Extracellular matrix (ECM) modifications occur during plant growth, development, and in response to environmental stimuli. Key modulators of ECM modification in vertebrates, the extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have also been described in a few plants. Here, we report the identification of Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) Pta1-MMP and its characterization during seed development and germination. The Pta1-MMP protein has the structural characteristics of other plant MMPs, and a recombinant protein (rPta-MMP) generated by using EST sequences for a seed-expressed MMP exhibits Zn2+-dependent protease activity, and is inhibited by the active site-binding hydroxamate inhibitor GM6001 and EDTA. The Pta1-MMP gene is expressed during embryo development, with transcript levels increasing from proembryo to early cotyledonary stage, then declining during late cotyledonary expansion and maturation drying. Protein extracts exhibited similar developmental-stage MMP-like activity. Seed imbibition in water facilited germination, which was stimulated by GA3 and inhibited by ABA. The timing of germination was mirrored by the presence of MMP-like protease activity in both water- and GA3-imbibed embryos. Pta1-MMP transcript levels increased in association with germination for both GA3- and water-treated embryos, in agreement with MMP-like activity. In contrast, by 10 days after imbibition, Pta1-MMP transcripts in ABA-treated embryos were at levels similar to the other treatments, although MMP-like activity was not observed. The application of GM6001 during Loblolly pine seed imbibition inhibited germination in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that Pta1-MMP is required for ECM modification, facilitating the cell division and expansion required for both embryo development and germination. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an MMP in any gymnosperm and also its involvement in embryo development and subsequent germination. / Ph. D.

This study analyzes the structure and biophysical correlates of density of two whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) populations in the northern Rocky Mountains. Whitebark pine is a keystone species and an important component of treeline ecosystem dynamics; however, subalpine populations have declined nearly rangewide in recent decades. Though declines in subalpine forests have been well documented in the literature, few studies have assessed population structure and habitat requirements at treeline. Various disturbances have combined to impact whitebark pine populations across its range, but the primary threat at treeline sites in the northern Rocky Mountains is white pine blister rust, caused by the exotic fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola. In this study, I aim to: 1) assess population structure and regeneration within two geographically different treelines experiencing contrasting levels of infection, and 2) examine associations among several biophysical variables and whitebark pine density to better understand treeline habitat variability and regeneration patterns. I used density-diameter curves and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests to compare population structure between sites, and developed generalized linear mixed models to assess correlations between whitebark pine density and biophysical site variables. The results demonstrate that despite very different ecosystems and blister rust infection rates, our two study sites have similar population structure. Our model results highlight marked differences between populations in terms of biophysical correlates of density. While correlations are similar within site, seedlings and saplings have stronger correlations with biophysical variables than established trees. / Master of Science

Nine provenances of Turkish red pine (<i>Pinus brutia Ten</i>.), an eastern Mediterranean conifer, taken from a wide range of locations in Turkey, were grown in individual pots in a greenhouse either with or without joint goose goatgrass (<i>Aegilops cylindrica</i> L.) under either high or low soil water availability for two growing seasons. The study consisted of two separate experiments started at times with varying microenvironmental conditions and Turkish red pine (TRP) provenances. Diameter and secondary needle, stem, and root biomass were measured at the end of the second growing season, while height was measured after both the first and second growing seasons. Pine stem water potential (SWP), measured at the end of the second growing season, was the only physiological variable in the study. / Master of Science

Varietal forestry may increase the productivity of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the Southern United Sates. However, the effects of these genetic x environment interactions are still poorly understood. In this study we examined the responses in growth, stand uniformity and leaf level physiology of loblolly pine clonal varieties and families to silvicultural intensity and site effects. We also looked for patterns in observed traits that were consistent between crown ideotypes. Two varieties of each crown ideotype (narrow vs broad crowns) and two families (controlled mass pollinated (CMP) and open pollinated (OP) family) were tested on the Virginia Piedmont (VA) and the North Carolina Coastal Plain (NC) under different silvicultural intensities (operational vs intensive), and planting density (617, 1235 and 1852 trees per hectare). Data were collected during the first four growing season after establishment. At NC, intensive silviculture increased crown-width, height and dbh by 33%, 14%, and 23%, respectively. At VA, intensive silviculture increased crown-width, height and dbh by 41%, 10%, and 23%, respectively. Intensive silviculture also increased slightly but significantly the stand uniformity of stem growth. However, the differences in productivity between silvicultural treatments were not explained by differences in leaf-level physiology. Across all treatments and sites the varieties generally grew faster than the OP family, but the differences were higher at VA. Varieties did not differ in stem growth, but the broadest crown variety had greater stand uniformity, photosynthetic rate (Asat), carbon isotope discrimination (∆¹³) and lower fascicle size than the OP family. None of the traits assessed inthis study was consistent within the ideotypes. Varieties classified in the same crown-ideotypes may respond differently to the environmental effects of site and silviculture, which reinforces the need of matching varietal forestry with precision silviculture to achieve gains in productivity. / Ph. D.

