Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Czarnobai.pdf: 1167660 bytes, checksum: 22cbd84bbd5f16ec7602832b89fa83b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Understanding the coexistence of sympatric carnivores in disturbed environments requires knowing the way these predators share food resources. In this study, we investigated the diet of nine carnivore species that occur in a mosaic composed of Atlantic forest remnants and forest plantations in southern Brazil. Between 2006 and 2008 1038 fecal samples were collected along five 6 km transects that were established to sample the habitat diversity of the study area. The relatively high percentage (49.5%) of fecal samples identified to species level is due to a modification of the proposed methodology for the separation of guardhairs, as described herein. Mammalian prey was predominant on the diet of all carnivores studied, followed by birds. The food categories "reptiles", "fish", "vegetable" (fruits and seeds) and "invertebrates" were consumed occasionally. Niche breadth showed that felids are specialists in mammals and diet overlap was almost complete among this family. Nevertheless, such results could change if food categories were identified to lower taxonomic levels / Compreender a coexistência de carnívoros simpátricos em ambientes alterados pelo homem requer conhecer a forma com que esses predadores partilham os recursos alimentares. Neste estudo, nós investigamos a dieta de nove carnívoros que ocorrem em um mosaico composto por remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica e plantios florestais no Sul do Brasil. Entre 2006 e 2008 foram coletadas 1038 amostras fecais em cinco transectos de 6 km estabelecidos para amostrar a diversidade de ambientes da área de estudo. Os mamíferos predominaram na dieta de todos os carnívoros estudados, seguidos de aves. As categorias répteis , peixes , vegetais (frutos e sementes) e invertebrados foram consumidas esporadicamente. A amplitude do nicho revelou que os felinos são especialistas em mamíferos e a sobreposição da dieta é quase completa dentro dessa família. No entanto, esses resultados podem mudar caso as presas sejam identificadas em níveis taxonômicos mais baixos

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoJhonatasAntonelli.pdf: 1652376 bytes, checksum: 6cdbd6f2793d14644de6f0f689fedf6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The search for comfort and welfare resulted in an increase in industrial production, consumption of fuel and energy. With this new problems arose, such as the generation of contaminated effluent, and the need to obtain new energy sources. Biomass is one of the most promising energy sources and abundant in the environment and can replace fossil fuels, plus the ability to use it in the treatment of contaminated effluents. This study evaluated the ability of residual pinewood in the lead adsorption and the generation of synthesis gas. In the adsorption process Lead (Pb) was evaluated the pH, the kinetics of the adsorption process and the rate of removal in 72 hours. In the gasification process was measured by the consumption of wood gasifier, gasifier efficiency, gas consumption and the efficiency of the motor generator, the chemical composition of the synthesis gas and the amount of lead present in the ash and gas. In tests conducted in the laboratory the ideal pH for the solution pH 4, reaching removal rate of 96.15% and breakeven point at 180 min. In pilot scale removal of Pb retention after 72 hours was 96%. The gas output of the gasifier and the gas engine by consumption were measured using a gasometer in which the average gas production was 11.09 m³ hˉ¹ and the average consumption of wood hˉ¹ 5.48 kg, with a yield of 2.03 m3 kgˉ¹ and average efficiency of the gasification 52.3%. For tests with the motor-generator, the best condition for the load was 2.0 kW, where the gas consumption per kW produced reached 4.86 m³ kWˉ¹ with 14.81% efficiency. The gas analysis showed an average concentration of 14.85% H2, 30.1% and 50.49% CO2 in atmospheric air. The concentration of Pb in the gas was well below the limit established by law and the concentration of Pb in the ashes was 2,646 g kg-1. / A busca por conforto e bem estar resultou em um aumento na produção industrial, consumo de combustíveis e de energia. Com isso surgiu novos problemas, como a geração de efluentes contaminados e a necessidade de se obter novas fontes energia. A biomassa é uma das fontes de energia mais promissoras e abundantes no meio ambiente, podendo substituir os combustíveis fosseis, além da possibilidade de utiliza-la no tratamento de efluentes contaminados. Este trabalho avaliou a capacidade da madeira residual de pinus na adsorção de chumbo e na geração de gás de síntese. No processo de adsorção do chumbo (Pb) avaliou-se o pH, a cinética do processo de adsorção e a taxa de remoção em 72 horas. No processo de gaseificação mediu-se o consumo de madeira pelo gaseificador, a eficiência do gaseificador, o consumo de gás e a eficiência do motor-gerador, a composição química do gás de sínteses e a quantidade de chumbo presente nas cinzas e no gás. Nos testes realizados em laboratório o pH ideal para a solução foi pH 4, atingindo taxa de remoção de 96,15% e ponto de equilíbrio aos 180 min. Em escala piloto a remoção do Pb após 72 horas de retenção foi de 96%. A produção de gás do gaseificador e o consumo de gás pelo motor foram medidos por meio de um gasômetro, no qual a produção média de gás foi de 11,09 m³ hˉ¹ e o consumo médio de madeira de 5,48 kg hˉ¹, apresentando um rendimento de 2,03 m3 kgˉ¹ e eficiência média do gaseificação de 52,3 %. Em relação aos testes com o motor-gerador, a melhor condição ocorreu para a carga de 2,0 kW, onde o consumo de gás por kW produzido chegou a 4,86 m³ kWˉ¹, com eficiência de 14,81%. As análises do gás mostraram uma concentração média de 14,85 % de H2, 30,1% de CO2 e 50,49% de ar atmosférico. A concentração de Pb no gás ficou bem abaixo do limite estabelecido em lei e a concentração de Pb nas cinzas foi de 2,646 g kg-1

