The study of the economic development of the Rio Grande Plain has been divided into the following seven chapters: (1) Physical Aspects of the Rio Grande Plain, (2) Grazing, (3) Development of Farming, (4) Development of Transportation, (5) Growth of Major Urban Centers, (6) Development of Natural Resources, and (7) Present Trends. In each chapter except Chapters I and VII, effort has been made to locate the origin of that particular industry and trace its development. In order to understand the development in the raising of livestock, farming, transportation, natural resources, and the growth of major cities of the region, it would be well to understand the physical aspects of the region.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study focused on determining and understanding the needs of a group of at-risk youth in Mitchell's Plain in order to identify the social competencies and basic life skills they require to enable them to cope with their life circumstances. The first phase of this study, which adopted a qualitative framework to identify the needs of these at-risk youth, was a review of the relevant literature. This review revealed that not only is there a need to understand the transitional stage that youth find themselves in; just as important is the necessity of being aware of the political, economic and social contexts which impact on them. Focus group interviews, which are recognised as encouraging participants to reveal more than in individual interview situations, were then used to obtain the data. Thereafter, both discourse analysis and systems theory were employed to analyse the data. Thus, not only were the utterances. of the participants subjected to rigorous linguistic analysis in order to discover the subtext of what they were saying; the researcher also took cognisance of the wide range of systems which impact on youth, from the macro socio-economic levels to the micro family and school levels. these at-risk youth began to emerge. These, in turn, highlighted those affective, cognitive and behavioural skills needed by at-risk youth to optimise their future development. The analysis of the data also served to validate the assumptions contained in the working hypotheses, namely that the youths' discourses would reveal their most dominant needs. In this respect, it became apparent that socio-economic deprivation, poor educational opportunities, problematic peer and family relationships as well as intra-community violence are all underpinning issues, which contribute to the youth being vulnerable to becoming at risk. As such, these issues require urgent addressing. Furthermore, the effects of racism in post -apartheid South Africa became evident as the youths revealed the inadequacies of their current situation. The youths' discourses, thus, highlighted the economic disparities that are highly visible within their community, despite the political transformation within South Africa. The study concludes by suggesting that if a meaningful way forward is to be found, it lies in improving our understanding of how preventative intervention can effectively take place in the structural, social and interpersonal domains to provide a national programme of action for youth.

Magister Educationis - MEd / This thesis constitutes an investigation into the effects of literacy in a community which is severly disadvantaged. The thesis explored various ways in which the concept of literacy could be examined and the political assuments implied in each literacy orientation. In order to explore the effects of literacy following conventional research procedures a pilot study was conducted. During the pilot the data revealed that statistical analysis could not capture the political and 'liberational'nuances generated by literacy. In the light of this, it became necessary to adopt a mode of analysis which could capture the effects of the literacy. This study therefore constitutes a description of the, advantages and disadvantages of radically switching to a different paradigm in the life of a single project.

Rezension zu Ursula Bredel, Christiane Maaß: Leichte Sprache. Theoretische Grundlagen. Orientierung für die Praxis. Dudenverlag. Bibliographisches Institut GmbH. Berlin. 2016. ISBN 978-3-411-91178-3

In this study, connections between chemical composition, eruption style, and topographic features of two shield volcanoes on the Snake River Plain, Idaho are examined. These relationships may then be applied to understanding silicate volcanic features throughout the inner solar system. Despite their similar ages and geographic locations, two young basaltic shield volcanoes—Kimama Butte (87 Ka) and Rocky Butte (95 Ka)—have strikingly different topographic profiles. The Kimama Butte shield has a diameter of 9 km and a height of 210 m. In contrast, Rocky Butte has a broad 36 km topographic shield that rises 140 m with less than 1° slopes. The vent crater at Rocky Butte developed as a large lava blister inflated and then collapsed forming a crater in which a lava lake developed. Little spatter accumulated throughout the eruption. In contrast, high spatter mounds and spatter-fed flows flank the main summit crater at Kimama Butte. Major- and trace-element compositions of the basaltic lavas are similar at the two shields, but distinct in Ni and Al2O3. The lavas range in TiO2 concentrations from 2.6–4.5 wt.% for Kimama Butte and 2.6–4.3 wt.% for Rocky Butte. These ranges can be related to magma evolution by fractional crystallization involving plagioclase and olivine without clinopyroxene. Compositions of the pre-eruptive phenocrysts are also similar at both shields but show variation with evolution. Olivine cores in the more primitive lavas are more Mg-rich (Fo80-72) than those in the evolved rocks (Fo65-55). Plagioclase cores are similarly more calcic in the more primitive flows (An78-68) than in the evolved ones (An65-52). Like other olivine-tholeiites on the Snake River Plain, the fO2 and fH2O were probably low with fO2 at -2△QFM and 0.1 wt.% H2O. Pressure of crystallization estimated from MELTS models is less than 3 kbar (~10 km deep). Calculated temperatures and magma viscosities overlap at both Kimama Butte (1226 to1147°C and 158 to14 Pa·s) and Rocky Butte (1251 to 1145°C and 75 to 8 Pa·s). However, Kimama Butte magma viscosities extend ~80 Pa·s higher than those for Rocky Butte lavas. The higher magma viscosities are the result of higher phenocryst proportions in spatter and spatter-fed lavas concentrated near the vent. Because lava temperature, volatile content, and chemical composition overlap at the two volcanoes, they are probably not important controls of shield-volcano morphology. This suggests that steep-capped shields are not created as a simple function of having more silicic lavas. Melt viscosities are also similar, but Rocky Butte lacks the phenocryst-rich (>30 vol %), higher magma viscosity lavas and the high spatter ramparts that form the cap at Kimama Butte. Thus, we conclude that eruption style and phenocryst content play the most important role in developing a low-shield volcano summit. Where eruptions shifted from lava lake overflow and tube development to late fountaining with short spatter-fed phenocryst-rich flows, steeper, higher shields develop.

