This dissertation is concerned with effects dispersal and forest structure on forest insect population dynamics, and with identifying generating processes by comparing observed patterns to model predictions. In chapter 2, we investigated effects of changing forest landscape patterns on integro-difference models of host-parasitoid population dynamics. We demonstrated that removing habitat can increase herbivore density when herbivores don't disperse far, and parasitoids disperse further, due to differences in dispersal success between trophic levels. This is a novel potential explanation for why forest fragmentation increases the duration of forest tent caterpillar outbreaks. To better understand spatial model behaviour, we proposed a new local variation of the dispersal success approximation. The approximation successfully predicts effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on realistically complex landscapes, except when outbreak cycle amplitude is very large. Local dispersal success is useful in part because parameters can be estimated from widely available habitat data. In chapter 3, we investigated how well a discretized integro-difference model of mountain pine beetle population dynamics predicted the occurrence of new infestations in British Columbia. We found that a model with a large dispersal kernel, and high emigration from new, low severity infestations yielded the best predictions. However, we do not believe this to be convincing evidence that many beetles disperse from new, low severity infestations. Rather, we argued that differences in habitat quality, detection errors, and Moran effects can all confound dispersal patterns, making it difficult to infer dispersal parameters from observed infestation patterns. Nonetheless, predicting infestation risk is useful, and large kernels improve predictions. In chapter 4, we used generalized linear mixed models to characterize spatial and temporal variation in the propensity of jack pine trees to produce pollen cones, and account for confounding effects on the relationship between pollen cone production and previous defoliation by jack pine budworm. We found effects of stand age, and synchronous variation in pollen cone production among years. Accounting for background patterns in pollen cone production clarified that pollen cone production declines in with previous defoliation, as expected.

No description available.

Darbo objektas: Alytaus miškų urėdijos Punios girininkijos Punios šilas. Darbo metodai: vizualinis žievės formų ir medžių būklės vertinimas; taksacinių rodiklių ir morfometrinių parametrų matavimai; pHCaCh2, suminių anglies, azoto ir sieros koncentracijų nustatymas. Darbo rezultatai: nustatyta skirtingų žievės formų pušų įvairovė ir paplitimas, būklė ir augimas, morfologiniai ir morfometriniai bei cheminiai rodikliai. Rastos gūbriuotosios (40-70 proc), plokštelinės (27-31 proc), egliažievės (10-15 proc.) ir apykaklinės (pavienės) formų geros būklės pušys. Pušynuose 75-100 proc. gūbriuotųjų, plokštelinių ir apykaklinių pušų pušynuose priklausė viršaujantiems ir vyraujantiems medžiams. Apie 60 proc. egliažievių pušų medžių arde buvo stelbiamos ar užstelbtos. Todėl gūbriuotųjų, plokštelinių ir apykaklinių pušų augimo rodikliai (skersmuo, aukštis, lajos parametrai) iš esmės nesiskyrė, o pas egliažievės pušis buvo mažesni. Gamtinės brandos amžiuje pušies formos pagal žievės raštą būna išreikštos vidutiniškai iki 10-12 m aukščio nuo žemės paviršiaus. Gūbriuotosios ir egliažievės f. vidutinis žievės storis siekė 5 cm, plokštelinės - apie 4 cm. Žiauberyje storiausios (apie 3 cm) plokštelės būdingos gūbriuotajai pušiai, plonesnės (1,5 cm) - gūbriuotosioms, o ploniausia (apie 1 cm) - egliažievėms pušims. Pas egliažievės pušis plokštelių vidutinis ilgis (aukštis) siekė 5 cm, plokštelinėje žievėje - 19 cm, o gūbriuotoje - 28 cm ilgį. Apykaklinės f. pušyse apykaklės gali susiformuoti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study: to evaluate the morphological forms of Scots pine bark, the abundance, growth and the condition of trees with different bark forms, morphological, morfometrical and chemical parameters of bark forms. The object of the study: Punios šilas in Punios forest district of Alytus forest enterpsise. Methods: visual assessment of different bark forms and the condition of pine trees; measurements of tree growth parameters and the parameters of morphological bark forms; determination of pH and carbon, nitrogen and sulphur concentrations. The results: It was determined that 3 forms prevailed in Scots pine stands: P. s. f. kienitzii Seitz. – 40-70%; P. s. f. seitzii Schwerin – 27-31%; P. s. f. bonapartei – 10-15%. Meanwhile P. s. f. annulata Caspary occurred seldom only on Nbl forest site. The growth and the condition of the trees of f. kienitzii and f. seitzii not differed, while the trees of f. bonapartei were more suppressed. Mentioned bark forms were expressed up to 10-12 meters from the ground level in pine stems. Mean bark thickness comprised 5 cm for f. kienitzii and f. bonapartei, and 4 cm for f. seitzii. The thickest bark plates were found in the f. kienitzii (about 3 cm), meanwhile were lower in f. seitzii (1.5 cm) and f. bonapartei (1 cm). Mean length of the bark plates comprised: in f. bonapartei – 5 cm; in f. seitzii – 19 cm; in f. kienitzii – 28 cm. The number of the bark rings reached n=5-21 in the stems of f. annulata. The bark of different forms... [to full text]