Les tempêtes sont responsables de la moitié des dégâts dans les forêts européennes. Lemassif landais a été touché par deux tempêtes. L’ancrage racinaire est une composante majeure de la stabilité des arbres. L'ancrage du pin adulte est dépendant du développement des racines au stade jeune puisqu’elles ne fourchent pas spontanément et ne possèdent pas d’axes à développement retardé. Notre but était de mettre en relation architecture racinaire, stabilité et itinéraire sylvicole. Nous avons mesuré et analysé de façon innovante l'architecture racinaire d'arbres âgés de 3 à 5 ans et de 13 ans ayant subi une tempête. Le pivot des arbres de 13 ans ne représente que 12% de la biomasse racinaire mais reste le composant majeur de la stabilité. Un ancrage efficace est assuré par un pivot vertical unique, petit et large ou long et fin, par le volume des racines profondes et par la rigidité des racines traçantes. Le maintien du tronc est uniquement lié à la rigidité de la partie centrale du système racinaire. La fonction d’haubanage des racines traçantes est faible. La taille du plus grand secteur sans racine traçante auvent et sous le vent tout comme une microtopographie importante au vent n’interviennent pas dans la stabilité. Au stade jeune, les arbres plantés présentent de nombreuses déformations des racines traçantes,déformations qui les redistribuent au hasard tout autour de la souche avant d’être rapidement incluses par la souche en croissance. Le développement du pivot est en général correct. Les différents types de labour n’impactent pas l’architecture racinaire. Les racines traçantes suivent la surface du sol et peuvent être coupées lors des entretiens de la strate basse. / Storms account for half of the damages in European forests; the Landes forest has beenheavily damaged by two major storms. Root anchorage is a major element in tree stability. The root anchorage of mature pine is strongly linked with the root development in seedlings as this species donot spontaneously fork and do not grow delayed branches. The aim of our research was to link rootarchitecture, stability and stand management practices. We measured and analyzed in an innovative way the root architecture of 3-5-year-old trees as well as 13-year-old trees from stands damaged by astorm.The 13-year-old trees, taproot only represented 12% of root biomass but still remained the maincomponent of stability. An efficient anchorage was provided by a unique vertical taproot, short andlarge or long and thin, together with a larger deep root volume. Windward shallow roots stiffness alsocontributed to stability. Stem leaning was solely prevented by the stiffness of the central part of theroot system. The guying of shallow roots did not contribute to stability. The size of the largest anglebetween shallow roots windward and leeward was not related to stem leaning. Similarly, a largerfurrow leeward did not weaken tree stability.Planted seedling show large deformations of their shallow lateral roots, randomly distributed around the stump before being later included in the growing stump. The taproot growth was generally correct. Root architecture of trees after strip ploughing was not different from those of full ploughing. Theshallow roots follow the soil surface and can be cut during mechanical weed control.

La presencia de ozono a nivel de la troposfera constituye uno de los problemas de contaminación más significativos en las grandes ciudades en el mundo. La formación de ozono troposférico es provocada principalmente, por las reacciones fotoquímicas entre los óxidos de nitrógeno y los compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV). Se sabe que la contribución de los COV ya sea por fuentes antropogénicas como por fuentes biogénicas (naturales) son de igual importancia. Para conocer el papel que desempañan las emisiones biogénicas en la formación de ozono troposférico, es necesario cuantificar tanto los niveles de emisión antropogénicos y biogénicos. Hasta la fecha han sido muy pocos los intentos por cuantificar las emisiones biogénicas en el área mediterránea, que es reconocida como una de las fuentes principales de ozono troposférico en Europa. Por lo cual una de las principales limitaciones al momento de realizar un inventario de emisiones para Europa y específicamente para España, era no contar con factores de emisión propios de la vegetación de la zona. Dentro del grupo de los COV biogénicos emitidos por la vegetación terrestre los monoterponos (C10Hx) constituyen una fracción considerable.Con el presente trabajo de Tesis se ha pretendido determinar en forma experimental los flujos de emisión de los monoterpenos en tres especies típicas de la vegetación mediterránea: Pinus pinea, Pinus halepensis y Quercus ilex. Asimismo caracterizar las emisiones con respecto a las variables ambientales (Temperatura y PAR) que las controlan.Dicho objetivo se ha logrado mediante la aplicación de una metodología experimental y analítica de campo y laboratorio, basada en la descrita en la literatura y adaptada a nuestras condiciones, para lo cual ha sido necesario un proceso de validación. Las mediciones en campo se han realizado tanto en forma diaria y a lo largo de un ciclo anual. Con lo cual fue posible estudiar el comportamiento de la emisión diaria para las tres