This experiment was designed to measure in situ concentrations of NH4+ and NO3--N in a soil of the arctic coastal tundra plain, to determine if nitrification was taking place in this soil and to determine if the vascular plants growing in this soil could assimilate NH4+-N. The extractable NH4+-N concentration was approximately 40 μg/g in the 01 horizon and 10 μg/g in the 02 horizon. The NO3--N concentration was approximately 5 μg/g in the 01 horizon and 4 μg/g in the 02 horizon. The presence of NO3--N in this soil indicates that nitrification is taking place but perfusion experiments indicate that it is not bacterial nitrification. Fungi may be responsible for nitrification in this soil. Corex aquatilis, a common plant in the study area, was found to readily assimilate NH4+-N as well as NO3--N.

Western culture emphasizes the ideal of individual attainment in social, pol1tical, religious, and economic fields. The development of qualities of leadership through participation in communal activities by all persons in a community has served as a battle cry for democracy. The acceptance of the free school system meant that everyone was to have a chance to achieve. But equality did not come with opportunity. Somehow the abler ones moved along at a faster rate. Certainly, with all the emphasis on achievement, groups differ widely in the extent to which leadership is dispersed, in the nature of attendance at group functions, and in the character of participation of those who attend. It has been said that the purpose of a community study is to affect a more constructive socialisation program for the future. It is assumed the material found herein may be useful in further understanding rural community life. This study is being made to ascertain the extent to which participation is dispersed and the amount, kinds, and location of social activities and leadership among the people of Plain City, Utah, in activities other than those directly concerned with gaining a livelihood. It is the specific intention of this inquiry: 1. To determine the extent to which the people of Plain City use their own local institutions and the institutions of other communities. 2. To learn the difference in the use of these institutions by farmer groups and non-farmer groups, by age groups, and by groups according to marital staus. 3. To clarity the nature and type of leadership in the community. 4. To ascertain the nature of the participation of these people at group gatherings. An analysis of the data secured in this study may assist in showing the weaknesses or strengths of the present methods of attaining individual socialization. It is hoped that it may also throw some light on the success of the institutions involved in the process.

The warbler Prinia inornata (Plain Prinia) is a common songbird found across large parts of southern Asia, and it is currently divided into ten geographically distinct subspecies. It has been suggested by some ornithologists to possibly be a complex of cryptic species, i.e. several species so similar to each other that they have been taxonomically misclassified as being conspecific. This study used audio recordings to compare songs between individuals from different regions in order to see if there are distinct geographical differences, and if so, how these correspond to the current taxonomy. The comparison was made using two methods: A qualitative auditory analysis, and statistical models (NMDS and PCA) based on measurements from spectrograms.  The results show that two main types of song exist that are highly distinct from each other, each taking up roughly half of the geographical range. The two main types can be further divided into a few subtypes, potentially as many as seven in total. The geographical distribution of these subtypes matches that of some of the current subspecies, but the results do not support the current taxonomy as a whole. It is therefore likely that P. inornata comprises at least two species (corresponding to the two main types), possibly more.

From the end of Reconstruction to the beginning of World War II, no other ecological change affected as great a part of the southern landscape as the loss of the longleaf pine from the southeastern coastal plain. This dissertation examines the causes and consequences of the species’ disappearance. In the span of just decades, lumber operations and naval stores producers descended upon longleaf pine woodlands with a voracious appetite that greatly contributed to the demise of the pine. However, as this dissertation argues, exploitation by the hands of the timber and turpentine industries was not the only agent that transformed the ecoregion. The development of American conservation and forestry, ironically, played a significant role in this process and contributed to the rise of a new southern forest, now stocked with another pine – the loblolly. By looking at the biologists, chemists, and foresters who studied the longleaf for the United States Department of Agriculture and various state agencies from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century, this dissertation traces how forest sciences in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era shaped the modern ecology of the South. These sciences, too, were entangled in the social and political realities of Jim Crow. Researchers had to ensure that their measures conformed to a segregated society if conservation was to take root in southern woodlands. The conservation practices that federal and state agents put into place as forestry developed into an important and profitable science had profound impacts on not only the land but also those at the bottom of a racial caste system.

This thesis explores the settlement of the Mississippi Territory through the eyes of John Hailes, a Southern yeoman farmer, from 1813 until his death in 1859. This is a family history. As such, the goal of this paper is to reconstruct John’s life to better understand who he was, why he left South Carolina, how he made a living in Mississippi, and to determine a degree of upward mobility. Local, state, and federal government records provide the general context of this study and accurately track John’s movements and land purchases within the territory. John's frequent movements and the land he bought suggest that he was a herder and relied on hogs and cattle for a living. This contextual biography suggests that John was mobile, that he was sensitive to land policies and market pressures, and that he maintained a yeoman's standard of living throughout his life.