O trabalho tem como objeto de pesquisa a cadeia produtiva da habitação de interesse social em madeira de floresta plantada. O objetivo é verificar a viabilidade da implantação de sistemas construtivos econômicos em Pinus spp no Estado do Paraná - Brasil, considerando a disponibilidade de matéria-prima, o parque tecnológico instalado e as políticas públicas vigentes. O método de pesquisa identifica as variáveis envolvidas com o fenômeno e emprega dados qualitativos e quantitativos para descrever o objeto. A hipótese é que existe um ambiente favorável para o emprego destes sistemas construtivos na região estudada, contribuindo para o aumento do repertório de soluções aplicáveis no combate ao déficit habitacional. A investigação confirma a vocação florestal e o desenvolvimento da indústria madeireira do Paraná. No entanto, verifica problemas estruturais para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva, como o atraso tecnológico e a baixa capacitação da mão-de-obra envolvida no processamento da madeira nas serrarias. Para superar estes obstáculos é necessária a implantação de políticas públicas direcionadas e a aproximação dos agentes dos setores florestal, madeireiro e da construção civil. / The thesis subject matter is the commodity chain of social housing made from planted forests wood. The thesis aim is to verify the production feasibility of economic construction methods using Pinus spp in Parana State - Brazil, considering the raw material availability, the research park facilities, and the current public policies. The research methodology identifies the variables involved in the phenomenon, and it employs qualitative and quantitative data in order to describe the object. The hypothesis is that there is a favorable environment for the use of these building construction methods in the studied region, contributing for the solution increase to reduce the housing shortage. This research confirms the vocation for forestry and for the development of the timber industry in Parana State. However, it finds structural problems in the commodity chain development, such as the technological backwardness and the low-skilled workforce involved in the wood processing at sawmills. To overcome these obstacles, it is necessary to implement target public policies and approaching forestry, timber and building construction industry representatives.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Rio Grande do Sul, the Serra do Sudeste has been the target of large forest investments due to government programs for sectorial regional development in the three levels of the administration. One of the species with the largest planted area in the region is the Pinus elliottii Engelm. Two large neighboring counties with typical physiography areas of Serra do Sudeste have aroused special attention to its forestry development: Cachoeira do Sul and Encruzilhada do Sul. The forestry production is already a reality for both and is very promising. The strategic location, favourable climate and soils, boosted the forestry development in the region where small to large companies have plantations. This study aimed to examine the overall production of Pinus elliottii wood in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Sul and Encruzilhada do Sul, in Rio Grande do Sul, and the specific objectives: a) raise data on all environmental and socioeconomic aspects involved in activity, in order to provide subsidies for the forestry development planning in the region with a view to sustainable forest management, b) determine production costs and possible revenue, c) achieve the economic and financial analysis of wood's production of Pinus elliottii at regional conditions d) characterize the growth and production of Pinus elliottii by log's size. In 2005 and 2006, respectively, 481 and 542 sample plots were measured in populations of Pinus elliottii in Serra do Sudeste, RS, and 6 trees were felled in different sites and submitted to the analysis of trunk. The Index of Site (IS) was defined as the dominant height at the age of 22 years, and the sample plots showed a variation of IS between 18 and 38 meters. It was observed tilt upward curve of the IS from the older to the younger forests, which still remains, making foresee that it is still possible to improve the productivity of populations. The costs of the deployment of populations were estimated at R$ 2.292,09/ha and the maintenance ranged between R$ 134.84/ha and R$ 363.98/ha yearly, and are in the range of costs of other studies in the literature. The total production per hectare in the current system of management, with rotation of 26 years and 4 thinnings, were between 528 m³/ha at IS 22 and 1,140 m³/ha at IS 34, but it is believed that averages more likely to get in the current conditions in the Serra do Sudeste are among the productivity of IS 26 and 28, who are between 25.8 and 29.8 m³.ha-1.year-1. From the IS 28, with Net Present Value (NPV) of R$ 1.147,17/ha, the production of wood of Pinus becomes interesting, and on the IS 26 with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 6,86% already could pay the interest of PROPFLORA of 6.75%. The IS 28 served as a comparing base with a Annual Equivalent Value (AEV) of R$ 94.78/ha, the first that shows some attractiveness, similar to the minimum value of the lease of land for livestock in the region, closed to the value of 40 kg of livestock per hectare. The analysis of different management regimes for the IS 28 showed that increased NPV is obtained with