especies durante períodos cortos de tiempo ("short term"), así como cubrir un ciclo anual completo para el Quercus ilex y el Pinus pinea.Los factores de emisión obtenidos están dentro del rango de los reportados previamente para estas especies en la literatura. / The presence of tropospheric ozone constitutes one of the major problems of air pollution in the big cities of the world. Tropospheric ozone formation is controlled by photochemical reactions of NOX and the volatile organic compounds (VOC). It is known that VOC from biogenic sources as well as VOC of anthropogenic origin are of equal importance. Understanding the role that biogenic emission plays in the tropospheric ozone formation implies to quantify both biogenic and anthropogenic emission fluxes. Up to date there have been few attempts at quantifying the biogenic emission fluxes from the Mediterranean area, which is now recognized as one of the major sources of tropospheric ozone in Europe. An important limitation to build an emission inventory for Europe and specifically for Spain, has been the unavailability of specific emission factors for the Mediterranean's vegetation. Monoterpenes (C10HX) represent a significant fraction of the biogenic VOC emitted by the terrestrial vegetation.In the present Thesis the monoterpene emission fluxes from three typical Mediterranean tree species ( Pinus pinea, Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex) have been experimentally determined.Likewise, monoterpene's emission has been characterized with regard to the environmental variables that control it.The above mentioned objectives have been achieved by the application of an experimental and analytical methodology, based on the literature and adapted to local conditions, for which a validation procedure has been carried out. Field measurements were made periodically (weekly or monthly). It has thus been possible to study the emission pattern of the species during the daily ("short term") and annual ("long term") cycles for Pinus pinea and Quercus ilex. The standard monoterpene's emission factors obtained were in the range of those previously reported in the literature.

Treelines in high-mountain regions are constrained by heat deficiency, although the working mechanisms are still not entirely understood. Observational and paleoecological studies on treeline performance may contribute to increased understanding of the treeline phenomenon in general. The present thesis addresses elevational shifts of alpine treelines in the Swedish Scandes. By various analytical tools, the studies embrace widely different temporal scales. The concept treeline refers to the elevation (m a.s.l.) at a specific site of the upper individual tree of a certain tree species, at least 2 m tall. All the principal tree species in the Scandes are concerned, i.e. mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Paper I deals with regional treeline dynamics at more than 100 sites over the past 100 years. Concurrent with temperature rise by c. 1.4 °C over the same period, maximum treeline advances of all species amount to about 200 m. Thus, under ideal conditions, treelines respond in close equilibrium with air temperature evolution. However, over most parts of the landscape, treeline upshifts have been much smaller than 200 m, which relates to the combined action of geomorphology, wind, snow distribution and soil depth. After 1975, the birch has lost its role as the most rapidly advancing tree species, being superseded by pine and spruce. Paper II is a short-term (2005/2007-2010/2011) study of mountain birch treeline performance along a regional maritimity-continentality gradient. Upshift by 3.0 yr-1 in the maritime part of the gradient contrasts to retreat by 0.4 m yr-1 in the continental part. In the latter area, earlier and more complete melting of late-lying snow patches has seemingly progressed to a state when soil drought sets back the vigour of existing birches and precludes sexual regeneration and upslope advance of the treeline. In the maritime area, extensive and deep snow packs still exist above the treeline and constrain its position, although some release is taking place in the current warm climate. Paper III explores treeline change by phenotypic transformation of old-established stunted and prostrate spruce individuals (krummholz) growing high above the treeline and is based on analyses of radiocarbon-dated megafossils, preserved in the soil underneath clonal groups of spruce. Living spruce clones, which in some cases may date back to the early Holocene (9500 cal. yr BP), suggests that spruce immigrated from “cryptic” ice age refugia much closer to Scandinavia than conventionally thought. As the krummholz form presupposes open and windy habitats, it is inferred that permanently open spots prevailed in the high-mountain landscape even during periods when treelines in general were much higher than today. Paper IV reports radiocarbon dates of wood samples, retrieved from newly exposed glacier forefields at three main sites, located high above the modern treelines and embracing the entire Swedish Scandes. It appears that pine colonized early emerging nunataks already during the Late Glacial. Around 9600-9500 cal. yr BP a first massive wave of tree establishment, birch and pine, took place in “empty” glacier cirques. Both species grew 400-600 m above their present day treeline position and accordingly, the summer temperatures may have been 3.5 °C warmer than present (uncorrected for land uplift). During the entire interval 9600 to 4400 cal. yr BP, birch prospered 100-150 m above the uppermost pines. In response to Neoglacial cooling, treelines of both birch and pine descended until their final disappearance from the record 4400 and 5900 cal. yr BP, respectively. Thereafter, these habitats experienced increased snow accumulation and glacier inception. / Avhandlingen belyser förskjutningar i olika tidsskalor av den alpina trädgränsens läge i de svenska Skanderna. Trädgränsen definieras som den högsta nivån (m ö.h.) för minst 2 m höga individer av en viss art i en definierad del av en fjällsluttning. Avhandlingen består av fyra separata uppsatser, publicerade i olika välrenommerade vetenskapliga tidskrifter.  