This study was designed to investigate the development of the crown architecture of six genotypes of loblolly pine across a variety of growing conditions, and also to investigate the stability of the crown ideotype for these genotypes over a range of site and silvicultural management regimes. The objectives were to determine whether the crown dimensions that determine the crown ideotype of four clones, a mass-control-pollinated family, and an open-pollinated family of Pinus taeda L. are consistent within their respective genotypes, and to determine whether those same crown dimensions and genotypes follow consistent patterns even when established on different sites with contrasting qualities and different silvicultural regimes. The study was conducted on a 5-year-old plantation with an initial spacing of 1,235 trees per hectare. The plots had not reached crown closure, which provided the opportunity to assess the crown characteristics of individual trees of each genotype and how they developed over in a variety of growing conditions, without the interactions of other individuals. The study was a split-split plot design with the whole plot divided between two sites of contrasting quality; one site established in the Virginia Piedmont and a second site established in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. The sub plots were divided between high and low intensity silviculture. The sub-sub plots were divided among the six genotypes of loblolly pine. Seventeen tree and crown characteristics were measured, and means were compared using analysis of variance and Tukey's HSD test. We hypothesized that the branch and crown attributes would follow consistent patterns among these genotypes on the two sites and between the two silvicultural regimes. The results generally confirm these hypotheses. When the genotypes were compared, interactions only occurred with total branches, internode length, total foliage mass, and total leaf area. Tree height, diameter at breast height (dbh), stem volume, and crown volume averaged 4.8 m, 7.5 cm, 0.03 m3, and 7.1 m3, respectively at the site in Virginia, compared to values of 4.1 m, 6.2 cm, 0.02 m3, and 4.9 m3 at the site in North Carolina. Tree height, dbh, stem volume, branch diameter, branch length, and crown volume averaged 4.7 m, 7.5 cm, 0.03 m3, 1.3 cm, 90.3 cm, and 7.3 m3, respectively under high intensity silviculture compared to values of 4.3 m, 6.2 cm, 0.02 m3, 1.1 cm, 68.7 cm, and 4.7 m3 under low intensity silviculture. There were differences among the genotypes in branch diameter, branch length, and crown volume, with the branch diameter of clones 1 and 3 averaging 1.2 cm compared to an average of 1.3 cm for clones 2 and 4. Branch length for clone 1 averaged 72.4 cm and clone 3 averaged 77.0 cm, while branch length for clone 2 averaged 83.3 cm and clone 4 averaged 86.7 cm. Crown volume for clone 1 averaged 4.9 m3 and clone 3 averaged 6.3 m3, while clone 2 averaged 7.1 m3 and clone 4 averaged 7.2 m3. These differences conform to the crown ideotype for these clones, where clones 1 and 3 were considered narrow crowned and clones 2 and 4 were considered broad crowned. The branch diameter and branch length of the open pollinated family (OP) was similar in size to the broad crowned clones (1.3 cm and 84 cm, respectively), while the branch diameter and branch length of the mass control pollinated (MCP) family was smaller than the narrow crowned clones (1.1 cm and 71.2 cm, respectively). Crown volume for the OP family was intermediate between the clonal ideotypes, averaging 5.9 m3, while the MCP family had the smallest crown volume, averaging 4.7 m3. A single-degree-of-freedom ANOVA comparing the two clonal ideotypes yielded similar results. There were interactions with branch diameter, total branches, internode length, and total leaf area, but the broad crown ideotype was larger in every measured parameter than the narrow crown ideotype. The lack of interactions and the general conformity to crown ideotype in this study indicated stability among these genotypes across this variety of growing conditions. / Master of Science

