La ligne directrice du présent travail participe pour l'essentiel de la sémantique onomastique. Les fondements de la sémantique cognitive propriale reposent, dans les recherches en linguistique, sur l'hypothèse que l'unité onomastique a déjà inévitablement perdu sa singularité. Or, si les Npr constituent des signes monoréférentiels lorsqu'ils sont employés en discours, l'approche lexicologique conduit précisément à les contextualiser, en montrant comment leur contenu se construit par des déterminations successives qui permettent autant de propagations de sèmes par afférence. Les Npr relevant des domaines culturels français, russe, anglais et allemand, et par ailleurs repérés dans les dictionnaires lexicographiques, font l'objet de notre recherche. Le sujet de l'étude est la sémantique des onymes dans les micro- et macrocontextes, et leur interprétation en fonction des connaissances de l'allocutaire.L'objectif principal est de décrire les associations que l'onoma évoque chez les franco-, russo-, anglo- et germanophones, et par là, de déterminer comment les Npr sont utilisés, selon les conventions linguistico-discursives, en tant que stéréotypes culturels. Nous avons en particulier exploité les théories des onomasticiens russes sur la problématique de l'unité propriale et de sa sémantique. L'objectif fixé dans cette thèse est également de révéler les différents degrés de " propritude " et de " communitude " des Npr recatégorisés, et l'évolution des Npr à référent stéréotypé. On admet que la signification non assertive de ces unités référentiellement modifiées est constituée, de façon associative, par des représentations. Reconnaître la nature de ces représentations, c'est essayer de comprendre les processus cognitifs mis en jeu pour qu'une telle entité onymique puisse s'inscrire (d'un point de vue logique et sémantiquement) dans le discours. / The studies of Proper Names start to be very fruitful. The present work allows an illuminating insight into some of the major issues at stake in contemporary proprial semantics. In fact, one of the main implicit presuppositions underlying onomastics is a certain vacuity, or, quite the contrary, superfluity of the sense. Our purpose is to acknowledge the personal name as the linguistic sign with its meaning and sense, by recognizing the "reflecting faculty of semantics" by means of the associations and representations in the culture or a context. We bestow on onoma's dialectics a leading role in the correlation of the generalized meaning in the language and the personalized sense in the discourse, reflecting the time-varying changing world. Our Ph.D. thesis aims at a twofold task. The objective is to survey the literature on the meaning of proper names from the point of view of appellativization, that is semantic change of proper names. The second task is closely linked to this : to find a possible model for the appellativisation of proper names which is acceptable for different languages and various types of proper names; we attempt at stressing those factors which contribute to the formation of such semantic change and at exploring the general characteristics of such a change. Finally we show the characteristics of this change on a selected material of given names. Onomastic material to be analysed now was selected in a way appropriate for the illustration of significant proportions and tendencies. This helped to develop our own proposal regarding both the semantics and the pragmatics of Proper Names. According to this view a semantic theory dealing with Proper Names should account for the connotative semantics of Names, their foundational semantics, and the semantics of modal statements in which they figure. Connotative semantics focuses on the contribution a Recategorized Proper Name makes to the associative fields in which it occurs. Based on such an analysis, a semantically Modified Proper Name is assigned a psychosemantic value, which is supposed to provide us with an interpretation of that name, /deonym/. A crucial part of this task is to see just what kind of thing the associatively semantic value of a Proper Name is and how this appellativization is gradually proceed.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>331 svenska högstadielärare bedömde i en enkät tio olika förnamn</p><p>på fiktiva elever inom fem dimensioner: framgångsrik, populär</p><p>bland kamrater, social förmåga, maskulin/feminin och</p><p>socioekonomisk status. Namnen valdes enligt följande: två vanliga</p><p>namn, två ovanliga, två namn vanligast bland höginkomsttagare,</p><p>två vanligast bland låginkomsttagare och två av icke-svenskt</p><p>ursprung. Hypoteserna var att förnamnen skulle ha olika</p><p>konnotationer, att detta skulle visa sig inom samtliga fem</p><p>dimensioner samt att vanliga namn och namn typiska för</p><p>höginkomsttagare skulle få en mera positiv bedömning än övriga.</p><p>Undersökningen gav stöd åt samtliga hypoteser.</p><p>Effektmagnituderna var stora. Respondenternas kön, ålder och</p><p>yrkeserfarenhet påverkade vissa bedömningar signifikant men</p><p>effektmagnituderna var små. Resultaten indikerar att</p><p>namnkonnotationer är ett förekommande fenomen även i Sverige,</p><p>åtminstone på högstadiet.</p><p>Nyckelord. Förnamn, lärare, namnkonnotationer.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>In a questionnaire, 331 Swedish junior high school teachers assessed</p><p>ten first names of imaginary students across five dimensions; success,</p><p>popularity, social skills, masculinity/femininity, and socioeconomic</p><p>status. Names were chosen as follows; two common and two</p><p>uncommon names, two names common among high-income groups,</p><p>two common among low-income groups and two names of non-</p><p>Swedish origin. It was hypothesized that these first names would have</p><p>differing connotations in all five dimensions and that common names</p><p>and names common in high-income groups would be judged more</p><p>favourably than the other names. The results support all these</p><p>hypotheses. Effect sizes were large. Respondent sex, age and</p><p>experience affected some results significantly, but effect sizes were</p><p>small. Results indicate that name connotations are a factor in Sweden</p><p>too, at least in junior high school.</p><p>Keywords: First names, teachers, name connotations</p>