I Paper I analyseras förändringar av trädgränserna för fjällens vanligaste trädarter, fjällbjörk, gran och tall (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii, Picea abies och Pinus sylvestris) mellan 1915 och 2007. Undersökningen omfattar ett 8000 km2 stort, naturgeografiskt heterogent område, med mer än 100 lokaler. De maximala trädgränsförskjutningarna för samtliga trädarter uppgår till omkring 200 m. Resultaten motsvarar de trädgränsförskjutningar som teoretiskt kan förutsägas utifrån den temperaturhöjning med cirka 1,4 °C som skett under samma tidsperiod, förutsatt ideala förhållanden. För större delen av området råder emellertid andra, icke-ideala förhållanden, varför trädgränsernas uppflyttning i allmänhet blivit avsevärt mindre än 200 m. Den främsta anledningen till detta är lokala topoklimatiska begränsningar, d.v.s. kombinerade effekter av geomorfologi, vind, snöfördelning, jorddjup, etc., som i stora delar av det starkt brutna fjällandskapet mer eller mindre effektivt hindrar träden från att nå sina potentiellt högst belägna växtplatser betingade av temperaturen. Efter 1975 har björken förlorat sin roll som arten med den snabbast expanderande trädgränsen. I stället har tall och gran avancerat med större hastighet. Det innebär att även om klimatets uppvärmning fortsätter, så kommer det subalpina björkbältet att expandera i avsevärt mindre omfattning än vad som ofta förebådats. Möjligtvis kommer det att ersättas av tall. Paper II behandlar björkens trädgränsdynamik under perioden 2005/2007-2010/2011 längs en regional klimatgradient med avseende på maritimitet/kontientalitet. Trädgränsen har under den aktuella perioden avancerat 3,0 m/år i den maritimt präglade delen av gradienten, vilket kontrasterar signifikant mot en sänkning med 0,4 m/år i området med mer kontinentalt klimat. Skillnaderna diskuteras i termer av klimatförändringens varierande effekter på snötäckets utbredning och varaktighet och dess inverkan på markfuktigheten. En allt tidigare total utsmältning av snölegorna i de kontinentala områdena har av allt att döma resulterat i vattenbrist under sommaren. Torka medför reducerad vitalitet för existerande björkar och förhindrar både sexuell förökning och uppflyttning av trädgränsen. I de maritima delarna kvarligger alltjämt mycket snö under en stor del av sommaren. Trädgränsens position har därför kunnat bibehållas eller flyttas upp. Vissa omständigheter tyder på att trädgränsens stigning i högre grad har varit baserad på fröföryngring efter 1975, jämfört med perioden 1915-1975. Utgångspunkten för Paper III är erfarenheter från Paper I, som visar att trädgränsens uppflyttning för gran och björk huvudsakligen är resultatet av ökad höjdtillväxt av äldre, i vissa fall flertusenåriga, mer eller mindre buskformiga individer (krummholz), som vuxit på nivåer långt ovanför trädgränsen. Som ett svar på de senaste hundra årens varmare klimat har dessa antagit trädform, varigenom trädgränsen höjts. För en fördjupad förståelse av den här mekanismen har megafossil, d.v.s. grova vedrester bevarade i marken under gamla grankloner i trädgränsekotonen, 14C-daterats. Resultaten tyder på att granar i exponerad fjällmiljö kan uppnå i det närmaste ”evigt” liv genom sin förmåga till vegetativ förökning och möjligheten att växla mellan busk- och trädform i takt med klimatets växlingar. Vissa nu levande kloner existerade av allt att döma redan för 9500 år sedan. Den nu dokumenterat tidiga förekomsten av gran, bekräftar den på senare tid allt tydligare bilden av granen som en tidig invandrare till fjällkedjan. Möjligtvis har granen ”övervintrat” den senaste istiden närmare Skandinavien än vad som till helt nyligen varit den gängse uppfattningen. Paper IV behandlar en för Skandinavien ny metod för historisk trädgränsrekonstruktion. I uppsatsen analyseras 14C-dateringar av totalt 78 större veddelar (megafossil) som nyligen exponerats i anslutning till smältande glaciäris och ”perenna” snölegor i tre huvudområden, Helags-Sylarna, Tärna och Abisko, högt ovanför dagens trädgräns. Det framkommer att tall (Pinus sylvestris) koloniserade tidigt framsmälta nunatakker redan under senglacial tid. För omkring 9600-9500 år sedan inträffade en första massiv våg av björk- och talletablering i isfria glaciärnischer. Båda arterna växte 400-600 m ovanför sina nuvarande trädgränspositioner, i ett klimat som kan ha varit 3,5 °C varmare än idag. Under intervallet 9600 till 4400 BP uppträdde björken i ett 100-150 m brett bälte ovanför de översta tallarna. Som ett svar på klimatets successiva avkylning under senare delen av Holocen sänktes både björkens och tallens trädgränser i de aktuella miljöerna, till dess de för 4400 respektive 5900 år sedan helt försvann från lokaler där glaciärer och perenna snöfält började bildas. De analyserade trädresterna, som länge bevarats av glaciäris och perenn snö representerar en period med ett klimat långt varmare än under det senaste århundradet. Med denna analogi från det förflutna kan det därför antas att i en framtid där sommartemperaturerna rent hypotetiskt är 3,5 °C högre än i nutiden, skulle trädgränserna lokalt kunna flyttas upp med ungefär 600 m.