rotation of 26 years and 4 thinnings in cycle of 4 years, starting up the cuts to 10 years. It was drawn up a scenario of forestry development providing for the expansion of the sawmills park and installation of a bulky fiberboard industry, that would be complementary in the consumption of produced wood's logs sizes. It were identified 92 thousand hectares as likely to be cultivated with Pinus in the study area, which could inject about R$ 92.8 million of forestry Gross Added Value (GAV), and the industrialization of wood could add other R$ 370 million annually, generating more than 15 thousand jobs. The Pinus elliottii has shown good results in the region, has good increase, without reason for concern about the invasion of natural areas, and is positive in the recovery of land, usually exhausted by improving and regulating the water system, bringing more income and jobs than the current use with livestock, diversifying the rural productive matrix, reducing the risk of rural producer, and generating the prospect of installing a large forest-based industrial park, which will boost development not only in the economic aspect, but mainly in the social scope, generating more opportunities for cultural development, influencing the change in the indicators for health and education and improving the welfare of the population. The economic analysis was performed with considerable caution, using moderate levels of productivity, costs within patterns that can be considered between middle and high prices and restraint at today's market of wood. Even with the restrictions imposed on the analysis, the results are promising for the forestry, especially if it is considerated that there is a strong trend of increase of prices charged by regional market and that there is high possibility of installing wood veneer industries to absorb the production of larger log's size. Within the criteria adopted for the analysis, it was shown that official interest rates and payment periods practised in Brazil are incompatible with the long rotation forestry, which aim to obtain wood of large and greater added value, being necessary to create appropriate and specific government policies to this type of venture. / No Rio Grande do Sul, a Serra do Sudeste vem sendo alvo de grandes investimentos florestais devido aos programas governamentais de desenvolvimento regional para o setor nos três níveis da administração. Uma das espécies com maior área de plantio na região é o Pinus elliottii Engelm. Dois grandes municípios vizinhos com áreas típicas da fisiografia da Serra do Sudeste têm despertado especial atenção para seu desenvolvimento florestal: Cachoeira do Sul e Encruzilhada do Sul. A produção florestal já é uma realidade para ambos e se mostra bastante promissora. A localização estratégica, o clima e solos favoráveis impulsionaram o desenvolvimento florestal na região onde empresas de pequeno a grande porte possuem plantações. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar a produção de madeira de Pinus elliottii nos municípios de Cachoeira do Sul e Encruzilhada do Sul, no Rio Grande do Sul, e como objetivos específicos: a) levantar dados sobre os demais aspectos ambientais e socioeconômicos envolvidos na atividade, de forma a fornecer subsídios para o planejamento do desenvolvimento florestal na região com vistas ao manejo florestal sustentável; b) determinar os custos de produção e rendas possíveis; c) realizar a análise econômica e financeira da produção de madeira de Pinus elliottii nas condições regionais; d) caracterizar o crescimento e produção de Pinus elliottii por sortimentos. Em 2005 e 2006, respectivamente, foram medidas 481 e 542 parcelas amostrais em povoamentos de Pinus elliottii na Serra do Sudeste, RS, e 6 árvores foram abatidas em diferentes sítios e submetidas à análise de tronco. O Índice de Sítio (IS) foi definido como a altura dominante na idade de 22 anos, sendo que as parcelas amostrais apresentaram uma variação de IS entre 18 e 38 metros. Foi observada inclinação ascendente da curva de IS das florestas mais velhas para as mais jovens, que ainda se mantém, fazendo prever que ainda é possível melhorar a produtividade dos povoamentos. Os custos de implantação dos povoamentos foram estimados em R$ 2.292,09/ha e os de manutenção variaram entre R$ 134,84/ha e R$ 363,98/ha anuais, estando na faixa de custos de outros estudos encontrados na literatura. As produções totais por hectare no regime de manejo atual, com rotação de 26 anos e 4 desbastes, ficaram entre 528 m³/ha no IS 22 e 1.140 m³/ha no IS 34, mas acredita-se que valores médios mais prováveis de se obter nas condições atuais na Serra do Sudeste estejam entre as produtividades dos IS 26 e 28, que ficam entre 25,8 e 29,8 m³.ha-1.ano-1. A partir do Índice de Sítio 28, com Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) de R$ 1.147,17/ha, a produção de madeira de Pinus passa a ser interessante, sendo que no IS 26 com uma Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 6,86% já seria possível remunerar os juros do PROPFLORA de 6,75%. O IS 28 serviu como base de comparação com um Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE) de R$ 94,78/ha, sendo o primeiro que apresenta alguma atratividade, semelhante ao valor mínimo do arrendamento de terras para pecuária na região, próximo ao valor de 40 kg de boi vivo por hectare. A análise de diferentes regimes de manejo para o IS 28 mostrou que o maior VPL é obtido com rotação de 26 anos e 4 desbastes em ciclo de 4 anos, iniciando-se os cortes