Stand conditions influence the partitioning of biomass to stem, foliage, branch, and root components. Using data from 4 to 6-year old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees grown in a miniature-scale spacing trial, this study determined the effect of initial planting density on the biomass partitioning of loblolly pine. An analysis of covariance concluded that density did not have a significant effect on the relative amount of biomass in aboveground components.Some measures of partitioning tradeoffs (such as root: shoot ratio) showed a significant positive slope when regressed against trees per hectare. Systems of linear equations were developed based on tree measurements and age, and additivity was specified. By taking into account contemporaneous correlations among tree components, seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) methodologies led to efficient parameter estimates. When compared to studies with mature trees at operational scales, results from the miniature-scale trees showed similar trends. Stem and woody roots were 70 and 14% of total mass, respectively. Since these miniature-scale trees were physiologically young at time of harvest, allocation of mass to foliage continued to be a priority, occupying 10% of total mass. / Master of Science

Understanding the link between environmental factors such as disturbance events, land cover, and soil productivity to spatial variation in animal distributions and vital rates is fundamental to population ecology and wildlife management. The Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris; hereafter, LLP) ecosystem is an archetypal fire-mediated ecosystem, which has seen drastic reductions in land area due to fire suppression. Current restoration utilizes prescribed fire and hardwood removal, but more research is needed to understand the influence of these restoration efforts on the wildlife that exist in that ecosystem. As such, we conducted field surveys on Camp Blanding Joint Training Center and Wildlife Management Area to understand how fire influences relative abundances of mammalian predators, occupancy and species richness of avian species, guilds and communities, and vital rates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus) fawns. Our results indicated that mammalian predator space use, and avian species richness were influenced by fire and land cover. Mammalian predator space use was altered by fire conditions and land cover. This mechanism may support predator management strategies that utilizes commonly management techniques for the restoration and conservation of the LLP ecosystem to indirectly alter predator distributions, which has the potential to positively affect the management of important species within this ecosystem. Some mammalian mesocarnivores historically common throughout the southeastern United States were rarely detected, suggesting more research is needed to identify the cause of the potential decline in mesocarnivores in the Southeastern United States. Avian species richness at the community level was positively influenced by the heterogeneity of post fire conditions, or pyrodiversity. Avian species richness of the cavity nesting guild was negatively influenced by increasing time-since-fire. Our results suggest that managers can promote avian community diversity by reducing the size of burn units to create areas with multiple adjacent burn units, with unique fire histories and a mosaic of post-fire conditions. Lastly, fawn recruitment was greater on the higher productivity site than the low productivity site on CB. However, within sites soil productivity did not have a demonstrable effect. In fact, we observed differences between sites, but did not observe any effects of covariates on spatial variation in density or survival of fawns within sites. Although we did not explicitly test the factors influencing our parameters between sites, we hypothesize that the variation in coyote activity rates as well as soil productivity and its subsequent effects (i.e. forage availability, concealment cover, and land cover type) likely drove the differences we saw between sites. These results are relevant to local managers and provide support for unit-specific, deer management on CB. In conclusion, understanding the influence of fire in a frequently burned landscape allows us to better inform management of predators and avian communities using prescribed burns, and the differences in deer populations between areas allowed us to better in inform managers on harvest quotas so that the magnitude of the effect of harvest can better match the population vital rates of each area. / Master of Science / Understanding the link between environmental factors such as fire, land cover and soil productivity is essential for wildlife managers to maintain healthy wildlife populations. The Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem requires frequent fire and has seen drastic reductions in land area due to fire suppression. Current restoration utilizes prescribed fire, controlled burning of an area, and hardwood removal, logging hardwood trees such as oaks, but more research is needed to understand how this