This dissertation is concerned with effects dispersal and forest structure on forest insect population dynamics, and with identifying generating processes by comparing observed patterns to model predictions. In chapter 2, we investigated effects of changing forest landscape patterns on integro-difference models of host-parasitoid population dynamics. We demonstrated that removing habitat can increase herbivore density when herbivores don't disperse far, and parasitoids disperse further, due to differences in dispersal success between trophic levels. This is a novel potential explanation for why forest fragmentation increases the duration of forest tent caterpillar outbreaks. To better understand spatial model behaviour, we proposed a new local variation of the dispersal success approximation. The approximation successfully predicts effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on realistically complex landscapes, except when outbreak cycle amplitude is very large. Local dispersal success is useful in part because parameters can be estimated from widely available habitat data. In chapter 3, we investigated how well a discretized integro-difference model of mountain pine beetle population dynamics predicted the occurrence of new infestations in British Columbia. We found that a model with a large dispersal kernel, and high emigration from new, low severity infestations yielded the best predictions. However, we do not believe this to be convincing evidence that many beetles disperse from new, low severity infestations. Rather, we argued that differences in habitat quality, detection errors, and Moran effects can all confound dispersal patterns, making it difficult to infer dispersal parameters from observed infestation patterns. Nonetheless, predicting infestation risk is useful, and large kernels improve predictions. In chapter 4, we used generalized linear mixed models to characterize spatial and temporal variation in the propensity of jack pine trees to produce pollen cones, and account for confounding effects on the relationship between pollen cone production and previous defoliation by jack pine budworm. We found effects of stand age, and synchronous variation in pollen cone production among years. Accounting for background patterns in pollen cone production clarified that pollen cone production declines in with previous defoliation, as expected.

Le lien qui existe entre la diversité et la productivité des écosystèmes constitue un sujet central en écologie. De nombreuses études ont montré une relation positive entre la diversité et la productivité des forêts, ainsi que leur résistance à différents stress comme à la sécheresse. En revanche, peu de travaux ont permis de comprendre les mécanismes à l'origine des avantages observés dans les forêts à plusieurs espèces comparés aux forêts monospécifiques. En particulier, en raison de la difficulté d'accès aux racines, le rôle du compartiment souterrain dans les interactions entre espèces est particulièrement méconnu. L'objectif de ma thèse a été d'étudier l’influence des interactions entre espèces d’arbres sur le système racinaire du hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) sous différents niveaux de contrainte hydrique. Ces travaux ont montré que, au stade jeune plant, la compétition souterraine entre hêtre, chêne et pin était forte et que mélanger les espèces à ce stade pouvait influencer la croissance du hêtre. La disponibilité en eau a un fort impact sur la croissance des plantules de hêtre mais la présence d’autres espèces à proximité des jeunes plants de hêtre n’a pas amélioré leur réponse à la sécheresse. Au stade adulte, dans une plantation forestière, nous avons montré que la présence de l’érable n’influençait que légèrement la profondeur d’extraction de l’eau du hêtre ou la distribution verticale de ses racines. Nous concluons (i) à une absence de séparation des niches souterraines entre ces deux espèces, tant au niveau spatial que fonctionnel (vis à vis de l'acquisition de l’eau), et (ii) que les mécanismes d’interaction souterraine ne semblent pas expliquer l’origine de la productivité plus forte dans la zone de mélange que dans les zones de monocultures. Enfin, j'ai montré que les peuplements mélangés hébergent une communauté fongique plus riche par rapport aux peuplements purs. Cette plus forte richesse de la communauté fongique dans le mélange pourrait contribuer à une meilleure acquisition des