aos 10 anos. Foi elaborado um cenário de desenvolvimento florestal prevendo a ampliação do parque de serrarias e a instalação de uma indústria de placas de fibras de grande porte que venham a se complementar no consumo dos sortimentos de madeira produzidos. Foram identificados 92 mil hectares como passíveis de serem cultivados com Pinus na área estudada, que poderiam injetar cerca de R$ 92,8 milhões da silvicultura ao Valor Adicionado Bruto (VAB) na região, sendo que a industrialização da madeira poderia acrescentar outros R$ 370 milhões anuais, gerando mais de 15 mil empregos. O Pinus elliottii tem apresentado bons resultados na região, tem bom incremento, sem motivo para preocupação quanto a invasão de áreas naturais, sendo positivo na recuperação dos solos, geralmente esgotados, melhorando e regulando o regime hídrico, trazendo mais renda e empregos do que o uso atual com a pecuária, diversificando a matriz produtiva rural, reduzindo os riscos do produtor e gerando a perspectiva de instalação de um grande parque industrial de base florestal, que deverá impulsionar o desenvolvimento não só no aspecto econômico, mas principalmente na área social, gerando mais oportunidades de desenvolvimento cultural, influenciando a mudança nos indicadores de saúde e educação e melhorando o bem-estar da população. A análise econômica foi realizada com bastante prudência, usando-se níveis de produtividade moderados, custos dentro de padrões que podem ser considerados entre médios e altos e preços de venda comedidos para o mercado de madeira atual. Mesmo com as restrições impostas à análise, os resultados para a silvicultura são promissores, principalmente se for considerado que há uma forte tendência de aumento dos preços praticados pelo mercado regional e que há grande probabilidade de instalação de laminadoras de madeira para absorver as toras produzidas de maior dimensão. Dentro dos critérios de análise adotados, demonstrou-se que as taxas de juros oficiais e os prazos de pagamentos praticados no Brasil são incompatíveis com a silvicultura de longa rotação, que tem como objetivo a obtenção de madeira de grandes dimensões e maior valor agregado, sendo necessário criar políticas governamentais adequadas e específicas para esse tipo de empreendimento.

The present work has objective to define wich is the distribution of probability that analysis of nutritional contents are adjusted, selecting a function that better explain its behavior and to estimate the limits values of nutrients contents for it classification on several vegetables tissues. It were used 176 datas et colected from 15,534 nutritional analysis of three forest species, Acacia mearnsii, Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp., determinated for 1999 to 2004 period, in Forest Ecological Laboratory, in UFSM. The analysis were separated by subgroups in macro and micronutrients, vegetables components (leaves, bark, wood, root), species and year of determination. The database determination trough it statistical describe with mean, standart-deveation, number of observations, maximum and dataset adjusts a Normal distribution, it was aplicated the Lilliofors Test. Where the dataset didn´t adjust the Normal, it was tested the functions Log-normal, Beta, Gamma and Weibull through Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, with 5%. It was possible determinated that 70% of all dataset valued adjusts one of functions, being the Normal presented of 33.5% of settlings, the Log-normal 27.3%, the Gamma 3.4%, the Weibull 5.7% and the Beta function didn´t presented no one settling. Of all amount dataset valued, 30.1% didn´t adjust any one functions. The studied functions, exception Beta, can explain the results from chemical analysis of vegetables tissues and establis hed the control limits of nutrient contents in each species. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo definir qual é a distribuição de probabilidade que os resultados de análises nutricionais se ajustam, selecionando uma função que melhor explica o comportamento dos teores e estimar os valores limites dos macro e micronutrientes para sua classificação nos diversos tecidos vegetais. Foram utilizados 176 conjuntos de dados coletados em 15.534 análises nutricionais de três espécies florestais, Acacia mearnsii, Eucalyptus sp. e Pinus sp., realizadas durante o período de 1999 a 2004 e determinadas no Laboratório de Ecologia florestal, da UFSM. As análises foram separadas em subgrupos por macro e micronutrientes, componente vegetal (folhas, galhos, casca, madeira, raiz, etc.), espécie e ano de determinação. O banco de dados passou pela determinação das estatísticas descritivas média, desvio padrão, número de observações, valores máximo e mínimo. Para verificar se os dados seguiam a distribuição Normal, foi aplicado o teste de Lilliofors. Nos casos onde o teste não foi normal, foram testadas as funções Log-normal, Beta, Gamma e Weibull, via teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, com alfa 5%. Foi possível determinar que 70% do total avaliado seguiam alguma das funções, sendo que a Normal apresentou 33,5% de ajustes, a Log-normal 27,3%, a Gamma 3,4%, a Weibull 5,7% e a função Beta não apresentou nenhum ajuste. Do total de conjunto de dados avaliados, 30,1% não se aderiu a nenhuma das funções. As funções estudadas, com exceção da Beta, podem explicar a distribuição dos resultados das análises químicas de tecidos vegetais e estabelecer limites de controle dos teores de elementos químicos em cada espécie.

