O corpo humano pode interagir com as estruturas e estas interações são desenvolvidas através da aplicação de forças devido ao seu movimento. Uma estrutura pode sofrer alterações no seu comportamento dinâmico quando sujeita a cargas. Neste trabalho, o projeto e a construção de uma plataforma de forças é apresentado para medir as Forças de Reação do Solo (FRS) e aceleração para análise da marcha humana. A plataforma é constituída por duas placas colocadas lado a lado em relação à direção da caminhada, de modo que o sinal de força de cada pé pode ser adquirido separadamente em cada placa. A plataforma é projetada de forma a ser compatível com as frequências envolvidas nas medições. Cada placa tem três células de carga do tipo anel instrumentadas com strain gauges. A plataforma foi calibrada com um procedimento padrão e com uma nova metodologia utilizando redes neurais artificiais as incertezas dos parâmetros medidos (força e posicionamento x, y) foram avaliados. Um modelo de elementos finitos foi utilizado para avaliar as características dinâmicas da plataforma. Os resultados foram valores de frequência muito próximos aos medidos na análise experimental e confirmaram sua adequação ao uso, pois as frequências foram maiores do que as envolvidas na marcha humana. Características relevantes da FRS, como os picos de apoio de força, impulso e também a força de impacto, podem ser observadas a partir dos dados coletados. Os dados da FRS assim como os dados de aceleração medidos estavam condizentes com os valores apresentados na literatura. / The human body may interact with the structures and these interactions are developed through the application of forces due to its motion. A structure may undergo changes in their dynamic behavior when subjected to loads. In this work, the design of a force platform is presented to measure the Ground Reaction Force (GRF) and acceleration for human gait analysis. The platform consists of two plates placed side by side in relation to the direction of walking, so that the signal from each foot can be acquired in separate in each plate. The platform is designed in order to be compatible with the frequencies involved in the measurements. Each plate has three ring-type load cells instrumented with strain gauges. The platform was calibrated with a standard procedure and with a new methodology using artificial neural networks the uncertainties of the measured parameters (force and position x, y) were evaluated. A finite element model was used to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of the platform. The results were frequencies values very close to those measured in the experimental analysis and confirm its adequacy to the use, because the frequencies were higher than the frequencies involved in the human gait. Relevant characteristics of GRF like the peaks of support force, impulse and the impact force could be observed from the data collected. The data of GRF as well as the measured acceleration data were consistent with values presented in the literature.

The subject of this thesis is to map the development of p2p lending in the US. Firstly, we compare the different business models and roles in the current monetary system of commercial banks and p2p platform lenders. The structure as well as trends of p2p lending industry are described. The returns of p2p loans are compared with traditional assets such as bonds, stocks and commodities in the 2011-2016 period. The last part of the thesis examines the loanbook of the most prominent p2p platform lender, Lending Club.

In this thesis, the newly released framework Ionic 2, which claims to fix the problems cross platform frameworks has suffered from concerning bad performance and bad user experience, has been evaluated. The study has focused on the Android platform by comparing a native developed application to an Ionic 2 developed application. The comparison has been made on performance and user experience. As an extent, Ionic 2 are also compared to another evaluation study made for React Native, to see how the two frameworks differ, both performance wise and user experience wise. The native application performs better in all performance tests, even though the difference only was a few percent for memory usage and battery consumption. In the user tests, the result was of different nature. Some users did not notice any differences between the applications, whilst some had big concerns with how the application behaved. The overall conclusion is that Ionic still has some way to go to compete with native applications. If considering using Ionic 2, you need to be aware of the flaws it has. From the data gathered for this study, React Native is considered to be better than Ionic, but with new updates coming continuously, Ionic is improving every day.