Darbo objektas - paprastoji pušis (Pinus sylvestris L.) – Lietuvoje labiausiai paplitusi, jautri užterštam orui medžių rūšis. Paprastosios pušies tyrimai buvo atliekami Lietuvos įmonių AB “Achema” apylinkėse 25 km ruože nuo gamyklos, AB „Akmenės cementas“ 10 km ruože ir AB „Mažeikių nafta“ – 5.4 km ruože nuo gamyklos. Darbo tikslas – Įvertinti paprastosios pušies (Pinus sylvestris L.) spyglių pigmentinės ir antioksidantinės sistemų priklausomybę nuo medynų atstumo iki taršos šaltinio. Darbo metodas. Tyrimai atlikti 14-oje pušyn����������, nutolusių skirtingu atstumu nuo gamyklų: JonA apylinkėse 5 medynai 25 km ruože, šalia AkmC – 4 medynai 10,0 km ruože, šalia MažN – 5 medynai 5,4 km ruože. Šakos, specialiais kirtikliais pjautos 6-8 metrų virš žemės aukštyje. Spygliai buvo atšaldomi ledu ir transportuojami i laboratoriją. Atskirai tiriami pirmamečiai ir antramečiai spygliai. Pigmentų ir askorbo rūgšties koncentracijų nustatymui naudota žalioji spyglių masė. Pigmentams tirti ėminiai buvo ekstrahuojami nedideliu 100 % acetono kiekiu. Spektrofotometru (Genesys 5) išmatuota pigmentų ekstrakto absorbcija 662 nm (chlorofilas a), 644 nm (chlorofilas b), 440,5 nm (karotinoidai) bangos ilgyje. Askorbo rūgštis spygliuose buvo ekstrahuojama su 0.001 N 2,6 dichlorfenolindofenoliu ir titruojama. Darbo rezultatai. Tyrimai AB “Akmenės cementas” transektoje parodė, kad, fotosintezės pigmentų kiekiai reikšmingai mažesni prie gamyklos 0,5 km atstumu augančiose pušyse nei tolimiausiame (10 km... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the research – Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) – common tree in Lithuania, sensitive to air pollution. Research of Scots pine were conducted in the industrial areas of Lithuania companies JSC – (25 km transect) near the factory JSC (10 km sector) and an oil refinery (in 2 – 5,4 km distance). Goal of the research – to evaluate quality of photosynthetic pigments and ascorbic acid in the needles of Scots pine growing around main sources of industrial pollution. Methodology of the research. Research was performed in 17 pine forests, at different distance from the factories. In the surroundings of the nitrogen fertilizer factory 8 forests were examined in 25 km distance, near the cement factory – 4 forests in 10 km distance and near the oil refinery – 5 forests in 5.4 km distance. In each site, samples of current-year and 1-year-old needles were taken from 4 pines at the height of 6-8 m aboveground. The needles were cooled and transported to laboratory. Concentrations of the pigments and ascorbic acid were determined in the fresh needle material. The needles were grinded and in 20ml of 100% acetone. The absorbance at 662 nm (chlorophyll a), 644 nm (chlorophyll b) and 440.5 nm (carotenoids) was measured by spectrophotometer (Genesys 5, US). The ascorbic acid from the needles was extracted with 0.001 N 2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol and estimated titrimetrically. Results of the research. Research results showed that number of photosynthesis pigments is meaningly... [to full text]

Tyrimų pagrindimas. Dubravos eksperimentinės mokomosios miškų urėdijos įsigyto šlapio sėklų nusparninimo įrenginio „Nomeco Dewinger B1086” naudojimo instrukcijoje nėra nurodytas optimalus paprastosios pušies ir paprastosios eglės sėklų nusparninimo laikas. Tam, kad optimizuoti šlapio nusparninimo laiką aukščiau minėtame įrenginyje reikalingi tyrimai kaip sėklų nusparninimo kokybė priklauso nuo nusparninimo trukmės. Tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti optimalią paprastosios pušies ir paprastosios eglės sėklų nusparninimo trukmę šlapiojo nusparninimo metodu įrenginyje „Nomeco Dewinger B1086”. Tyrimo uždaviniai: (1) atlikti 15, 30, 45, 60 ir 120 minučių trukmės paprastosios pušies ir paprastosios eglės sėklų nusparninimo testus sėklų nusparninimo įrenginyje „Nomeco Dewinger B1086”, kiekvienai rūšiai naudojant tris skirtingas sėklų siuntas, (2) nustatyti paprastosios eglės ir paprastosios pušies sėklų nusparninimo kokybę priklausomai nuo sėklų nusparninimo trukmės. Tyrimo objektas yra sėklų nusparninimo kokybės testai, atlikti sėklų šlapiojo nusparninimo principu veikiančiame nusparninimo įrenginyje „Nomeco Dewinger B1086”. Tyrimo metodai. Kiekvienam iš 15, 30, 45, 60 ir 120 minučių trukmės nusparninimo bandymų buvo naudotos 3 skirtingos paprastosios eglės ir 3 skirtingos paprastosios pušies sėklų siuntos. Kiekvienam tam tikros trukmės ir sėklų siuntos testui buvo analizuoti 4 sėklų bandiniai po 100 sėklų. Viso buvo įvertinta 12 000 sėklų nusparninimo kokybė. Tai rodo aukštą gautų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Essence of Master Thesis: Dubrava experimental and teaching forestry owns „Nomeco Dewinger B1086” which is a dewinger for the wet seedlots. However, in its manual, there is no indication how much time it takes to dewing the seeds of pine and spruce. In order to optimize the time of the wet dewinging it is necessary to explore whether the quality of dewinging is influenced by the period of time that the process of dewinging takes. The main aim of the research is to determine the optimal time that a method of a wet dewinging takes with „Nomeco Dewinger B1086”. The Tasks of the Thesis. To perform 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min long dewinging tests for the seeds of pine and spruce with a dewinger for the wet seedlots „Nomeco Dewinger B1086”, using three different kinds of seeds of each tree. To detect the quality of dewinging of a pine and a spruce depending on the time the process takes. The objects of the thesis are the tests of the seeds dewinging, carried out with the device „Nomeco Dewinger B1086”. The methods of the Thesis. In each of 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes long tests of dewinging were used three different kinds seeds of pine and spruce. For each of the time period test were used four samples of the seeds, each consisting of one hundred seeds. All in all, there were 12 000 seeds that were evaluated. It shows great reliability of the research. The quality of the seeds dewinging were classified into four main categories. The data that was achieved during the... [to full text]