Abstract Wood is an essential material that has many applications in the fields of engineering and especially in the forest industry, which is particularly important in Fennoscandia. Among the various modification methods for wood, thermal modification has grown substantially over the past decades. It is an environmentally friendly method for increasing the lifetime and usability of timber. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the properties of thermally modified wood as well as to obtain new information on the changes taking place in pinewood due to the thermal modification process. Several NMR methods were used to gain information on the effect of thermal modification on the microstructure and moisture components of Pinus sylvestris pinewood. Pinewood samples thermally modified at different temperatures were studied and compared to corresponding unmodified wood samples. Diffusion of water and methane was studied using pulsed-field-gradient stimulated-echo measurements to determine the highly anisotropic size distribution of pores in different cell structures of pinewood. NMR cryoporometry and relaxometry measurements were conducted to gain information on the amounts and environments of both the bound and free water absorbed into the wood samples. Cryoporometry measurements resulted in an upper limit value for the size of bound water sites and the combination of cryoporometry and relaxometry data enabled the size determination of cell wall micropores. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to visualize the spatial distribution of absorbed free water in the studied samples. Together these methods give a broad overall picture of the effects of the modification process. The results of this work give new insight into the microstructure of thermally modified pinewood and its relationship to moisture, which is of importance for both wood science as well as industry. The applicability of the NMR techniques used here to the study of wood is also proven in this work. Using the techniques developed, it is possible to determine the optimal modification temperature, which is high enough to obtain the desired effects, but low enough not to destroy the microstructure of wood. / Tiivistelmä Puuta pystytään hyödyntämään useilla eri aloilla ja se on materiaalina tärkeä etenkin Fennoskandiassa merkittävälle metsäteollisuudelle. Useiden erilaisten puun käsittelymenetelmien joukossa lämpökäsittely on kasvattanut voimakkaasti suosiotaan viime vuosikymmeninä. Kyseessä on ympäristöystävällinen menetelmä, jolla voidaan pidentää puun käyttöikää sekä käytettävyyttä erilaisissa sovelluskohteissa. Tämän väitöskirjan päämääränä on ollut lämpökäsitellyn puun ominaisuuksien tutkiminen ja uuden tiedon saaminen puussa lämpökäsittelyprosessin myötä tapahtuvista muutoksista. Työssä käytettiin useita eri NMR-menetelmiä lämpökäsitellyn mäntypuun (Pinus sylvestris) mikrorakenteen sekä puussa olevan kosteuden aiheuttamien vaikutusten tutkimiseksi. Työssä tutkittiin eri lämpötiloissa käsiteltyjä mäntypuunäytteitä, joita verrattiin vastaaviin käsittelemättömiin näytteisiin. Veden ja metaanin diffuusiota tutkittiin PGSTE-menetelmällä puun erittäin anisotrooppisen solurakenteen sisältämien huokosten mittojen määrittämiseksi. NMR-kryoporometria- ja -relaksometriamittaukset antoivat tietoa puuhun imeytyneen sidotun ja vapaan veden määrästä ja esiintymisympäristöstä. Kryoporometria-mittausten tuloksista saatiin yläraja sidotun veden esiintymispaikkojen koolle, ja kryoporometria- ja relaksometriamittausten tuottaman tiedon yhdistäminen mahdollisti soluseinämien mikrohuokosten koon määrittämisen. Magneettikuvausta käytettiin näytteisiin absorboituneen veden avaruudellisen jakauman määrittämiseen. Käytetyt menetelmät tarjoavat laajan kokonaiskuvan lämpökäsittelyprosessin vaikutuksista puulle. Tämän työn tulokset antavat puutiedettä ja -teollisuutta hyödyttävää uutta tietoa lämpökäsitellyn männyn mikrorakenteesta sekä sen suhteesta kosteuteen. Väitöskirja myös osoittaa käytettyjen NMR-menetelmien soveltuvan hyvin puun tutkimiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen myötä kehitettyjen menetelmien avulla voidaan määrittää mm. optimaalinen lämpökäsittelylämpötila, joka on riittävän korkea haluttujen ominaisuuksien kannalta aiheuttamatta kuitenkaan puun mikrorakenteen hajoamista.