Sammanfattning 331 svenska högstadielärare bedömde i en enkät tio olika förnamn på fiktiva elever inom fem dimensioner: framgångsrik, populär bland kamrater, social förmåga, maskulin/feminin och socioekonomisk status. Namnen valdes enligt följande: två vanliga namn, två ovanliga, två namn vanligast bland höginkomsttagare, två vanligast bland låginkomsttagare och två av icke-svenskt ursprung. Hypoteserna var att förnamnen skulle ha olika konnotationer, att detta skulle visa sig inom samtliga fem dimensioner samt att vanliga namn och namn typiska för höginkomsttagare skulle få en mera positiv bedömning än övriga. Undersökningen gav stöd åt samtliga hypoteser. Effektmagnituderna var stora. Respondenternas kön, ålder och yrkeserfarenhet påverkade vissa bedömningar signifikant men effektmagnituderna var små. Resultaten indikerar att namnkonnotationer är ett förekommande fenomen även i Sverige, åtminstone på högstadiet. Nyckelord. Förnamn, lärare, namnkonnotationer. / Abstract In a questionnaire, 331 Swedish junior high school teachers assessed ten first names of imaginary students across five dimensions; success, popularity, social skills, masculinity/femininity, and socioeconomic status. Names were chosen as follows; two common and two uncommon names, two names common among high-income groups, two common among low-income groups and two names of non- Swedish origin. It was hypothesized that these first names would have differing connotations in all five dimensions and that common names and names common in high-income groups would be judged more favourably than the other names. The results support all these hypotheses. Effect sizes were large. Respondent sex, age and experience affected some results significantly, but effect sizes were small. Results indicate that name connotations are a factor in Sweden too, at least in junior high school. Keywords: First names, teachers, name connotations

What happens if you never clear the drawing board? If nothing really should be abandoned, what will that mean? Spoiled material, ideas, fragments, duplicates, rubber marks, traces, what are they and how do they affect and interact in architectural processes? What are the patterns, measurements, lines, tectonics of the discarded? And is there, so to speak, a "dark" architecture, a reflection or a shadow of the wanted? Or as Kelley points out in Le Va’s scatter pieces, an anti-architecture. What if I could flip that anti-architecture, into a architecture, what would that mean and what would that look like?