ressources hydriques et minérales dans le mélange. Mon travail suggère que les interactions souterraines entre le hêtre et d’autres espèces forestières ne sont probablement pas le mécanisme principal expliquant les effets positifs des mélanges sur la productivité / The link between species diversity and ecosystem productivity is a central issue in ecology. Numerous studies have shown a positive relationship between forest diversity and productivity, as well as a greater resistance to various stresses such as droughts. On the other hand, few studies demonstrated the mechanisms behind the benefits observed in multi-species forests compared to monospecific ones. In particular, the role of belowground interactions among species in explaining the origin of positive effects of species diversity on ecosystem functioning is unknown. The aim of my PhD work was to study the influence of tree species interactions on the root development of beech (Fagus sylvatica) under different levels of water conditions. We showed that at the seedling stage, underground competition between beech, oak and pine was strong and that mixing these species could influence the growth of the beech. Water availability had a strong impact on the growth of beech seedlings, but the presence of seedlings of other species competing with beech did not particularly improve its response to drought. At the adult stage, in a forest plantation, we showed that maple trees competing with beech did not strongly modify the mean depth of soil water extraction of beech trees or the vertical distribution of beech roots. We conclude that (i) there was no separation of the underground ecological niches of these two species, both spatially and functionally (with respect to water acquisition), and (ii) that the mechanisms of belowground interaction between these two species do not seem to explain the origin of the higher productivity in the mixture than in the monoculture zone. Finally, the richest fungal communities were found in the mixed species zone: we hypothesize that greater fungal community richness in the mixture may improve water and nutrient acquisition and then contribute to higher productivity in the mixed species zone. My work suggests that underground interactions between beech and other forest species are probably not the main mechanism explaining beneficial effects of mixtures on productivity

Submitted by Ana Laura Soler Cunha Buzo (analaurasolercunha@gmail.com) on 2018-09-28T22:21:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL .pdf: 3047917 bytes, checksum: 4b9d9190322307f4e23c7de4f21936e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-10-01T13:05:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 buzo_alsc_me_ilha.pdf: 3047917 bytes, checksum: 4b9d9190322307f4e23c7de4f21936e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T13:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 buzo_alsc_me_ilha.pdf: 3047917 bytes, checksum: 4b9d9190322307f4e23c7de4f21936e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O desenvolvimento de estudos para produção de derivados de madeira tem representado uma real alternativa para contribuir as políticas de sustentabilidade, principalmente de espécies arbóreas nativas. Nesse contexto, o reaproveitamento de resíduos lignocelulósicos tem contribuído como uma alternativa para a produção industrial de painéis de madeira. Dentro desse contexto este trabalho se constitui do estudo para produção e avaliação de painéis aglomerados, empregando-se partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum) e partículas de madeira de pinus (Pinus taeda; Pinus elliottii) e utilizando-se dois tipos de aglutinantes, o Poliuretano derivado do óleo de mamona (PU-M) e a Resina Ureia-formaldeído (UF). Para produção dos painéis foram propostos diferentes tratamentos com variações entre as proporções de massas das partículas, densidade nominal dos painéis de 0,80 g/cm3 e pressão de prensagem de 50 kgf/cm2 durante 10 min. As misturas de partículas foram utilizadas com 10% de umidade para o adesivo PU-M e 3% de umidade para a resina UF ambos com um conteúdo de 10% em relação à massa seca das partículas. Para prensagem dos painéis com PU-M empregou-se 100 ºC e para os painéis com UF 130 ºC. Os painéis foram submetidos a ensaios para avaliação das propriedades físicas (densidade, umidade e inchamento) e mecânicas (módulo de elasticidade, módulo de ruptura à flexão e tração perpendicular) de acordo com a ABNT NBR 14810-1 e 2 (2013). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram ser possível a utilização das partículas provenientes do bagaço de cana e de pinus para a produção de painéis aglomerados de alta densidade. Verificou-se que os painéis produzidos com o poliuretano apresentaram maior eficiência e suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas encontram-se compatíveis com os requisitos da Norma Brasileira para painéis do tipo P6 - Painéis estruturais para uso em condições severas de carga, em condições secas. Entretanto, verificou-se que os painéis produzidos com UF podem ser classificados como painéis do Tipo P2 - Painéis não estruturais para uso em condições secas. / The development of studies for the production of wood derivatives has represented a real alternative to improve sustainability policies, mainly of native tree species. In this context, the reuse of lignocellulosic waste has contributed as an alternative to the industrial production of wood panels. This way, this work aims to produce and evaluate chipboards using particles of sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) and particles of pine wood (Pinus taeda; Pinus elliottii) and using two types of binders, the Polyurethane derived from castor oil (PU-Castor) and Urea formaldehyde resin (UF). Different treatments were proposed for the production of boards with variations between the particle mass ratios, panels’ nominal density of 0.80 g/cm3 and pressing pressure of 50 kgf/cm2 for 10 minutes. Particle mixtures were used at 10% moisture for the PU-Castor adhesive and 3% moisture for the UF resin both with a content of 10% relative to the dry mass of the particles. For the pressing of panels with PU-Castor was used 100 °C and of panels with UF was used 130 °C. The boards were submitted to tests to evaluate the physical properties (density, moisture and swelling after 24 hours) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity, modulus of resistance to bending and perpendicular traction) according to the ABNT NBR 14810-1 and 2 (2013). The results showed that it is possible to use particles from sugarcane bagasse and pine wood for high density chipboards production. It was found that the boards produced with polyurethane presented higher efficiency and their physical and mechanical properties are compatible with the requirements of Brazilian Standard Regulations for P6 boards (Structural boards for use under severe load conditions for dry conditions use). However, it has been found that panels made with UF can be classified as type P2 panels – Non-structural boards for dry conditions use. / CAPES - DS

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF14MA023.pdf: 1162043 bytes, checksum: 8432963324a52811e61e2d071eacc033 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Gene flow is a determining component of persistence and adaptation of local populations, and may influence their ecological properties. Understand the behavior of this flow in natural or altered populations is essential for developing effective conservation plans by the use of natural resources. We investigated the influence of Pinus plantations in the pollen dispersal patterns in remaining Araucaria angustifolia populations (patches), using paternity analysis with eight microsatellite locos. For this, we sampled two patches in the grassland area and two patches in the pine plantations area, located in southern Santa Catarina plateau. In the study areas all male reproductive individuals (68) and 400 seeds from 20 seed-tree (five per population) were mapped and genotyped. The paternity analysis revealed higher average distance of pollination for grassland area (170 m) than Pinus plantation area (67 m). The effective number of pollen donors (Nep) was 16.4 and 8.9 for grassland area and Pinus, respectively. Grassland areas showed a pollen immigration rate of 46%, and the plantation area showed a 36%. These results are an indication that the Pinus plantation can act as barrier to pollen flow, although, pollen dispersal occurs through plantings. There was no significant spatial genetic structure for adults, and high levels of genetic diversity were verified in both areas (He, ranging 0.16 to 0.829), with no significant differences, suggesting presence of historic gene flow between locals. While the seeds from natural grasslands seed-tree present no significant fixation index, the seeds from seed-tree located into Piuns plantations presented significant fixation indexes (F = 0.076, P<0.05). Both adult population and seeds showed private alleles, evidencing that not all possible reproductive individuals, in the remnants, contributed to seed sampled formation, however, pollen flow from outside contributed effectively to seed formation within patches / O fluxo gênico é um dos componentes determinantes da persistência e adaptação das populações locais, podendo influenciar em suas propriedades ecológicas. Entender o comportamento desse fluxo em populações naturais ou alteradas é essencial para elaboração de planos eficazes de conservação pelo uso dos recursos naturais. Investigou-se a influência de plantios de Pinus no padrão de dispersão de pólen em populações remanescentes de Araucaria angustifolia (capões), por meio análises de paternidade com oito locos microssatélites. Para isso, amostraram-se dois capões em área de campo e dois em área de plantios de Pinus, localizados no planalto sul