Abstract The study gathered information about polyamine metabolism throughout the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) zygotic embryogenesis and about physiological events occurring simultaneously in the megagametophyte tissue. Additionally, novel sequence data of the Scots pine polyamine genes were used for studying the evolution of polyamine genes in plants. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) might have evolved from a multifunctional bacterial progenitor. In conifers, the alternative arginine decarboxylase (ADC) pathway is preferred in putrescine biosynthesis, which may have caused the relaxed purifying selection in the ODC genes. The phylogenetic analysis of spermidine synthase (SPDS), spermine synthase (SPMS) and thermospermine synthase (ACL5) sequences supported the view that eukaryotic SPDS genes are derived from a common ancestor, whereas SPMS genes have evolved several times from SPDS genes. The identified Scots pine sequence was defined as a putative thermospermine synthase (TSPMS) encoding gene and named PsACL5. The phylogenetic analysis of polyamine oxidase (PAO) sequences supported the view that plants possess several different PAOs, which may have different catalytic properties. The consistency of the polyamine concentration profiles during Scots pine zygotic embryogenesis suggested that polyamines have an important role in the embryo development and that individual polyamines may have different roles at different developmental stages. Generally, the polyamine concentrations increased at the early stages but decreased at the late stages of embryo development. Only the free putrescine fraction remained stable throughout the embryo development. Putrescine was almost solely produced via the ADC pathway and the ADC enzyme was at least partially transcriptionally regulated. Both ADC mRNA transcripts and ADC protein localized in dividing cells of embryos, which implicated the essential role of ADC in the mitosis of plant cells. The megagametophyte was viable from the early phases of embryo development until the early germination of mature seeds. However, the megagametophyte cells in the narrow embryo surrounding region (ESR) died via morphologically necrotic cell death. In the dying cells, extensive nucleic acid fragmentation caused the unspecific hybridization of probes in an in situ mRNA hybridization assay. The occurrence of necrotic cell death in Scots pine embryogenesis indicated that developmentally and physiologically regulated necrotic cell death is evolutionarily conserved and exists also in plants. / Tiivistelmä Työssä tutkittiin polyamiiniaineenvaihduntaa ja megagametofyyttisolukossa tapahtuvia fysiologisia muutoksia metsämännyn (Pinus sylvestris L.) alkionkehityksen aikana. Polyamiineja (putreskiini, spermidiini ja spermiini) syntetisoivia ja hajottavia entsyymejä koodaavien geenien emäsjärjestys selvitettiin metsämännystä. Sekvenssejä käytettiin kasvien polyamiinigeenien evoluution tutkimiseen. Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että eukaryooteissa putreskiinin biosynteesistä vastaava entsyymi, ornitiinidekarboksylaasi (ODC), on voinut kehittyä bakteerien lysiinikarboksylaasista (LDC), joka dekarboksyloi sekä ornitiinia että lysiiniä. Kasveissa putreskiinia voidaan tuottaa myös arginiinidekarboksylaasin (ADC) kautta, mikä on johtanut ODC-geeneihin kohdistuvan puhdistavan valinnan heikentymiseen. Aminopropyyli-ryhmiä liittävien entsyymien osalta tutkimus tukee käsitystä, jonka mukaan eukaryoottiset spermidiinisyntaasit (SPDS) ovat kehittyneet yhteisestä kantamuodosta, kun taas spermiinisyntaasi (SPMS) on syntynyt useita kertoja SPDS-geenin kahdentumisen kautta. Metsämännystä tunnistettiin termospermiinisyntaasia (TSPMS) koodaava geeni, jolle annettiin nimeksi PsACL5. Fylogeneettisen analyysin perusteella kasveissa on useita erilaisia polyamiinien hajotuksesta vastaavia polyamiinioksidaaseja (PAO), joiden katalyyttiset ominaisuudet voivat poiketa toisistaan. Metsämännyllä polyamiinipitoisuudet vaihtelivat alkionkehitysvaiheen mukaan yhdenmukaisesti eri vuosina, mikä viittaa polyamiinien tärkeään rooliin alkionkehityksessä. Polyamiinipitoisuudet kasvoivat varhaisen ja pienenivät myöhäisen alkionkehityksen aikana lukuun ottamatta vapaan putreskiinin pitoisuutta, joka pysyi samana koko alkionkehityksen ajan. Putreskiinia tuotettiin alkioissa lähes pelkästään ADC-reitin kautta, ja ADC-entsyymin säätelyn todettiin tapahtuvan ainakin osittain transkription tasolla. Koska sekä ADC-geenin lähetti-RNA että ADC-entsyymi löytyivät alkion jakautuvista soluista, on ilmeistä, että ADC-entsyymillä on tärkeä tehtävä kasvisolujen mitoosissa. Megagametofyytti säilyi elossa koko alkionkehityksen ajan lukuun ottamatta alkio-onteloa reunustavia soluja, jotka olivat morfologialtaan nekroottisia. Nukleiinihappojen voimakas pilkkoutuminen aiheutti soluissa koettimien epäspesifisen sitoutumisen, kun geenien ilmenemistä paikannettiin lähetti-RNA:han in situ hybridisaatio-menetelmällä. Tutkimuksessa löydetty männyn alkiokehitykseen liittyvä nekroottinen solukuolema osoitti ensimmäistä kertaa, että fysiologista ja kehityksellistä nekroottista solukuolemaa esiintyy myös kasveissa.