Context. Over the years, software has evolved to a large and complex system of systems. According to the literature, a heterogeneous system is defined as “a system comprised of n number of subsystems where at least one subsystem exhibits heterogeneity with respect to other subsystem”. The area of research in heterogeneous system has also received large attention in recent years, as a result of shift in technology and customer needs. In heterogeneous systems, heterogeneity may occur in different dimensions for different systems. Objectives. The main aim of this thesis is, “to investigate the effects of development platform heterogeneity in heterogeneous system on the test process”. The objectives to achieve our aim is to determine the influence of platform heterogeneity on software testing and also to investigate best practices for testing heterogeneous systems with different types of heterogeneity. Methods. An industrial survey and interviews with practitioners are considered as a research method in this thesis. The purpose of this survey is to help the testers to understand how the platform heterogeneity affects the test process. Results. In this research, the researcher had gathered data related to effects and best practices in heterogeneous systems from both survey and interviews. Conclusions. In this thesis, the researcher had investigated the effects of development platform heterogeneity in heterogeneous system on the test process and also identified the best practices for testing heterogeneous systems that exhibit different types of heterogeneity. Apart from these, the researcher also identified different types of development platforms used for development of a heterogeneous type of systems in the industry.

Internet of things is a technology innovation which connects thousands of mil- lions of sensors and actuators. Platform is which provides both hardware and software service. There are so many platforms existed in the market. The objective of this study has been to answer the question which IoT platform fits bests for different scenarios by performing a quantitative comparison between SensibleThings and ThingWorx. The study has been conducted with the aid of my su- pervisor Stefan Forsström and professor TingTing Zhang. The study has shown that SensibleThings and ThingWorx both has its innovation features thus it fits to the different cases according to cases’ need. If the sensor need to update data quicker than 25 times/sec, it is better to choose ThingWorx. If the sensor doesn’t have good hardware it is better to use SensibleThings cause it is light- weight enough. For the case that more than one sensors’ data rush into one point simultaneously, ThingWorx has better performance. In this paper I use a health care system as an example. I think ThingWorx is more suitable for this case regard of its mature service on security and graphical visualization. Finally I presented my future work for platform evaluation.

A big problem with mobile application development is that the mobile market is divided amongst several platforms. Because of this, development time gets longer, more development skills are needed and the application gets harder to maintain. A solution to this is cross-platform development, which allows you to develop an application for several platforms at the same time. Since September 2015 the cross-platform framework React Native, created by Facebook, has been available for public use. This thesis evaluates React Native, for both Android and iOS, in regards to performance, platform code sharing as well as look and feel. An application was developed for both platforms, one version using the native language and one version using React Native. The different versions were compared through automated test scenarios to evaluate performance, manual code review for platform code sharing and with a user study to evaluate the look and feel. The results show promise as the user study shows that the React Native versions of the application have similar user experiences as their native counterparts without significantly affecting performance. The results also show that for the specified application about 75% of the React Native code could be used for both platforms, while it was easy to add platform-specific code.

Xamarin, a cross-platform development framework, was used in this project for the development of a proof-of-concept mobile client application for an existing intranet solution. The intranet consists of Microsoft SharePoint components and is a pre-assembled product produced by the requestor of this project; Sogeti. To fetch the intranet’s data, a web API was implemented as an intermediary between the mobile application and the intranet. The Xamarin application targets three different mobile platforms including iOS, Android and Universal Windows Platform, and since Xamarin allows for shared logic between different operating systems, this approach was adopted to the greatest extent possible. However, during the development of the project several problems were encountered that prompted platform-specific implementations. For example, the user authentication process needed to be implemented in a platform-specific manner in the client application and some parts of the graphical user interface needed to be adapted to each individual platform as well. Even though the development of the applications was not completely finished, four out of seven of the original requirements set forth by Sogeti at the beginning of the project were achieved. These fulfilled requirements include, among other functionality, the implementation of displaying news articles and attention messages from a user’s specific intranet solution. Overall, the project was found to be successful, especially with regard to evaluating how well Xamarin and cross-platform development works with these kinds of mobile applications.

