsaturated seabed consolidation around a nearshore pile foundation, in which the pile inserted depth leads to a different stress distribution. Seabed instabilities of shear failure by the pile self-weight and the potential liquefaction under the dynamic wave loading are also examined. Results indicate that (1) the presence of the inserted pile foundation increases the effective stresses below the foundation, while increases and decreases the effective stresses around the pile foundation for small (de/R<=3.3) and large (de/R>3.3) inserted depths, respectively, after seabed consolidation, (2) the aforementioned effects are relatively more significant for small inserted depth, large external loading, and small Young’s modulus, (3) the shear failure mainly occurs around the inserted pile foundation, rather than below the foundation as previously found for the located marine structures, and (4) wave-induced momentary liquefaction near the inserted pile foundation significantly increases with the increase of inserted depth, due to the change of seabed consolidation state. / National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (51425901), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51209082, 51209083), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20161509), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2015B15514), Jiangsu Graduate Research and Innovation Plan Grant (#CXLX11_0450) and the 111 project (B12032).