Lors de ce travail de thèse nous avons adopté une approche fonctionnelle de la dynamique forestière méditerranéenne. L'objectif principal est de comprendre comment les réponses fonctionnelles à la disponibilité de la lumière et aux interactions biotiques vont conditionner la régénération des trois principales espèces impliquées dans cette dynamique : Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens. Une première expérimentation en pots a été menée en conditions contrôlées afin de déterminer progressivement : les différences de stratégies d'acclimations à l'ombre du pin d'Alep et du chêne pubescent, les compromis fonctionnels et les limites ontogéniques et nutritionnelles de ces stratégies, et l'impact de l'allélopathie et de la compétition sur cette réponse à l'ombre. Une expérimentation de terrain a ensuite permis de créer un gradient d'éclaircie dans une pinède de pin d'Alep, pour comprendre les principaux effets positifs et négatifs de la canopée sur les facteurs abiotiques et le développement du chêne pubescent et du chêne vert à différentes échelles de temps. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le pin d'Alep présente une stratégie d'évitement de l'ombre par une forte réponse plastique qui implique des compromis fonctionnels, des coûts nutritionnels élevés, et un temps d'expression limité. Cette stratégie présente un désavantage dans le cas d'une régénération sous canopée. A l'inverse, le chêne pubescent montre une stratégie plus conservatrice grâce à une réponse plastique à l'ombre limitée, mais une forte sensibilité aux interactions plantes-plantes. En conditions naturelles, le chêne pubescent et le chêne vert en régénération présentent des réponses différentes au gradient d'éclaircie de la canopée, le chêne pubescent montrant cette fois ci une moins forte tolérance à l'ombre. Cette thèse permet de mettre en évidence les liens entre limites fonctionnelles de la plasticité phénotypique, tolérance à l'ombre, et réussite d'installation sous couvert forestier. / During this work we studied the Mediterranean forest dynamic through a functional approach. Our main goal consisted to know how functional responses to light availability and biotic interactions determine the regeneration of three main species involved in this dynamic : Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens.A nursery experiment was set up to determine specific shade acclimatation strategies of the Aleppo pine and the Downy oak, functional tradeoffs and nutritional and ontogenetic limits of these stratgies, and the competitive and allélopathic impact on the shade induced response.Then a field experiment was set up to make a light gradient in an Aleppo pins pinewood in order to know the main positive and negative canopy effects on abiotic factors and oak seedlings development at different scales of time. Results showed that Aleppo pine exhibits a shade avoiding strategy through a strong plastic response involving functional tradeoffs, high nutritional costs, and time-limited expression. This strategy is considered as maladaptive in case of regeneration under unovercome forest canopy. Reversly, the downy oak shows a more conservative strategy through a limited plastic response to shade but a strong vulnerability to plant-plant interactions. In field conditions, Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex seedlings showed different responses to the canopy cover, with a fewer shade tolerance in Quercus pubescens. This work help to highlight relationships between functional limits of phenotypic plasticity, shade tolerance, and regenerative success in Aleppo pine understory.

L'architecture des plantes est le résultat combiné des développements des structures topologique et géométrique qui interviennent dans l'acquisition de la biomasse et sa répartition sous l'influence des processus physiologiques. Pourtant cet aspect a été longtemps négligé dans la communauté des modèles dynamiques. Récemment les modèles structures fonction se sont montrés pertinents pour prendre en compte des questions comme les interactions plantes environnement (l'interception de la lumière), les interactions entre croissance et développement (répartition de la biomasse) en se plaçant au niveau de l'organe. Cependant les couts en calcul de la simulation numérique de ces processus rendent les applications impraticables en agriculture. Cette thèse vise a combiner le modèle structure fonction Greenlab avec d'une part un modèle de culture et d'autre part un modèle forestier basés sur le peuplement afin d'y introduire le concept d'architecture des plantes. Le modèle de culture Pilote fournit des prédictions de récoltes basés sur les paramètres de l'environnement (radiation, précipitations) et l'indice foliaire et l'indice de récolte. Une étude sur Maïs conjointe entre Pilote et GreenLab a permis d'expliciter en détail les paramètres de la production. Les indices foliaires et de récolte dépendent directement des paramètres sources puits, et la variabilité individuelle entre plantes est explicitée directement par les variations des retards a la germination et celles des surfaces disponibles par plantes (compétition spatiale). Tous ces paramétrés peuvent être calibré par méthodes inverses. Ainsi la jonction des deux types de modèles est réalisée au niveau du passage de la plante au peuplement.Une autre étude conjointe a été effectuée avec le modèle forestier empirique PNN qui modélise la croissance des peuplements forestiers de Pins noirs. A partir des données statistiques classiques sur les mesures de troncs et de houppiers, combinées avec les connaissances architecturales du Pin issues d'AMAP, GreenLab peut restituer l'architecture de l'arbre et visualiser des scenarios de sylviculture incorporant des élagages. Le procédé va jusqu'à l'obtention d'images de synthèse réalistes des peuplements. En conséquence