restoration influences the wildlife in the longleaf pine ecosystem. As such, we collected data collected from Camp Blanding Joint Training Center and Wildlife Management Area to understand how fire influences the relative numbers of mammalian predators, the distribution and species richness (i.e. number of unique species) of avian species, guilds and communities, and vital rates (i.e. births, survival to a certain age) of white-tailed deer fawns. Our results indicated that mammalian predator distributions, and avian species richness were influenced by fire and land cover. Mammalian predator space use was altered by fire conditions and landcover, which supports a predator management strategy that utilizes prescribed burning and hardwood removal used in restoration and conservation of the LLP ecosystem to indirectly alter predator distributions. Some mammalian mesocarnivores (i.e. foxes, skunks, weasels, etc.) historically common throughout the southeastern United States were rarely detected, suggesting more research is needed to identify the cause of the potential decline of cryptic mesocarnivores in the Southeastern United States. Avian species richness, number of unique species, at the community level was positively influenced by pyrodiversity, the number of unique burn years in an area. This supports and further extends the 'pyrodiversity begets biodiversity' hypothesis for avian species, which states that greater pyrodiversity increases the diversity of bird species in that area. Avian species richness of cavity nesting birds decreased with increasing time since fire. Our results suggest that managers can promote avian community diversity by reducing the size of burn units to create areas with multiple adjacent burn units, with unique fire histories and a mosaic of post-fire conditions. Lastly, fawn recruitment was greater on the higher productivity site than the low productivity site, however, within sites soil productivity did not seem to influence birth and recruitment. Although we did not statistically test the factors influencing our parameters between sites, we hypothesize that the variation in coyote activity rates as well as soil productivity and its subsequent effects (i.e. forage availability, concealment cover, and land cover type) likely drove the differences we saw between sites. These results are relevant to local managers and provide support for managing deer differently across both sites. In conclusion, understanding the influence of fire in a frequently burned landscape allows us to better inform management of predators and avian communities using prescribed burns, and the differences in deer populations between areas allowed us to better in inform managers on harvest quotas so that the magnitude of the effect of harvest can better match the population vital rates of each area.

A large portion of Earth¿s terrestrial surface is subject to arid climatic water stress. As in these regions the hydrological cycle and the vegetation dynamics are tightly interconnected, a coupled modeling of these two systems is needed to fully reproduce the ecosystems¿ behavior over time and to predict possible future responses to climate change. In this thesis, the performance of three parsimonious dynamic vegetation models, suitable for inclusion in an operational ecohydrological model, are tested in a semi-arid Aleppo pine forest area in the south-east of Spain. The first model considered, HORAS (Quevedo & Francés, 2008), simulates growth as a function of plant transpiration (T), evaluating environmental restraints through the transpiration-reference evapotranspiration ratio. The state variable related to vegetation is R, relative foliar biomass, which is equivalent to FAO crop coefficient (Allen et al., 1998), but not fixed in time. The HORAS model was then abandoned because of its unsatisfactory results, probably due to a poor simulation of evaporation and transpiration processes. As for the other two models, WUE-model and LUE-model, the state variable is the leaf biomass (Bl, kg dry mass m-2 vegetation cover). Both models simulate gross primary production (GPP), in the first case as a function of transpiration and water use efficiency (WUE), in the second case as a function of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and light use efficiency (LUE). Net primary production (NPP) is then calculated taking into account respiration. The modelling is focused particularly on simulating foliar biomass, which is obtained from NPP through an allocation equation based on the maximum leaf area index (LAI) sustainable by the system, and considering turnover. An analysis of the information