La ligne directrice du présent travail participe pour l'essentiel de la sémantique onomastique. Les fondements de la sémantique cognitive propriale reposent, dans les recherches en linguistique, sur l'hypothèse que l'unité onomastique a déjà inévitablement perdu sa singularité. Or, si les Npr constituent des signes monoréférentiels lorsqu'ils sont employés en discours, l'approche lexicologique conduit précisément à les contextualiser, en montrant comment leur contenu se construit par des déterminations successives qui permettent autant de propagations de sèmes par afférence.<br />Les Npr relevant des domaines culturels français, russe, anglais et allemand, et par ailleurs repérés dans les dictionnaires lexicographiques, font l'objet de notre recherche. Le sujet de l'étude est la sémantique des onymes dans les micro- et macrocontextes, et leur interprétation en fonction des connaissances de l'allocutaire. L'objectif principal est de décrire les associations que l'onoma évoque chez les franco-, russo-, anglo- et germanophones, et par là, de déterminer comment les Npr sont utilisés, selon les conventions linguistico-discursives, en tant que stéréotypes culturels. Nous avons en particulier exploité les théories des onomasticiens russes sur la problématique de l'unité propriale et de sa sémantique.<br />L'objectif fixé dans cette thèse est également de révéler les différents degrés de « propritude » et de « communitude » des Npr recatégorisés, et l'évolution des Npr à référent stéréotypé. On admet que la signification non assertive de ces unités référentiellement modifiées est constituée, de façon associative, par des représentations. Reconnaître la nature de ces représentations, c'est essayer de comprendre les processus cognitifs mis en jeu pour qu'une telle entité onymique puisse s'inscrire (d'un point de vue logique et sémantiquement) dans le discours.

This essay focuses on style-related challenges that translators may face when translating from German to Swedish. The translated source text stems from the biography Kafka: The Years of Insight. Its literary style and its use of less frequent words make it particularly suitable for a study of the translation of stylistic traits. The essay raises the question whether the style of the source text can be reproduced or not. The analysis is limited to the stylistic aspects of words and includes the area of metaphors and word choice, in particular the translation of foreign words and elevated or archaic style. The study is qualitative and based on Koller's (2011) theory of connotative equivalence and the theories of linguistic and cognitive aspects of metaphors as defined by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Schäffner (2004). The analysis reveals that style-related translation challenges are caused by the limitations of the target language, yet, the translator is expected to reproduce the style of the source text. Thus, this essay argues that translation has more to do with recreating the style of the source text. This goes against the general view that the style of the target text is merely a reproduction of the source text.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-05-17T19:27:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1416163.pdf: 3868085 bytes, checksum: 3fd7fd6889a78c4152b638994eda5314 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha(marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-05-17T19:27:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1416163.pdf: 3868085 bytes, checksum: 3fd7fd6889a78c4152b638994eda5314 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha(marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-05-17T19:27:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1416163.pdf: 3868085 bytes, checksum: 3fd7fd6889a78c4152b638994eda5314 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-17T19:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1416163.pdf: 3868085 bytes, checksum: 3fd7fd6889a78c4152b638994eda5314 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / This work aims to investigate the spectator narratives associated with live football and TV football broadcasting. Long interviews (McCracken, 1988) were conducted with 16 subjects, focusing on their personal history and experienced narratives are related to life and sports practice and consumption. Interviews were focused on subjects experiences with live and TV football watching experiences. The conceptual framework provided by Holbrook (1999) was used to identify consumer behavior; to describe the different forms of fruition and evaluation. Observations points to active participation in message building on the pitch with high leveIs of connotative content, contrasting with high denotative content on the TV messages, which stresses the didactical character of TV broadcastings. As the forms of presentation of the football spectacle can be seen as packets of information, we can bring to this analysis the ideas of Eco (2001). For Eco, the value of information is proportional to the richness of choices and possible meanings. Such approach is consistent with the proposition by Holbrook (1999) that the valuation of consumption experience is derived from interaction with the world. This way, the degree of interactivity is directly related to the volume of associative connotations preceded by the spectator. / A pesquisa procura estudar a forma como o espetáculo futebol é percebido e valorizado por espectadores no estádio e na televisão. O modelo proposto por Holbrook (1999) sustenta a análise de narrativas que relatam comportamentos dos consumidores nos dois ambientes: arquibancada e sofá. Com base na abordagem sugerida por McCracken (1988), os dados foram coletados por entrevistas pessoais, em profundidade, que possibilitaram explorar as experiências dos entrevistados como espectadores regulares de futebol na televisão e no estádio. Foram analisados os tipos de valor do modelo de Holbrook (1999) mais representativos encontrados nos relatos. As narrativas indicaram substantivas diferenças entre os valores percebidos ao longo das experiências na arquibancada e no sofá. Esta dualidade serviu de fio condutor para a emergência de outros duplos conceituais extraídos das entrevistas - que se revelam subsídios para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de marketing. Concluiu-se que a valorização da partida de futebol é influenciada pela forma com a qual o espectador constrói os significados na experiência de consumo. Percebeu-se, desta forma, uma associação entre a abordagem semiológica (Eco, 2001), para a qual o valor (da informação) decorre das possibilidades de significados possíveis; e a proposição de Holbrook, para o qual o valor de consumo se sustenta numa vivência interativa. Impõe-se ao gestor, portanto, a missão de executar a tabelinha sofá-arquibancada. De maneira a potencializar seus respectivos atributos para o consumo - como a riqueza simbólica e a riqueza referencial - e a reforçar os traços complementares apontados nas entrevistas.