il semble efficace de coupler les modèles de cultures et les modèles forestiers qui intègrent les connaissances écophysiologiques au niveau peuplement avec les modèles structures fonctions qui intègrent ces connaissances au niveau de l'architecture de la plante. Le modèle GreenLab par ses affinités avec ces deux types de modèles et ses performances en calcul, permet d'apporter un complément d'information essentiel sur la description du fonctionnement d'un peuplement tant du point de vue développement, que du point de vue des relations sources puits dans la plante. Enfin le modèle couplé a une plateforme comme Xplo (AMAP) permet en plus une simulation réaliste 3D du peuplement végétal aux divers stades de la croissance. / Plant architecture implies the development of both topological and geometrical structure over time, which determines resource acquisition, in the meantime interacts with physiological processes. However it has long been overlooked in traditional community dynamics models. Based on plant architecture, functional-structural plant models (FSPM) have showed their particular capability in addressing questions like interactions between plant and environment (e.g. light interception), between structure development and growth (e.g. carbon allocation), as they take into account morphogenesis with organ-level explicit descriptions. Anyway, high demand of time and memory for simulation and inverse calculation prevents FSPM from further agricultural or sylvicultural practice. This thesis attempts the combination of a mathematic FSPM GreenLab and a crop model or an empirical forest model (EFM) to introduce individual-based architectural support for community growth study. In the case of maize, disagreement from stand level (by crop model PILOTE) and individual level (by GreenLab) growth simulations implies different emergence time of individuals, which is used to quantify the distribution. By supposing that theoretical projective area (Sp) is determined by the growth situation and the final size of individual architecture, the variance of Sp is reversely computed with the variance of organ compartment measurements to characterize individual variability. In the case of Black pine, architecture dynamics built in GreenLab according to Rauh's model (architecture model for pine tree) are adapted to the simulation of an EFM PNN. As a consequence, thinning scenarios are well incorporated in the final stand visualization. From these preliminary applications, following conclusions can be drawn: (i) FSPM is able to provide individual performances (i.e. organ development and expansion) inside an area of crop field for crop models. (ii) The crop model may regulate the combined form of individuals from integral level. Both aspects are significant to deepen understanding of stand growth. (iii) Architecture conceptions integrated in FSPM may be adapted to EFM simulations for a data-driven visualization. (iv) EFM can guarantee ecological/sylvicultural function for 3D stand visualization. To take into consideration biomass processes, additional observations are needed. As models are independent in combinations, the same methods can be extended to linkage with other stand models.

O governo do Estado de São Paulo, na década de 60, realizou um programa de introdução de florestas do gênero Pinus para consolidar esta cultura no estado. Algumas destas florestas foram implantadas em áreas do Cerrado, que estavam degradadas devido à utilização para pastagens. Com a intenção de contribuir para um melhor entendimento das características hidrometeorológicas em uma floresta de P. elliotii, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram analisar a repartição da precipitação, o balanço de radiação acima do dossel, o perfil da temperatura do ar e comparar algumas características hidrometeorológicas desta floresta com as características em uma área aberta (gramado) e em uma área campestre de cerrado (pastagem). Na floresta foram instaladas estações meteorológicas automáticas no alto de uma torre e no interior. A repartição da precipitação resultou, pela medição manual, em uma precipitação interna de 75,2%, um escoamento pelo tronco de 0,5% e uma interceptação de 24,3% na floresta. Pela medição automática obteve-se uma precipitação interna de 78,7%. O albedo da floresta apresentou um valor médio de 12,8% e a radiação líquida variou de 6,0 MJm-2dia-1 a 14,2 MJm-2dia-1\'. A diferença da temperatura média do ar, no dossel e no interior da floresta, foi de 0,4ºC. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma grande contribuição para o cenário nacional na área de monitoramento hidrometeorológico de florestas. / The government of São Paulo State, Brazil, forty years ago, carried out a program of introduction of forest species with the main objective to consolidate the Pinus culture in the State. Some of these forests were implanted in areas of the Cerrado that were degraded due their use for grassland. The aim of the present work was to verify the hydrometeorologycal characteristics of Pinus elliottii forest, located in Cerrado, in the central region of São Paulo State, and to compare some characteristics among forest, grassland and lawn. In the forest were installed two automatic meteorological stations, one on the tower top and other inside of the forest. The partitionings of the precipitation by manual measurement were 75.2% for throughfall, 0.5% for stemflow and 24.3% for forest interception. By automatic measurement it was obtained 78.7% for throughfall. Forest\'s albedo presented an average value of 12.8% and net radiation ranged from 6.0 MJm-2day-1 to 14.2 MJm-2day-1. The diference of average air temperature between the canopy and the interior of the forest was 0.4ºC. This study presents a great contribuition to the national ambit of the hydrometeorologycal monitoring in forests.