offered by MODIS EVI, NDVI, and LAI products was also performed, in order to investigate vegetation dynamics in the study site and to select the best indices to be used as observational verification for models. MODIS EVI is reported in literature (Huete et al., 2002) to be highly correlated with leaf biomass. In accordance with the phenological cycle timing described for the Aleppo pine in similar climates (Muñoz et al., 2003), the EVI showed maximum values in spring and minimum values in winter. Similar results were found applying the aforementioned WUE- and LUE- models to the study area. Contrasting simulated LAI with the EVI series, the correlation coefficients rWUE = 0.45 and rLUE = 0.57 were found for the WUE-model and LUE-model respectively. Concerning NDVI, its own definition links this index to the ¿greenness¿ of the target, so that it appears highly linked to chlorophyll content and vegetation condition, but only indirectly related to LAI. Photosynthetic pigment concentrations are reported to be sensitive to water stress in Aleppo pine (Baquedano and Castillo, 2006) so, to compare the models¿ results with NDVI, the simulated LAI was corrected by plant water-stress. The resulting correlation coefficients were rWUE = 0.62 and rLUE = 0.59. Lastly, MODIS LAI and ET were found to be unreliable in the study area because very low compared to field data and to values reported in literature (e.g. Molina & del Campo, 2012) for the same species in similar climatic conditions. The performance of both WUE- and LUE- models in this semi-arid region is found to be reasonable. However, the LUE-model presents the advantages of a better performance, the possibility to be used in a wider range of climates and to have been extensively tested in literature. / Pasquato, M. (2013). Comparison of parsimonious dynamic vegetation modelling approaches for semiarid climates [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34326

Tesis por compendio / [EN] Aleppo pine covers a large area in the Mediterranean region, but the effects of silvicultural practices that modify the canopy on the ecology of these forests have been relatively understudied. In this Ph D thesis we assess the effect of silvicultural treatments of different intensities on some key aspects that regulate the soil microclimate and the nutrient dynamics of a P. halepensis forest. The treatments are: shelterwoods of two intensities (60 and 75% of basal area removed, referred to as T60 and T75, respectively) and clearfelling (100% of basal area removed, T100) which were compared with untreated controls (T0). The study was conducted ten years following the implementation of the treatments.. Therefore, we provide useful information to determine its mid-term effects on the ecology of this Mediterranean forest ecosystem. The T100 treatment has caused an increase in soil temperature, and the time series analysis indicates that this treatment has affected both the annual sinusoidal component of variation and the daily fluctuations in the short term. Soil moisture in the summer has been significantly reduced in the T100 treatments. This reduction is due to reduced water infiltration into the soil, which is attributed to an increase in the hydrophobicity or to the creation of surface crusts in the bare soil. The T60 and T75 treatments have not caused significant changes in the soil temperature and moisture dynamics, probably due to the closure of the canopy and to the understory development. The production of litterfall and the associated return of nutrients to the soil (C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg) were linearly reduced with the treatment intensity, with the basal area removed explaining 45-60% of their variation. The exception was K return, which had a lower sensitivity to treatment intensity due to the compensation of the understory litterfall. There has been a slight decrease in the decomposition rate of the P. halepensis needles associated to T100 treatment, as well as alterations in the Ca and K release from the needles. These changes are due to the contamination with soil particles caused by the limited presence of the forest floor in the plots subjected to this treatment. The T60 and T75 treatments have neither significantly affected the litter decomposition nor the associated nutrient release. The soil N mineralization rate in the three silvicultural treatments doubled that of the untreated forest, and this fact seems to be related to the higher proportion of understory litterfall in the treated plots. Overall, soil type has not significantly affected the impact of silvicultural treatments on the ecological