Progress in tree biotechnology initially trailed behind agricultural crops due to their long life cycle, difficult tissue culture and regeneration protocols, and their abundance in natural forests. However, rapid global deforestation rates, together with an increased world demand for pulp, paper and timber products, have prompted scientific and commercial focus to improve genetic timber stocks. South Africa, a tree-poor country (where indigenous forests are protected), has relied almost solely on exotic plantations to meet its demand for timber. A pioneer study investigating the feasibility of using direct (biolistic) and indirect (Agrobacterium-mediated) methods for gene transfer was undertaken in Pinus patula Schiede et Deppe, a Mexican softwood and a forerunner for saw timber, pulpwood and paper in the South African forest industries. The aim of the transformation methods was to impart herbicide resistance to the trees. This was achieved via the introduction of a bar-GUS pAHC25 cassette under the control of the ubiquitin promoter. To provide target material for transformation, two in vitro micropropagation pathways were used: somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis. Both embryonal suspensor masses (ESM) and somatic embryos at various stages of development were initially used as target explants for the biolistic study using an established in vitro protocol. A stepwise selection was implemented in order to allow transformed (particularly bombarded) cultures the opportunity to regenerate under selection pressure using MSG3 maintenance medium supplemented with BASTA® herbicide at 1 mg l ¯¹ followed by 3 mg l¯¹ active ingredient at the next subculture. Biolistic transgene delivery was more efficient when sorbitol was included in the pre-bombardment medium enabling use of higher vacuum and shooting pressures, without lowering the regeneration potential of ESM significantly. Bombarded material from two genotypes (Lines 2 and 3) was regenerated to produce mature somatic embryos using an optimized regeneration regimen. The indirect study with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA4404), transformed with the pAHC25 vector via triparental mating or heat shock, used a variety of target tissues including: mature somatic embryos, ESM and mature zygotic embryos (MZE's) - a novel in vitro system for P. patula. The Agrobacterium-mediated method resulted in optimized decontamination conditions using a combination of liquid MSG3 (or sterile dH₂O for mature embryos) supplemented with 500 mg l ¯¹ cefotaxime, with rotation, and sterile 65 mm Whatman No. 3 filter paper stacks, which avoided excess filtering and stress to transformation material. Further efforts to aid regeneration during the indirect study included L-proline post-transformation, though no mature somatic embryos were regenerated at the conclusion of the Agrobacterium-mediated study. Recovery of transformed ESM in both studies was best during the active growth phase 4-6 d after subculture. Regeneration with good somatic embryo potential was an exigent aspect in both transformation studies. Expression of positive histochemical GUS activity in all transformed material was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis indicating that Pinus patula tissue was amenable to transformation. A new bar PCR regime was implemented in P. patula. In the biolistic study, a higher transformation efficiency of bar amplicons (53%) than GUS amplicons (45%) was observed, reflecting their non-linked status on the pAHC25 transformation vector. This is the first report of biolistic transformation of P. patula that will allow for the production of transgenic ESM. The production of transgenic P. patula holds great promise for commercial development in the South African forestry industry. The application of transgenic trees in the timber industry is numerous but the aims most relevant to P. patula include wood modification and disease resistance to pathogens like pitch canker fungus. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

Thesis (MscFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of mid rotation fertilizer application on leaf area index (LAI), basal area and volume increment in thinned Pinus radiata stands on the most common soils of the Boland region in the Western Cape. The study was conducted on a range of sites in the Boland region of MTO Forestry Company, chosen to reflect the two most common soil types and a water availability gradient in each soil type. A factorial combination of fertilizer treatments with three levels each for nitrogen (N) at 0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 and phosphorus (P) at 0, 50 and 100 kg ha- 1 was used. This design was replicated four times across a gradient of water availability for each of the two common soil groups, forming a complete trial series. All replications were laid out in P. radiata stands that had received their mid-rotation thinning prior to