catarinense. Nas áreas de estudo (capões) foram mapeados e genotipados todos os 68 indivíduos machos reprodutivos e mais 400 sementes retiradas de 20 plantas matrizes (cinco por população). A análise de paternidade revelou que a distância média de polinização para a área de campo (170 m), foi maior do que para área de plantios de Pinus (67 m). O número efetivo de polinizadores (Nep) foi de 16,4 e 8,9 para área de campo e plantio de Pinus, respectivamente. Áreas de campo apresentaram uma taxa de imigração de pólen de 46% e áreas de plantio apresentaram 36%. Esses resultados são um indicio de que os plantios de Pinus podem agir como barreira ao fluxo de pólen, embora ainda ocorre fluxo através dos plantios. Verificou-se a presença de estrutura genética espacial não significativa para os indivíduos adultos em ambas as áreas, além de uma elevada diversidade genética (He, variando de 0,16 a 0,829), sem diferenças significativas, sugerindo a presença de um fluxo gênico histórico entre as áreas. Enquanto as sementes oriundas das matrizes em meio as áreas de campo não apresentaram índice de fixação significativos, as sementes oriundas das árvores em meio aos plantios de Pinus apresentarem índices de fixação significativos (F = 0,076, P<0,05). Tanto a população adulta quanto as sementes apresentaram alelos exclusivos, evidenciando que nem todos os indivíduos reprodutivos presentes nos remanescentes contribuíram para a formação da amostra de sementes, entretanto o fluxo de pólen externo contribuiu efetivamente para formação das sementes de dentro do capão

Orientador: Sérgio Augusto Mello da Silva / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de estudos para produção de derivados de madeira tem representado uma real alternativa para contribuir as políticas de sustentabilidade, principalmente de espécies arbóreas nativas. Nesse contexto, o reaproveitamento de resíduos lignocelulósicos tem contribuído como uma alternativa para a produção industrial de painéis de madeira. Dentro desse contexto este trabalho se constitui do estudo para produção e avaliação de painéis aglomerados, empregando-se partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum) e partículas de madeira de pinus (Pinus taeda; Pinus elliottii) e utilizando-se dois tipos de aglutinantes, o Poliuretano derivado do óleo de mamona (PU-M) e a Resina Ureia-formaldeído (UF). Para produção dos painéis foram propostos diferentes tratamentos com variações entre as proporções de massas das partículas, densidade nominal dos painéis de 0,80 g/cm3 e pressão de prensagem de 50 kgf/cm2 durante 10 min. As misturas de partículas foram utilizadas com 10% de umidade para o adesivo PU-M e 3% de umidade para a resina UF ambos com um conteúdo de 10% em relação à massa seca das partículas. Para prensagem dos painéis com PU-M empregou-se 100 ºC e para os painéis com UF 130 ºC. Os painéis foram submetidos a ensaios para avaliação das propriedades físicas (densidade, umidade e inchamento) e mecânicas (módulo de elasticidade, módulo de ruptura à flexão e tração perpendicular) de acordo com a ABNT NBR 14810-1 e 2 (2013). Os resultados obtidos evidenciara... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The development of studies for the production of wood derivatives has represented a real alternative to improve sustainability policies, mainly of native tree species. In this context, the reuse of lignocellulosic waste has contributed as an alternative to the industrial production of wood panels. This way, this work aims to produce and evaluate chipboards using particles of sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) and particles of pine wood (Pinus taeda; Pinus elliottii) and using two types of binders, the Polyurethane derived from castor oil (PU-Castor) and Urea formaldehyde resin (UF). Different treatments were proposed for the production of boards with variations between the particle mass ratios, panels’ nominal density of 0.80 g/cm3 and pressing pressure of 50 kgf/cm2 for 10 minutes. Particle mixtures were used at 10% moisture for the PU-Castor adhesive and 3% moisture for the UF resin both with a content of 10% relative to the dry mass of the particles. For the pressing of panels with PU-Castor was used 100 °C and of panels with UF was used 130 °C. The boards were submitted to tests to evaluate the physical properties (density, moisture and swelling after 24 hours) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity, modulus of resistance to bending and perpendicular traction) according to the ABNT NBR 14810-1 and 2 (2013). The results showed that it is possible to use particles from sugarcane bagasse and pine wood for high density chipboards production. It was found that the boards... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal do carbono no solo produzindo um mapa, sobre esse tema para toda a área da Estação Experimental de Mogi Mirim (EE Mogi Mirim), juntamente com a análise dos fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa (CO2, N2O e CH4) e a relação desses dois fenômenos com as variáveis do solo nos diferentes usos da terra. Para se alcançar objetivo proposto com relação aos estoques de carbono e avaliação das variáveis do solo foi feita a coleta e o prepara das amostras nas profundidades de 00 até 30 cm, foi feito o georreferenciamento e determinação dos teores de carbono, densidade do solo, calculo dos estoques de carbono e determinação da cor do solo. Por sua vez para o estudo e entendimento dos fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE), comparou-se um talhão considerado sem perturbação (Talhão 41) e a partir desse talhão avaliou-se comparativamente em uma seqüência com ambientes com histórico de uso da terra representativo da área com manejos. Os fluxos dos gases CO2, N2O e CH4 foram medidos utilizando-se câmaras estáticas. Nos resultados obtidos foi aplicada a estatística descritiva clássica e geoestatistica para avaliar a freqüência e distribuição dos dados. Resultados relativos as variáveis do solo mostram que praticamente a grande maioria tende a diminuir com a profundidade (Ca, soma das bases, CTC, acidez potencial e carbono). Por sua vez o pH é sempre muito alto nas 3 camadas e a saturação por bases e o magnésio são muito baixos e permanecem inalterados em todas as profundidades. A variabilidade espacial dos estoques de carbono possui características isotrópicas. Especificamente na profundidade 00 - 10 cm, o modelo teórico que melhor se ajustou foi o exponencial, na profundidade 10 - 20 cm foi o esférico e na profundidade 20 - 30 cm foi o exponencial. Os estoque de C na profundidade 00 10 cm, tiveram como média 22.8 ton C/ ha-1, sendo o maior valor de 42.9 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 10.3 ton C/há-1. Na profundidade 10 - 20cm, a média do estoque de carbono foi de 14.9 ton C/há-1, sendo o maior valor de 31.5 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 6.99 ton C/há-1. Na profundidade 20 -30 cm, a média do estoque de carbono foi de 11.45 ton C/há-1, sendo o maior valor de 25.28 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 6.3 ton C/há-1. Os resultados das análises dos fluxos do gás carbônico, como um todo mostra que a respiração do solo variou entre 75.3 e 164.4mgC m-2 h-1. Relativo aos fluxos de N2O os valores médios para as emissões variaram entre 8,85 e 51,94 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1, enquanto que a absorção variou, entre -1,32 e - 4,59 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1. Os resultados dos fluxos do gás metano médio ficaram entre 4,63 e 31,51 mgC m-2 h-1, enquanto que os valores de oxidação média ficaram entre -5,41 e -22,79 mgC m-2 h-1 / The aim here is to evaluate the spacial and transient variability of carbon in soil, producing a map about this subject for all the area of the Experimental Station of Mogi Mirim (Estação Experimental de Mogi Mirim EE Mogi Mirim), with the emissions analyzes of greenhouse gases effect (CO2, N2O e CH4), and the relation between these phenomenon with the soil variables in different uses of the land. In order to reach the proposed objective related to the carbon storages, and the variable evaluation of the soil, a sample collect and preparation were made at a depth from 00 to 30cm. It was also made the georeferencial and the carbon levels determination, density of soil, the estimate of carbon storages, and the determination of soil color. The study and understanding of the greenhouse gas emissions (GGF), a área considered without disturbing, and from it a comparative evaluation in a sequence of environments with historical land use representative of the management area. The CO2, N2O and CH4 gas emissions were measured by using static chambers. In the results obtained, it was applied the classic statistic description and geostatistics to evaluate the frequency and the distribution of data. Results related to the soil variables show that the major trend to decrease, according to the depth (Ca, sum of bases, CTC, potential acidity, and carbon). On the contrary, the pH is always very high in 3 layers, and the saturation for bases and the magnesium are very low, maintaining unchangeable in all depths. The variability of the carbon storages have isotropic characteristics. Specifically in depth 00 - 10cm, the theorical model that better adjusted was the exponential; in depth 10 - 20cm, it was the spherical, and in depth 20 - 30cm it was the exponential. The carbon storage in depth 00-10cm had as na average 22.8ton C / ha-1, being the highest value of 42.9 ton C/ha-1, and the lowest value of 10.3 ton C/ha-1. In depth 10 - 20 cm, the average of carbon storage was 14.9 ton C/ha-1, being the highest value of 31.5 ton C/ha-1, and the lower value of 6.99 ton C/ha-1. In depths of 20 - 30cm, the average of carbon storage was of 11.45 ton C/há-1, being the highest value of 25.28 ton C/ha-1, and the lowest of 6.3 ton C/ha-1 The analyze results of carbon gás emissions as a whole, shows that the soil breath varied between 75.3 e 164.4 . mgC m-2 h-1 . Regard to N2O emissions, the average values to emissions varied between 8.85 and 51.94 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1, while the absorption varied, between -1.32 e - 4.59 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1. The results of average methane gas were between 4.63 e 31.51 mgC m-2 h-1, while the average oxidation values were between -5.41 e -22.79 mgC m-2 h-1