processes studied in this work. The results suggest that the mid-term influence of the treatments on microclimate is limited to T100 treatment, and these differences in microclimate do not seem to affect nutrient dynamics. We suggest that studying the dynamics of the understory is necessary to assess the impact of silvicultural treatments on the biogeochemical cycles in these forests. / [ES] El pino carrasco ocupa una extensa superficie en la región Mediterránea, pero los efectos de las prácticas selvícolas que modifican el dosel arbóreo sobre la ecología de estos bosques han sido relativamente poco estudiados. En la presente tesis doctoral se evalúa el efecto de tratamientos selvícolas de diferentes intensidades sobre algunos aspectos clave que regulan el microclima del suelo y la dinámica de nutrientes de un bosque de P. halepensis. Los tratamientos estudiados son aclareos sucesivos uniformes de dos intensidades (60 y 75% de área basimétrica sustraída, denominados T60 y T75 respectivamente) y corta a hecho (100% de área basimétrica sustraída, T100), que se comparan con controles no tratados (T0). El estudio se ha realizado más de diez años después de la ejecución de los tratamientos, por lo que se proporciona información útil para determinar sus efectos a medio plazo sobre la ecología de este ecosistema forestal mediterráneo. El tratamiento T100 ha provocado un aumento en la temperatura del suelo, y el análisis de series temporales indica que este tratamiento ha afectado tanto al componente senoidal anual de la variación como a las variaciones diarias en el corto plazo. La humedad del suelo en el periodo estival se ha visto reducida significativamente en los tratamientos T100. Esta reducción se debe a la menor infiltración de agua en el suelo, que se atribuye al incremento en la hidrofobicidad o a la creación de costras superficiales por dejar el suelo descubierto. Los tratamientos T60 y T75 no han provocado cambios importantes en la dinámica de la temperatura y la humedad del suelo, probablemente por el cierre del dosel arbóreo y el desarrollo del sotobosque. La producción de desfronde y el retorno asociado de nutrientes al suelo (C, N, P, K, Ca y Mg) se ha reducido de forma lineal con la intensidad del tratamiento, de forma que el área basal sustraída explica el 45-60% de su variación, con la excepción del retorno de K que presenta una menor sensibilidad a la intensidad del tratamiento debido al papel de compensación del desfronde del sotobosque. Se ha observado un ligero descenso en la tasa de descomposición de las acículas de P halepensis relacionado con el tratamiento T100, así como alteraciones en la liberación asociada de Ca y K de las acículas. Estos cambios se deben al efecto de la contaminación con partículas de suelo provocada por la limitada presencia del horizonte orgánico en las parcelas sometidas a este tratamiento. Los tratamientos T60 y T75 no han afectado de forma significativa a la descomposición de la hojarasca ni a la liberación de nutrientes asociada. La tasa de mineralización de N en el suelo mineral se ha duplicado en los tres tratamientos selvícolas en comparación con el bosque no tratado, lo que parece estar relacionado con que en las parcelas tratadas haya una mayor proporción de desfronde de matorral. En general, el tipo de suelo no parece haber afectado de forma importante al impacto de los tratamientos selvícolas sobre los procesos ecológicos estudiados en este trabajo. Los resultados en su conjunto sugieren que la influencia a medio plazo de los tratamientos sobre el microclima se limita a los tratamientos T100, y además, que estas diferencias en el microclima no parecen afectar a la dinámica de nutrientes. Se sugiere para próximos trabajos el estudio de la dinámica del matorral, que parece ser un factor determinante a la hora de evaluar el impacto de los tratamientos selvícolas sobre los ciclos biogeoquímicos de este tipo de bosque. / [CA] El pi blanc ocupa una extensa superfície a la regió Mediterrània, però els efectes de les pràctiques silvícoles que modifiquen el dosser arbori sobre l'ecologia d'aquests boscos han estat relativament poc estudiats. En la present tesi doctoral s'avalua l'efecte de tractaments silvícoles de diferents intensitats sobre alguns aspectes clau que regulen el microclima del sòl i la dinàmica de nutrients d'un bosc de P. halepensis. Els tractaments estudiats són aclarida successiva uniforme de dues intensitats (60 i 75% d'àrea basimètrica sostreta, denominats T60 i T75 respectivament) i tallada arreu (100% d'àrea basimètrica sostreta, T100), que es comparen amb controls no tractats (T0). L'estudi s'ha realitzat més de deu anys