Woodlots have become the most important investment opportunity among smallholders of Mufindi district in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Smallholder woodlots are also a major source of wood supply contributing to narrow the supply gap which in 2015 was reported to be 19.5 million m3 per year, where the main wood consumption sectors being construction and domestic heating energy. However, inadequate information about smallholder woodlots, supporting organizations, their linkages and impacts on woodlots performance derail its sustainable development and potential contribution for wood supply and poverty alleviation. The present study therefore specifically explored the tree grower’s motivations, knowledge base and challenges to woodlots farming; assessed woodlot tree species, products, and performance; analyzed the linkages of tree growers with support organizations and evaluated their impacts on the performance of woodlots. Both survey and case study approaches were used to collect data in the three villages namely: Igowole, Mninga, and Nundwe, both in Mufindi district, Tanzania. Mufindi district was purposively selected because of advanced smallholder tree growing. In all the three villages, a total of 93 actors were approached, including 72 tree grower households, 24 from each village, 14 nursery operators and 9 support organizations by snowball sampling. Then, an in-depth interview was conducted to all 72 sampled households. Of which 48 woodlots, 12 - from organized and the other 12 from unorganized tree growers in each village for Igowole and Nundwe, were assessed by rapid appraisal (RA) approach and their performance compared. While 24 woodlots were assessed from Mninga village, and all were from unorganized tree growers. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and the results summarized in tables and graphs in excel. Woodlots performance and social network data were analyzed using R – software. Based on the study respondents, the results revealed that tree growers were motivated to plant and manage trees mainly for economic reasons (48%, 45%, and 51%) and land security reasons (37%, 30% and 31%) for Igowole, Mninga and Nundwe respectively. About the knowledge base, most tree growers (75% – 100%) in all the three villages had the knowledge on land preparation, nursery management, planting, weeding, pruning, and fire protection. But in all the villages, respondents did not have knowledge on forest growth principles and dynamics, on objectives for the product of the plantations and influence of tree spacing on such desired products. Again, other analyses revealed that; fire, inadequate knowledge, inadequate capital, lack of improved seeds and low timber/tree prices were the main challenges constraining farmers to plant and manage trees in woodlots in the three study villages. And, the main tree species in the study area were Pinus patula and Eucalyptus sp. Organized tree growers where much more supported by organizations than the non-organized ones. Logistic regression analysis performed in R (P = 0.05) revealed significant difference in woodlots performance among organized farmers based on gaps (P = 0.00216), growth condition (P = 0.04478) and planting space (P = 0.02013) criteria. That means, woodlots from organized farmers were generally performing better than those from unorganized farmers. The better performing woodlots of organized tree growers were contributed by social capital through networks and the role of collective action of the farmers in TGAs. Nursery operator farmers were the main source of tree seedlings for unorganized tree growers, while organized tree growers obtained most of the resources including knowledge, seeds and planting materials as well as funds from tree grower associations (TGAs), which were supported by organizations. Thus, for future planning, nursery operator farmers should be supported for improved seeds and planting materials to benefit the nonorganized farmers. Nursery operator farmers should be encouraged to join TGAs, and TGAs should generally be adopted as an effective smallholder tree grower’s support platform in the study area.

Tall och gran är de vanligaste trädarterna i svenska skogar. Förutom deras ekonomiska värde är de viktiga värdar för andra organismer och nyttjas oftast när de är döda. Säby Västerskog har skyddats i hundra år och är ett urskogsartat naturreservat där inga fördjupade analyser av dynamiken i trädskiktet har gjorts sedan 1930-talet. Denna studie gjordes med syfte av att uppdatera informationen om reservatets trädstatus samt att undersöka mortaliteten hos skogens barrträd. Det som undersöktes var om mortaliteten skiljde sig mellan trädslag, storleksklass och markslag. Förändringar i grundytan och balansen mellan arten undersöktes också. Träd identifierades med hjälp av data från en detaljerad karta från 1937, det togs mått på deras diameter och noterades vilken mark de stod på. Fler granar än tallar har dött i reservatet sedan 1937. Trädens storlek spelade ingen roll för tallars mortalitet, men väl för granar. Granens mortalitet skiljde sig inte mycket mellan olika markslag, men verkade spela roll för tall som hade högst mortalitet på våtmark och lägst på blockmark. Trots mortaliteten ökade trädens grundyta. Balansen mellan arterna förblev samma. / Scots pine and Norway spruce are the most common tree species in Swedish forests. They are important hosts to other organisms – mostly as dead wood. Säby Västerskog has been protected in hundred years but no in-depth analyses of dynamics in the tree layer have beendone since the 1930s. This study was done to update the information about the reserve’s tree status and examined mortality of conifers. I evaluated if mortality depended on tree species, size of the trees, or the type of ground they stood on. I also examined changes in trees’ basal area. The trees were identified with help of an old, detailed map from 1937. Their diameters were measured and the ground type they were standing on was noted. More spruces than pines had died in the reserve since 1937. Mortality varied with the tree size for spruce but not for pines. The mortality of pines varied among ground types (with the highest on wetlands and lowest on boulder deposits), but not for spruce. Despite high mortality basal area had increased. The balance between the species remained the same.