A utilização de produtos provenientes de fontes renováveis e livres de substâncias tóxicas é tendência global, prova disso é o constante aumento da demanda por produtos à base de madeira. Segundo o Forest Products Statistics (2015), a produção mundial de painéis de madeira reconstituída, em 2014, foi de 388 milhões de m³, um aumento de 5,5% em comparação com o ano anterior e um aumento de 34% quando comparado com 2010. No entanto, o setor industrial de painéis de madeira há décadas enfrenta um grande desafio com relação às emissões tóxicas vindas dos adesivos convencionais. Diante destes problemas, a proposta do presente trabalho foi testar a viabilidade da produção de painéis aglomerados e painéis OSB, com significativa redução da emissão de formaldeído, a partir de resíduos de madeira de Pinus sp. e Tectona grandis (Teca). Neste sentido, buscou-se contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento científico sobre a utilização do polímero natural polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e do resíduo de tinta à base de resina epóxi como adesivos alternativos. Os painéis foram fabricados variando-se os parâmetros de produção para obtenção de melhores condições de processo, sendo estes: densidade baixa, média e alta; teor de adesivo de 20, 30 e 40%; adição de partículas de Teca nas proporções de 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis foi avaliado com base nas normas ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) e ANSI A208.1 (2009). Realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para testar a influência dos fatores individuais (densidade, percentual de adesivo e fração de Teca), além das interações entre tais fatores nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Os resultados apontaram para excelentes propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis aglomerados de média e alta densidade, tendo resíduo de tinta, principalmente, nas proporções de 30 e 40%. Na maioria dos casos as propriedades de tais painéis foram superiores aos requisitos estipulados pela norma brasileira e pelas internacionais. Assim, ficou confirmada a viabilidade de produção dos aglomerados com pelo menos um dos insumos estudados bem como seu potencial de emprego para as finalidades compatíveis com produtos desta natureza. / The use of products from renewable sources and free of toxic substances is a global trend, the proof is the steady increase in demand for wood-based products. According to the Forest Products Statistics (2015), world production of reconstituted wood panels in 2014 was 388 million cubic meters, an increase of 5.5% compared to the previous year and an increase of 34% compared to 2010. However, the industrial sector of wood panels for decades faces a major challenge with regard to toxic emissions coming from conventional adhesives. Faced with these problems, the purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of production of panels and OSB panels, with significant reduction of formaldehyde emissions from wood waste Pinus sp. and teak (Teak). In this sense, we sought to contribute to the increase of scientific knowledge on the use of natural polymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and residual ink resin-based epoxy as alternative adhesives. The panels were manufactured by varying the production parameters to obtain the best processing conditions, namely: low density, medium and high; resin content of 20, 30 and 40%; adding particles of Teak in proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. The physical-mechanical performance of the panels was evaluated based on the standards NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI A208.1 (2009). Held analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the influence of individual factors (density, adhesive percentage and fraction Teak), and the interactions among these factors in the physical-mechanical properties of the panels. The results showed excellent physical and mechanical properties of the panels average clusters and high density, and ink residue, mainly in the proportions of 30 and 40%. In most cases the properties of these boards were superior to the requirements set by the Brazilian and international standards. Thus, it was confirmed production of agglomerates with at least one viability of inputs studied as well as their potential for employment for purposes compatible with products of this nature.