després de l'execució dels tractaments, de manera que es proporciona informació útil per determinar els seus efectes a mitjà termini sobre l'ecologia d'aquest ecosistema forestal mediterrani. El tractament T100 ha provocat un augment en la temperatura del sòl, i l'anàlisi de sèries temporals indica que aquest tractament ha afectat tant al component sinusoïdal anual de la variació com a les variacions diàries en el curt termini. La humitat del sòl en el període estival s'ha vist reduïda significativament en els tractaments T100. Aquesta reducció es deu a la menor infiltració d'aigua en el sòl, que s'atribueix a l'increment en la hidrofobicitat o a la creació de crostes superficials per deixar el sòl descobert. Els tractaments T60 i T75 no han provocat canvis importants en la dinàmica de la temperatura i la humitat del sòl, probablement pel tancament del dosser arbori i el desenvolupament del sotabosc. La producció de fullaraca i el retorn associat de nutrients al sòl (C, N, P, K, Ca i Mg) s'ha reduït de forma lineal amb la intensitat del tractament, de manera que l'àrea basimètrica sostreta explica el 45-60% de la seva variació, amb l'excepció del retorn de K que presenta una menor sensibilitat a la intensitat del tractament a causa del paper de compensació de la producció de fullaraca del sotabosc. S'ha observat un lleuger descens en la taxa de descomposició de les acícules de P. halepensis relacionat amb el tractament T100, així com alteracions en l'alliberament de Ca i K de les acícules en descomposició. Aquests canvis es deuen a l'efecte de la contaminació amb partícules de sòl provocada per la limitada presència de l'horitzó orgànic en les parcel¿les sotmeses a aquest tractament. Els tractaments T60 i T75 no han afectat de manera significativa a la descomposició de la fullaraca ni a l'alliberament de nutrients associat. La taxa de mineralització de N al sòl mineral s'ha duplicat en els tres tractaments silvícoles en comparació amb el bosc no tractat, el que sembla estar relacionat amb que a les parcel¿les tractades hagi una major proporció de producció de fullaraca del sotabosc. En general, el tipus de sòl no sembla haver afectat de forma important a l'impacte dels tractaments silvícoles sobre els processos ecològics estudiats en aquest treball. Els resultats en el seu conjunt suggereixen que la influència a mig termini dels tractaments sobre el microclima es limita al tractament T100, i a més, que aquestes diferències en el microclima no semblen afectar la dinàmica de nutrients. Per a propers treballs, es suggereix l'estudi de la dinàmica del matoll, que sembla ser un factor determinant a l'hora d'avaluar l'impacte dels tractaments silvícoles sobre els cicles biogeoquímics d'aquest tipus de bosc. / Lado Monserrat, L. (2015). Efecto de tratamientos selvícolas de diferente intensidad sobre el microclima del suelo y los ciclos de nutrientes de un bosque de pino carrasco [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59417 / Compendio

Biosolids, materials resulting from domestic sewage treatment, are surface applied to forest soils to increase nutrient availability. Retaining streamside management zones (SMZs) can limit nutrient pollution of streams. We delineated 15 m SMZs along three intermittent streams in an 18-year-old Pinus taeda L. plantation. We applied biosolids outside the SMZ on one side of each of the streams maintaining the other side of the stream as control. We collected water samples from the three treated and six reference streams as well as from the perennial stream both upstream and downstream from the intermittent streams for 12 months following treatment. Along transects perpendicular to the treated streams, we collected overland flow samples, soil solution samples at 60 cm and extracts from ion exchange membranes (IEMs) placed in the surface soil. We found elevated nitrate concentrations outside the SMZ in the treated side soil solution samples, in which concentrations remained below 1.5 mg L-1. Nutrient concentrations outside the SMZ in treated side IEM extracts increased following biosolids application, returning to near control levels after one year. Nutrient concentrations in IEM extracts were not elevated adjacent to the streams. We observed elevated phosphorus concentrations adjacent to the stream in overland flow during one period on the treated side of the stream. Stream nutrient concentrations showed few differences downstream from the treatment with concentrations below 1.5 mg L-1. Our results indicate that a 15 m SMZ protected streams from nutrient pollution for the first year following biosolids application to adjacent forestlands. / Master of Science