The purpose of dissertation is to utilize connotative messages for enhancing image retrieval and browsing. By adopting semiotics as a theoretical tool, this study explores problems of image retrieval and proposes an image retrieval model. The semiotics approach conceptually demonstrates that: 1) a fundamental reason for the dissonance between retrieved images and user needs is representation of connotative messages, and 2) the image retrieval model which makes use of denotative index terms is able to facilitate users to browse connotatively related images effectively even when the users' needs are potentially expressed in the form of denotative query. Two experiments are performed for verifying the semiotic-based image retrieval model and evaluating the effectiveness of the model. As data sources, 5,199 records are collected from Artefacts Canada: Humanities by Canadian Heritage Information Network, and the candidate terms of connotation and denotation are extracted from Art & Architecture Thesaurus. The first experiment, by applying term association measures, verifies that the connotative messages of an image can be derived from denotative messages of the image. The second experiment reveals that the association thesaurus which is constructed based on the associations between connotation and denotation facilitates assigning connotative terms to image documents. In addition, the result of relevant judgments presents that the association thesaurus improves the relative recall of retrieved image documents as well as the relative recall of browsing sets. This study concludes that the association thesaurus indicating associations between connotation and denotation is able to improve the accessibility of the connotative messages. The results of the study are hoped to contribute to the conceptual knowledge of image retrieval by providing understandings of connotative messages within an image and to the practical design of image retrieval system by proposing an association thesaurus which can supplement the limitations of the current content-based image retrieval systems (CBIR).

This work starts with a simple question of ; Why not to draw the garment directly on the body since this is the way it will inevitably be worn? Working through steps; wrapping into a fabric and drawing the garment on the body to reveal lines for constructing that is directly based on the body, this work shows an alternative way of constructing a garment; the result that is presented can be seen as a base for further development within the field this method has explored. Further, the work challenges the current norms in archetypical garments with the intention to redefine their expression, where the methods aim is to broaden the field of garment construction, investigating the gap between construction lines and material expectations. The method Write Drunk/ Edit Sober is both discovering the fundamentals of garment construction and questioning the systematic interpretations we place on a garments connection to materials.

Magister Artium - MA / The study of gender is crucial for the achievement and sustainability of the democratic ethos in Southern Africa. The substantial·literature in this field attests· to this notion1 '. It could help us understand why certain gender stereotypes are viewed by societies as given.rat could also help us explain such problems as the unequal representation in most political structures, and the gendered labour system!. In addition, as the quotation a~ove suggests, the way we talk has gender connotations of which most people are unaware. Many males however, distance themselves from public debates on gender issues on the grounds that gender is about women.