Creating smartphone applications for more than one operating system requires knowledge of several code languages, more code maintenance, higher development costs and longer development time. To make this easier cross-platform tools (CPTs) exist. But using a CPT can decrease performance of the application. Applications with low performance are more likely to get uninstalled and this makes developers lose income. There are four main CPT approaches hybrid, interpreter, web and cross-compiler. Each has different disadvantages .and advantages. This study will examine the performance difference between two CPTs, Codename One and PhoneGap. The performance measurements, CPU load, memory usage, energy consumption, time execution and application size will be made to compare the CPTs. If cross-compilers have better performance than other CPT approaches will also be investigated. An experiment where three applications are created with native Android, Codename One and PhoneGap will be made and performance measurements will be made. A literature study with research from IEEE and Engineering village will be conducted on different CPT approaches. PhoneGap performed best with shortest execution time, least energy consumption and least CPU usage while Codename One had smallest application size and least memory usage. The research available on performance for CPTs is short and not well done. The difference between PhoneGap and Codename One is not big except for writing to SQLite. No basis was found for the statement that cross-compilers have better performance than other CPT approaches.

La question de la mobilisation des compétences, des informations, des connaissances, des savoirs, des intelligences, appuyée par un ensemble de technologies est aujourd'hui devenue centrale. Dans un contexte où l'information et la connaissance sont des éléments qui participent à l'avantage concurrentiel, leur capitalisation et la création d'un dispositif permettant de les mobiliser en situation sont au cœur des problématiques actuelles qui pourraient alors se résumer autour de la question suivante : Quelle méthode ou quel dispositif pourrions-nous mettre en œuvre pour tenter de décrire et d'accompagner l'intelligence organisationnelle ? Notre thèse propose une méthode de description de l'intelligence organisationnelle. Elle s'inspire des méthodes professionnelles de description des processus et s'est enrichie du séminaire de recherche « Entre normes et formes », développé par le PREFics, laboratoire de recherche de l'université Rennes 2 / The issue of mobilization of skills, information, knowledge, intelligence, supported by a set of technologies has now become central. In an environment where information and knowledge are elements that contribute to competitive advantage, their capitalization and the creation of a mechanism to mobilize them in a situation is at the heart of the current issues that could then be summarized around the question : What method or mechanism could we implement to try to describe and to support organizational intelligence ? Our thesis proposes a method of description of organizational intelligence. It draws on the professional practices of process mapping and has been enriched by the research seminar "Between norms and forms," developed by the PREFics, Research Laboratory of the University of Rennes 2

These days, it is hard to discuss innovation and the creative economy without mentioning platforms, which have become core strategy for dominating the market. An accurate understanding of platform business is a key factor in being a successful platform provider, so discussions of platform strategies need to be invigorated, value chains need to be analysed, and theoretical factors need to be seriously considered. Corporations are yearning for new innovations and worry about the absence of an efficient and sustainable growth model. First, this thesis analyses how the value chain and value stream are changed in the platform business model in order to explore value chains and value streams in the two-sided market, which has a distinct group of users on both sides. It proposes three types of platform business strategy which will serve as a frame of reference for analysing the impact of the different value chains on platform businesses. Second, this thesis indicates how a step-by-step business strategy based on the perspective of dynamic approach could be constructed. This research identifies four major stages of platform business (entry stage, growth stage, expansion stage, and maturity stage), and different core elements and strategies exist for each stage. These serve as the conceptual frameworks with which to build a platform business model. The key contributions of this research are as follows. Firstly, the main differences and features of the literature reviewed were suggested with collective action and strategic choice perspectives from different academic approaches. Secondly, this study extends the understanding of the value chain that was the critical strategic element of a corporation in the platform business. Thirdly, this research presents the core elements and strategies for each of the four major growth stages of platform business with the dynamic approach, depending on the distinctive features of the contents and platforms.