treatment implementation. LAI, diameter at breast height and height measurements as well as foliar analysis were determined before the implementation of the study in 2008 and then subsequently at predetermined intervals in 2009 and 2010. Leaf area index and stem volume increment were measured in order to evaluate the influence on growth efficiency. LAI was estimated using the gap fraction method with the use of a ceptometer. Volume increment was calculated using diameter and height measurements and basal area was calculated by means of diameter measurements. The abovementioned growth responses were then used to determine the effect of increased nutrient availability on stand growth. There were no significant interactions detected between any of the factors, N, P and water availability class in their effect on LAI, basal area, volume increment and growth efficiency. LAI increment responded significantly to N and P in the first year but only to P in the second year after treatment. Significant basal area responses to N and P were recorded in the second but not the first year. This might have been due to the fact that trees had to re-build their canopies after thinning before a basal area response could be obtained. For the variables where an analysis of total growth response over the two year period was done, basal area increment and volume increment significantly responded to the application of nitrogen but not to phosphorus. Growth efficiency was not significantly influenced by either nitrogen or phosphorus over the full two year monitoring period. Water availability class consistently and significantly influenced basal area increment, volume increment and growth efficiency over the two year period as well as during year one and year two. The best responses generally occurred as a result of the additive effects of N and P. The growth response did not remain the same across the water availability classes. The wetter sites tended to have greater responses than the drier sites. Although these are still early results, the growth responses could be attributed to an increase in LAI. Nutrient analysis through vector analysis indicated that the additional N and P from fertilizer application were taken up by the trees thereby resulting in greater LAI and increased stem wood production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie het ten doel gestel om die effek van mid-rotasie bemesting op blaar oppervlak indeks (BOI), basale oppervlakte- en volume aanwas te ondersoek in gedunde opstande van Pinus radiata op die mees algemene grondtipes van die Bolandstreek, Wes-Kaapland. Eksperimente is uitgelê oor 'n reeks van groeiplekke in die Bolandstreek wat gekies is om 'n water beskibaarheidsgradient te verteenwoordig oor elk van die twee mees algemene grondtipes. 'n Faktoriaal-kombinasie van kunsmisbehandelings met drie vlakke elk van stikstof [(N) teen 0, 100 en 200 kg ha-1] en fosfor [(P) teen 0, 50 en 100 kg ha-1] is toegedien. Hierdie ontwerp is vier maal herhaal oor 'n gradient van grondwater beskikbaarheid, oor elk van die twee mees algemene grondtipes, om sodoende 'n volledige eksperimentele reeks te vorm. Elke herhaling is uitgelê in 'n P. radiata opstand wat reeds 'n mid-rotasie dunning ondergaan het voor implementering van die kunsmis behandelings. Metings van BOI, deursnee op borshoogte, boomhoogte asook blaarmonsters is geneem voor implementering in 2008 en daarna met vooraf bepaalde tussenposes in 2009 en 2010. Die BOI en stam volume aanwas is bepaal om die effek van behandelings op groeieffektiwiteit te evalueer. Die gaping fraksie tegniek is gebruik om BOI te skat met behulp van 'n sonvlek septometer. Volume aanwas is bereken vanaf deursnee en hoogtemetings en basale oppervlak aanwas vanaf deursnee-metings. Metings van al bogenoemde groeireaksies is gebruik om die effek van verhoogde voedingstof beskikbaarheid op opstandsgroei te evalueer. Daar was geen betekenisvolle interaksies tussen enige van die faktore N, P of water beskikbaarheidsklas met betrekking tot reaksies op BOI, basale oppervlak- en volume aanwas of groei-effektiwiteit nie. Die BOI het betekenisvol gereageer op N en P in die eerste jaar, maar slegs op P in die tweede jaar na behandeling. Basale oppervlakte aanwas is betekenisvol verbeter deur N en P in die tweede jaar maar nie in die eerste jaar nie. Dit is waarskynlik as gevolg van die feit dat opstande eers hul kroondak moes herstel (na dunnings) voordat 'n reaksie in basale oppervlak verkry kon word. Vir die veranderlikes waar 'n analise van die groeireaksie oor die volle twee jaar moniteringsperiode gedoen is, het basale oppervlak- en volume aanwas betekenisvol gereageer op stikstof maar nie op fosfor nie. Groei-effektiwiteit is nie betekenisvol geaffekteer deur N of P oor die volle twee jaar moniteringsperiode nie. Water beskikbaarheidsklas het basale oppervlak en volume aanwas asook groei-effektiwiteit betekenisvol en voortdurend beïnvloed in die eerste en tweede jaar, asook gedurende die volle twee jaar moniteringsperiode. Die beste groeireaksie is oor die algemeen verkry waar N en P gesamentlik toegedien is en waar dus aanvullende reaksies verkry is. Groeireaksies het betekenisvol verskil na gelang van water beskikbaarheidsklas, met die grootste reaksie op die natste groeiplekke. Hoewel hierdie vroeë resultate is, kan ons die meganisme van die reaksie primêr toeskryf aan 'n toename in BOI. Vektor analise van blaar voedingstof vlakke het aangedui dat addisionele N en P na kunsmis toediening opgeneem is, wat die weg gebaan het vir 'n toename in BOI en verhoogde volume aanwas.

Thesis (MSc (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the use of carbon isotopes as a potential measure for water availability and drought stress in Pinus radiata in the Western and Southern Cape, South Africa. An understanding of water availability and its variation in space is fundamental to the implementation of increasingly site-specific management regimes that have the potential to greatly improve productivity across sites in the region. Fifteen plantation compartments situated on water shedding sites were identified where good weather data existed and a water balance model could be run. In addition, late wood samples were analysed from four co-dominant trees in the same stand to determine the δ13C values of five tree rings, each representing a specific growth year before first thinning. Detailed water balances were constructed for each trial site and drought stress indicators (a) relative canopy conductance (after Granier et al., 2000) and (b) the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration (supply / demand ratio), were related to δ13C values in latewood. Maximum available soil water ranged from 52 to 313 mm across trial sites. The water balance model used adequately described soil water availability throughout each growing season and indicated that stand stress due to the lack of available soil water mainly occurred during the summer months of the study period (November to April). The supply / demand ratio for this period as well as the relative canopy conductance proved to be good measures of drought stress. The six-month supply demand ratio (calculated for the period November to April) ranged from 0.04 to nearly 1 (winter rainfall zone) and 0.35 to 1 (all-year rainfall zone) and were strongly related to δ13C values (p < 0.001; r2 = 0.7822). It appears that using δ13C values, it may be possible to classify sites into three water availability classes. This classification may assist in the implementation of intensive silvicultural operations on an increasingly site-specific basis. Where sites are enriched with water from lateral flow or upslope positions, δ13C may be the only reliable technique to quantify soil water availability. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van koolstof isotope as 'n moontlike maatstaf vir die beskikbaarheid van water en droogtestremming in Pinus radiata in die Wes-en Suid-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. 'n Begrip van die beskikbaarheid van water en die ruimtelike variasie daarvan is fundamenteel vir die implementering van groeiplek-spesifieke bestuur sisteem wat die potensiaal het om baie verbeterde produktiwiteit oor persele in die streek teweeg te bring. Vyftien plantasievakke, geleë op waterskeidingsterreine is geïdentifiseer waar goeie weer data bestaan en 'n water balans model uitgevoer kon word. Daarmee saam is laathout monsters vanuit vier ko-dominante bome in dieselfde kompartement geanaliseer en die δ13C waardes van laathout in vyf jaarringe bepaal wat elk 'n spesifieke jaar van groei voor die eerste dunning verteenwoordig. Gedetailleerde water balanse is vir elke proef perseel bereken en aanwysers van droogtestremming, nl.: (a) relatiewe kroon geleiding (na Granier et al., 2000) en (b) die verhouding van die werklike teenoor potensiële evapotranspirasie (vraag / aanbod verhouding) is gekorreleer met 13C waardes in laat hout. Die maksimum hoeveelheid water beskikbaar op die verskeie proefpersele wissel van 52 tot 313 mm. Die water balans model wat gebruik is beskryf die beskikbare grondwater met genoegsame akkuraatheid. vir die hele groeiseisoen. Die model dui ook aan dat die kompartemente droogtestremming as gevolg van die gebrek aan beskikbare grond water ervaar gedurende die somer maande van die studie tydperk (November tot April). Die vraag / aanbod verhouding vir hierdie tydperk, asook die relatiewe kroon geleiding is geskik om as maatstawwe van droogtestremming gebruik te word. Die vraag / aanbod verhouding (bereken vir die tydperk November tot April) het gewissel van 0,04 tot byna 1 (Winter reënval gebied) en 0,35 tot 1 (die heel jaar reënval sone) en is sterk verwant aan 13C waardes (p <0,001; r2 = 0,7822). Dit blyk dat met die gebruik van δ13C waardes, dit moontlik kan wees om kompartemente te klassifiseer in drie klasse van water beskikbaarheid. Hierdie klassifikasie kan help met die implementering van intensiewe boskultuur bedrywighede op 'n meer vak-spesifieke basis. Waar vakkeverryk is met water vanuit laterale vloei of hoër liggende posisies, mag δ13C dalk die enigste betroubare tegniek wees om die beskikbaarheid van water te kwantifiseer.